Monocyte-derived dendritic cells can induce autoreactive CD4(+) T cells showing myeloid lineage directed reactivity in healthy individuals.

T cells against self-antigens can be detected in peripheral blood of healthy individuals, although intrathymic negative selection removes most high-avidity T cells specific for self-antigens from the peripheral repertoire. Moreover, spontaneous T-cell proliferation following stimulation with autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells (autoDCs) has been observed in vitro. In this study, we characterized the nature and immunological basis of the autoDC reactivity in the T-cell repertoire of healthy donors. We show that a minority of naive and memory CD4(+) T cells within the healthy human T-cell repertoire mediates HLA-restricted reactivity against autoDCs, which behave like a normal antigen-specific immune response. This reactivity appeared to be primarily directed against myeloid lineage cells. Although cytokine production by the reactive T cells was observed, this did not coincide with overt cytotoxic activity against autoDCs. AutoDC reactivity was also observed in the CD8(+) T-cell compartment, but this appeared to be mainly cytokine-induced rather than antigen-driven. In conclusion, we show that the presence of autoreactive T cells harboring the potential to react against autologous and HLA-matched allogeneic myeloid cells is a common phenomenon in healthy individuals. These autoDC-reactive T cells may help the induction of primary T-cell responses at the DC priming site.

Intentional donor lymphocyte-induced limited acute graft-versus-host disease is essential for long-term survival of relapsed acute myeloid leukemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

The prognosis of patients with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia after allogeneic transplantation is poor. We hypothesized that initial disease control by effective cytoreduction, followed by rapid induction of a profound allo-immune response by donor-lymphocyte infusion during the neutropenic phase, is essential for long-term survival. Additional interferon-α was administered when no acute graft-versus-host-disease occurred within 3 weeks after donor-lymphocyte infusion. Overall, 44 patients with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia were assessed; 26 had relapsed after myeloablative conditioning and 18 after reduced-intensity conditioning. Of these 44 patients, seven were not eligible for cytoreductive treatment because of poor performance status (n=3) or severe graft-versus-host-disease (n=4) at the time of relapse. Patients with smoldering relapses (n=5) received donor-lymphocyte infusion only. Thirty-two patients received cytoreductive treatment, followed by donor-lymphocyte infusion in 22 patients. Reasons for not receiving donor-lymphocyte infusion were chemotherapy-related death (n=1) and chemotherapy-refractory disease (n=9). The 2-year overall survival rate after donor-lymphocyte infusion was 36% (95% confidence-interval: 16-57%). The impact of acute graft-versus-host-disease on survival was calculated with a Cox-regression model including onset of acute graft-versus-host-disease as a time-dependent variable. Development of grade 1-3, but not grade 4, acute graft-versus-host-disease was associated with superior survival as compared to absence of graft-versus-host-disease (hazard ratio 0.22, P=0.03). In conclusion, efficient cytoreduction followed by donor-lymphocyte infusion and subsequent interferon-α leading to limited acute graft-versus-host-disease represents a potentially curative option for patients with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia after allogeneic transplantation.

PRAME and HLA Class I expression patterns make synovial sarcoma a suitable target for PRAME specific T-cell receptor gene therapy.

Synovial sarcoma expresses multiple cancer testis antigens that could potentially be targeted by T-cell receptor (TCR) gene therapy. In this study we investigated whether PRAME-TCR-gene therapy could be an effective treatment for synovial sarcoma by investigating the potential of PRAME-specific T-cells to recognize sarcoma cells and by evaluating the expression patterns of PRAME and HLA class I (HLA-I) in synovial sarcoma tumor samples. All PRAME expressing sarcoma cell lines, including 2 primary synovial sarcoma cell cultures (passage < 3), were efficiently recognized by PRAME-specific T-cells. mRNA FISH demonstrated that PRAME was expressed in all synovial sarcoma samples, mostly in an homogeneous pattern. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated low HLA-I baseline expression in synovial sarcoma, but its expression was elevated in specific areas of the tumors, especially in biphasic components of biphasic synovial sarcoma. In 5/11 biphasic synovial sarcoma patients and in 1/17 monophasic synovial sarcoma patients, elevated HLA-I on tumor cells was correlated with infiltration of T-cells in these specific areas. In conclusion, low-baseline expression of HLA-I in synovial sarcoma is elevated in biphasic areas and in areas with densely infiltrating T-cells, which, in combination with homogeneous and high PRAME expression, makes synovial sarcoma potentially a suitable candidate for PRAME-specific TCR-gene therapy.