Bilin-dependent regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis by GUN4.

Biosyntheses of chlorophyll and heme in oxygenic phototrophs share a common trunk pathway that diverges with insertion of magnesium or iron into the last common intermediate, protoporphyrin IX. Since both tetrapyrroles are pro-oxidants, it is essential that their metabolism is tightly regulated. Here, we establish that heme-derived linear tetrapyrroles (bilins) function to stimulate the enzymatic activity of magnesium chelatase (MgCh) via their interaction with GENOMES UNCOUPLED 4 (GUN4) in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii A key tetrapyrrole-binding component of MgCh found in all oxygenic photosynthetic species, CrGUN4, also stabilizes the bilin-dependent accumulation of protoporphyrin IX-binding CrCHLH1 subunit of MgCh in light-grown C. reinhardtii cells by preventing its photooxidative inactivation. Exogenous application of biliverdin IXα reverses the loss of CrCHLH1 in the bilin-deficient heme oxygenase (hmox1) mutant, but not in the gun4 mutant. We propose that these dual regulatory roles of GUN4:bilin complexes are responsible for the retention of bilin biosynthesis in all photosynthetic eukaryotes, which sustains chlorophyll biosynthesis in an illuminated oxic environment.

Heme catabolism mediated by heme oxygenase in uninfected interstitial cells enables efficient symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Lotus japonicus nodules.

Legume nodules produce large quantities of heme required for the synthesis of leghemoglobin (Lb) and other hemoproteins. Despite the crucial function of Lb in nitrogen fixation and the toxicity of free heme, the mechanisms of heme homeostasis remain elusive. Biochemical, cellular, and genetic approaches were used to study the role of heme oxygenases (HOs) in heme degradation in the model legume Lotus japonicus. Heme and biliverdin were quantified and localized, HOs were characterized, and knockout LORE1 and CRISPR/Cas9 mutants for LjHO1 were generated and phenotyped. We show that LjHO1, but not the LjHO2 isoform, is responsible for heme catabolism in nodules and identify biliverdin as the in vivo product of the enzyme in senescing green nodules. Spatiotemporal expression analysis revealed that LjHO1 expression and biliverdin production are restricted to the plastids of uninfected interstitial cells. The nodules of ho1 mutants showed decreased nitrogen fixation, and the development of brown, rather than green, nodules during senescence. Increased superoxide production was observed in ho1 nodules, underscoring the importance of LjHO1 in antioxidant defense. We conclude that LjHO1 plays an essential role in degradation of Lb heme, uncovering a novel function of nodule plastids and uninfected interstitial cells in nitrogen fixation.

A transcription factor of the NAC family regulates nitrate-induced legume nodule senescence.

Legumes establish symbioses with rhizobia by forming nitrogen-fixing nodules. Nitrate is a major environmental factor that affects symbiotic functioning. However, the molecular mechanism of nitrate-induced nodule senescence is poorly understood. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals an NAC-type transcription factor in Lotus japonicus, LjNAC094, that acts as a positive regulator in nitrate-induced nodule senescence. Stable overexpression and mutant lines of NAC094 were constructed and used for phenotypic characterization. DNA-affinity purification sequencing was performed to identify NAC094 targeting genes and results were confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift and transactivation assays. Overexpression of NAC094 induces premature nodule senescence. Knocking out NAC094 partially relieves nitrate-induced degradation of leghemoglobins and abolishes nodule expression of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) that contain a conserved binding motif for NAC094. Nitrate-triggered metabolic changes in wild-type nodules are largely affected in nac094 mutant nodules. Induction of NAC094 and its targeting SAGs was almost blocked in the nitrate-insensitive nlp1, nlp4, and nlp1 nlp4 mutants. We conclude that NAC094 functions downstream of NLP1 and NLP4 by regulating nitrate-induced expression of SAGs. Our study fills in a key gap between nitrate and the execution of nodule senescence, and provides a potential strategy to improve nitrogen fixation and stress tolerance of legumes.

Engineering of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase improves the conversion efficiency of rebaudioside A to glucosylated steviol glycosides and increases the content of short-chain glycosylated steviol glycoside.

BACKGROUND: Compared with steviol glycosides, the taste of glucosylated steviol glycosides is better and more similar to that of sucrose. At present, cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) is primarily used to catalyze the conversion of steviol glycosides to glucosylated steviol glycosides, with soluble starch serving as a glycosyl donor. The main disadvantages of enzymatic transglycosylation are the limited number of enzymes available, the low conversion rates that result in low yields, and the lack of selectivity in the degree of glycosylation of the products. In order to fill these gaps, the proteome of Alkalihalobacillus oshimensis (also named Bacillus oshimensis) was used for mining novel CGTases. RESULTS: Here, CGTase-15, a novel ß-CGTase with a wide pH adaptation range, was identified and characterized. The catalyzed product of CGTase-15 tasted better than that of the commercial enzyme (Toruzyme® 3.0 L). In addition, two amino acid sites, Y199 and G265, which play important roles in the conversion of steviol glycosides to glucosylated steviol glycosides were identified by site-directed mutagenesis. Compared with CGTase-15, CGTase-15-Y199F mutant significantly increased the conversion rate of rebaudioside A (RA) to glucosylated steviol glycosides. Compared with CGTase-15, the content of short-chain glycosylated steviol glycosides catalyzed by CGTase-15-G265A mutant was significantly increased. Moreover, the function of Y199 and G265 was verified in other CGTases. The above mutation pattern has also been applied to CGTase-13 (a CGTase discovered by our laboratory with great potential in the production of glycosylated steviol glycosides), confirming that the catalytic product of CGTase-13-Y189F/G255A mutant has a better taste than that of CGTase-13. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report on the improvement of the sensory profiles of glycosylated steviol glycosides through site-directed mutagenesis of CGTase, which is significant for the production of glycosylated steviol glycosides.

A Wild Rice Rhizobacterium Burkholderiacepacia BRDJ Enhances Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice.

Rice domestication has dramatically improved its agronomic traits, albeit with unavoidable significantly reduced genetic diversity. Dongxiang common wild rice, the wild rice species distributed in northernmost China, exhibits excellent resistance against stress and diseases and provides a rich genetic resource for rice breeding. Most of the studies focus on the function of the plant genes, often disregarding the role of the root microbes associated with the plants. In this work, we isolated a Burkholderia strain from the root of Dongxiang wild rice, which we identified as Burkholderia cepacia BRDJ, based on a phylogenetic analysis. This strain promoted the rice growth under greenhouse conditions. The grain yield was higher in a rice line containing a small genomic fragment derived from the Dongxiang wild rice, compared to the indica rice cultivar Zhongzao 35. This new strain also increased the plant biomass under limiting nitrogen conditions. Interestingly, this strain had a differential effect on indica and japonica rice varieties under full nitrogen supply conditions. By genome sequencing and comparison with another two B. cepacia strains, we observed enriched genes related with nitrogen fixation and phytohormone and volatiles biosynthesis that may account for the growth-promoting effects of the BRDJ. BRDJ has the potential to be used as a biofertilizer in promoting nitrogen use efficiency and overall growth in rice.

LncRNA ARAP1-AS2 promotes high glucose-induced human proximal tubular cell injury via persistent transactivation of the EGFR by interacting with ARAP1.

The persistent transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) causes subsequent activation of the TGF-ß/Smad3 pathway, which is closely associated with fibrosis and cell proliferation in diabetic nephropathy (DN), but the exact mechanism of persistent EGFR transactivation in DN remains unclear. ARAP1, a susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes, can regulate the endocytosis and ubiquitination of membrane receptors, but the effect of ARAP1 and its natural antisense long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), ARAP1-AS2, on the ubiquitination of EGFR in DN is not clear. In this study, we verified that the expression of ARAP1 and ARAP1-AS2 was significantly up-regulated in high glucose-induced human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells). Moreover, we found that overexpression or knockdown of ARAP1-AS2 could regulate fibrosis and HK-2 cell proliferation through EGFR/TGF-ß/Smad3 signalling. RNA pulldown assays revealed that ARAP1-AS2 directly interacts with ARAP1. Coimmunoprecipitation, dual-immunofluorescence and ubiquitination assays showed that ARAP1 may maintain persistent EGFR activation by reducing EGFR ubiquitination through competing with Cbl for CIN85 binding. Taken together, our results suggest that the lncRNA ARAP1-AS2 may promote high glucose-induced proximal tubular cell injury via persistent EGFR/TGF-ß/Smad3 pathway activation by interacting with ARAP1.

The effect of lncRNA-ARAP1-AS2/ARAP1 on high glucose-induced cytoskeleton rearrangement and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human renal tubular epithelial cells.

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays an important role in diabetic renal fibrosis. The ARAP1 gene is located near risk alleles for Type 2 diabetes, and its function has been linked to cytoskeleton rearrangement, Golgi apparatus remodeling, and endocytic trafficking of membrane receptors. The role of ARAP1 and its antisense RNA, ARAP1-AS2, in the pathogenesis of diabetes is unclear. To clarify the roles of ARAP1 and its antisense RNA in diabetes and related complications, we examined if the expression of these transcripts changed under high glucose (HG) conditions. To do this, we examined transcript levels in HK-2 cells, and explored the roles of ARAP1 and ARAP1-AS2 in the EMT process in HK-2 cells. We found increased expression of ARAP1-AS2 and ARAP1 in HK-2 cells under HG condition, and observed that the overexpression of ARAP1-AS2 significantly increased the EMT process. In addition, HG upregulated Cdc42-GTP levels in HK-2 cells, and increased cytoskeleton rearrangement, cell viability, and migration. After knockdown of ARAP1, the level of Cdc42-GTP was decreased; cytoskeleton reorganization, cell viability, and migration processes were decreased; and EMT and expression of fibrosis marker protein. Overall, our results indicated that ARAP1-AS2/ARAP1 may participate in cytoskeleton rearrangement and EMT processes in HK-2 cells through increased Cdc42-GTP levels.

Genetic reduction of cilium length by targeting intraflagellar transport 88 protein impedes kidney and liver cyst formation in mouse models of autosomal polycystic kidney disease.

Polycystin-1 (PC1) and -2 (PC2), products of the PKD1 and PKD2 genes, are mutated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). They localize to the primary cilia; however, their ciliary function is in dispute. Loss of either the primary cilia or PC1 or PC2 causes cyst formation. However, loss of both cilia and PC1 or PC2 inhibits cyst growth via an unknown pathway. To help define a pathway, we studied cilium length in human and mouse kidneys. We found cilia are elongated in kidneys from patients with ADPKD and from both Pkd1 and Pkd2 knockout mice. Cilia elongate following polycystin inactivation. The role of intraflagellar transport proteins in Pkd1-deficient mice is also unknown. We found that inactivation of Ift88 (a gene expressing a core component of intraflagellar transport) in Pkd1 knockout mice, as well as in a new Pkd2 knockout mouse, shortened the elongated cilia, impeded kidney and liver cystogenesis, and reduced cell proliferation. Multi-stage in vivo analysis of signaling pathways revealed ß-catenin activation as a prominent, early, and sustained event in disease onset and progression in Pkd2 single knockout but not in Pkd2.Ift88 double knockout mouse kidneys. Additionally, AMPK, mTOR and ERK pathways were altered in Pkd2 single knockout mice but only AMPK and mTOR pathway alteration were rescued in Pkd2.Ift88 double knockout mice. Thus, our findings advocate an essential role of polycystins in the structure and function of the primary cilia and implicate ß-catenin as a key inducer of cystogenesis downstream of the primary cilia. Our data suggest that modulating cilium length and/or its associated signaling events may offer novel therapeutic approaches for ADPKD.

Bilin-Dependent Photoacclimation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

In land plants, linear tetrapyrrole (bilin)-based phytochrome photosensors optimize photosynthetic light capture by mediating massive reprogramming of gene expression. But, surprisingly, many green algal genomes lack phytochrome genes. Studies of the heme oxygenase mutant (hmox1) of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii suggest that bilin biosynthesis in plastids is essential for proper regulation of a nuclear gene network implicated in oxygen detoxification during dark-to-light transitions. hmox1 cannot grow photoautotrophically and photoacclimates poorly to increased illumination. We show that these phenotypes are due to reduced accumulation of photosystem I (PSI) reaction centers, the PSI electron acceptors 5'-monohydroxyphylloquinone and phylloquinone, and the loss of PSI and photosystem II antennae complexes during photoacclimation. The hmox1 mutant resembles chlorophyll biosynthesis mutants phenotypically, but can be rescued by exogenous biliverdin IXα, the bilin produced by HMOX1. This rescue is independent of photosynthesis and is strongly dependent on blue light. RNA-seq comparisons of hmox1, genetically complemented hmox1, and chemically rescued hmox1 reveal that tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and known photoreceptor and photosynthesis-related genes are not impacted in the hmox1 mutant at the transcript level. We propose that a bilin-based, blue-light-sensing system within plastids evolved together with a bilin-based retrograde signaling pathway to ensure that a robust photosynthetic apparatus is sustained in light-grown Chlamydomonas.

circACTR2: A Novel Mechanism Regulating High Glucose-Induced Fibrosis in Renal Tubular Cells via Pyroptosis.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease. Current therapies for DKD are insufficient. Therefore, there is an urgent need for identifying new therapies. An increasing number of micro RNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to modulate the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Nevertheless, until now, there have been few reports evaluating the relevance of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in DKD. circRNAs have been reported to regulate the occurrence and development of multiple diseases. In this study, we intended to explore the circRNA expression profiles and determine the role of circRNA in DKD. We identified a series of dysregulated circRNAs in glucose-stressed HK-2 cells using circRNA microarray analysis. Among the candidate circRNAs, we found that circACTR2 was upregulated and may be involved in inflammation and pyroptosis. Knockdown of circACTR2 significantly decreased pyroptosis, interleukin (IL)-1ß release and collagen IV and fibronectin production, indicating the effective regulation by circACTR2 of cell death and inflammation. Overall, our study identified a new circRNA, circACTR2, that regulates high glucose-induced pyroptosis, inflammation and fibrosis in proximal tubular cells. The present study preliminarily explores the role of circRNAs in pyroptosis of tubular cells, and provides novel insight into the pathogenesis of DKD and new therapeutic strategies.

Dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 by Phosphatase LjPP2C is Involved in Regulating Nodule Organogenesis in Lotus japonicus.

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) LjMPK6 is a phosphorylation target of SIP2, a MAPK kinase that interacts with SymRK (symbiosis receptor-like kinase) for regulation of legume-rhizobia symbiosis. Both LjMPK6 and SIP2 are required for nodulation in Lotus japonicus. However, the dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 and its regulatory components in nodule development remains unexplored. By yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified a type 2C protein phosphatase, LjPP2C, that specifically interacts with and dephosphorylates LjMPK6 in vitro. Physiological and biochemical assays further suggested that LjPP2C phosphatase is required for dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 in vivo and for fine-tuning nodule development after rhizobial inoculation. A non-phosphorylatable mutant variant LjMPK6 (T224A Y226F) could mimic LjPP2C functioning in MAPK dephosphorylation required for nodule development in hairy root transformed plants. Collectively, our study demonstrates that interaction with LjPP2C phosphatase is required for dephosphorylation of LjMPK6 to fine tune nodule development in L. japonicus.

CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of leghemoglobin genes in Lotus japonicus uncovers their synergistic roles in symbiotic nitrogen fixation.

Legume nodules contain high concentrations of leghemoglobins (Lbs) encoded by several genes. The reason for this multiplicity is unknown. CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to generate stable mutants of the three Lbs of Lotus japonicus. The phenotypes were characterized at the physiological, biochemical and molecular levels. Nodules of the triple mutants were examined by electron microscopy and subjected to RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. Complementation studies revealed that Lbs function synergistically to maintain optimal N2 fixation. The nodules of the triple mutants overproduced superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide, which was probably linked to activation of NADPH oxidases and changes in superoxide dismutase isoforms expression. The mutant nodules showed major ultrastructural alterations, including vacuolization, accumulation of poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate and disruption of mitochondria. RNA-seq of c. 20 000 genes revealed significant changes in expression of carbon and nitrogen metabolism genes, transcription factors, and proteinases. Lb-deficient nodules had c. 30-50-fold less heme but similar transcript levels of heme biosynthetic genes, suggesting a post-translational regulatory mechanism of heme synthesis. We conclude that Lbs act additively in nodules and that the lack of Lbs results in early nodule senescence. Our observations also provide insight into the reprogramming of the gene expression network associated with Lb deficiency, probably as a result of uncontrolled intracellular free O2 concentration.

Analysis of circulating lncRNA expression profiles in patients with diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy: Differential expression profile of circulating lncRNA
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BACKGROUND: In order to elucidate the epigenetic mechanism and explore new biomarkers for diabetes and diabetic nephropathy, circulating lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles of normal control, diabetes mellitus, and diabetic nephropathy patients were analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum samples from diabetic nephropathy patients (DN), diabetes mellitus patients without microalbuminuria (DM), and healthy controls (N) were collected. Arraystar Human LncRNA/mRNA V3.0 expression spectrum biochips were used for serum lncRNA and mRNA expression profile analysis. RESULTS: The urinary microalbumin/creatinine ratio and serum creatinine level were higher in diabetic nephropathy patients, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was significantly decreased compared to that in diabetic patients and healthy controls (< 0.05). Compared with healthy controls, 245 upregulated and 680 downregulated lncRNAs were identified in the serum of diabetic patients, and 45 and 813 lncRNAs were up- and downregulated in the serum of diabetic nephropathy patients compared with diabetic patients. Levels of lncRNA-ARAP1-AS2 gradually increased during the progression of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy (2.82 times in DM/N and 2.47 times in DN/DM), whereas those of lncRNA-ARAP1-AS1 gradually decreased (2.24 times in DM/N, 4.79 times in DN/DM). Additionally, mRNA levels of their target gene ARAP1 (ArfGAP with RhoGAP domain, ankyrin repeat, and PH domain 1) gradually increased (2.25 times in DM/N and 2.45 times in DN/DM). CONCLUSION: lncRNA-ARAP1-AS1 and ARAP1-AS2 enhanced ARAP1 mRNA expression and may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and DN. Circulating lncRNA-ARAP1-AS1, ARAP1-AS2, and ARAP1 may serve as new biomarkers for diabetes and diabetic nephropathy.

Genome Editing in Cowpea Vigna unguiculata Using CRISPR-Cas9.

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is widely cultivated across the world. Due to its symbiotic nitrogen fixation capability and many agronomically important traits, such as tolerance to low rainfall and low fertilization requirements, as well as its high nutrition and health benefits, cowpea is an important legume crop, especially in many semi-arid countries. However, research in Vigna unguiculata is dramatically hampered by the lack of mutant resources and efficient tools for gene inactivation in vivo. In this study, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9). We applied the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing technology to efficiently disrupt the representative symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) gene in Vigna unguiculata. Our customized guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting symbiosis receptor-like kinase (SYMRK) achieved ~67% mutagenic efficiency in hairy-root-transformed plants, and nodule formation was completely blocked in the mutants with both alleles disrupted. Various types of mutations were observed near the PAM region of the respective gRNA. These results demonstrate the applicability of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in Vigna unguiculata, and therefore should significantly stimulate functional genomics analyses of many important agronomical traits in this unique crop legume.

Ursolic Acid Attenuates High Glucose-Mediated Mesangial Cell Injury by Inhibiting the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) Signaling Pathway.

BACKGROUND To investigate the protective effect of ursolic acid (UA) on high glucose (HG)-induced human glomerular mesangial cell injury and to determine whether UA inhibits cell proliferation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by suppressing PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human mesangial cells were cultured with normal glucose (NG group), high glucose (HG group), mannitol (mannitol hypertonic control group), or high glucose with different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mmol/L) of UA (HG+UA groups). Cell proliferation and intracellular ROS levels were assessed by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) flow cytometry assays, respectively. Western blotting was used to detect mesangial cell expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway components, including Akt, p-Akt, mTOR, and p-mTOR, and proteins related to cell injury, including TGF-ß1 and fibronectin (FN). mRNA expression of TGF-ß1 and FN were evaluated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Abnormal proliferation was observed in human glomerular mesangial cells at 48 h after treatment with HG, and UA suppressed the HG-induced proliferation of mesangial cells in a dose-dependent manner. UA inhibited ROS generation and oxidative stress in mesangial cells and mitigated mesangial cell injury. Treatment with UA reduced Akt and mTOR phosphorylation levels in mesangial cells exposed to HG (p<0.05 vs. HG) and downregulated protein and mRNA expression of TGF-ß1 and FN in these cells (p<0.05 vs. HG). CONCLUSIONS UA attenuated mesangial cell proliferation and ROS generation by inhibiting HG-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activation, thereby ameliorating mesangial cell damage.

Ursolic acid improves podocyte injury caused by high glucose.

BACKGROUND: Autophagy plays an important role in the maintenance of podocyte homeostasis. Reduced autophagy may result in limited renal cell function during exposure to high glucose conditions. In this study we investigated the effects of ursolic acid (UA) on autophagy and podocyte injury, which were induced by high glucose. METHODS: Conditionally immortalized murine podocytes were cultured in media supplemented with high glucose and the effects of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and UA on protein expression were determined. miR-21 expression was detected by real-time RT-PCR. Activation of the PTEN-PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, expression of autophagy-related proteins and expression of podocyte marker proteins were determined by western blot. Immunofluorescence was used to monitor the accumulation of LC3 puncta. Autophagosomes were also observed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: During exposure to high glucose conditions, the normal level of autophagy was reduced in podocytes, and this defective autophagy induced podocyte injury. Increased miR-21 expression, decreased PTEN expression and abnormal activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway were observed in cells that were cultured in high glucose conditions. UA and LY294002 reduced podocyte injury through the restoration of defective autophagy. Our data suggest that UA inhibits miR-21 expression and increases PTEN expression, which in turn inhibits Akt and mTOR and restores normal levels of autophagy. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that podocyte injury is associated with reduced levels of autophagy during exposure to high glucose conditions, UA attenuated podocyte injury via an increase in autophagy through miR-21 inhibition and PTEN expression, which inhibit the abnormal activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.

Correlation analysis of renal ultrasound elastography and clinical and pathological changes in patients with chronic kidney disease
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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the correlations of renal tissue elastography with clinical biochemical indicators and pathological changes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) as well as to explore the potential for renal tissue elastography as a new, noninvasive method for the dynamic monitoring of renal disease progression, efficacy assessment, and prognosis evaluation. METHODS: Patients admitted to the Department of Nephrology of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University from August 2014 to January 2015 who had undergone renal biopsies were selected. A total of 113 patients with CKD and 16 healthy controls were enrolled in this study, including 61 males and 52 females. In total, 23 cases of IgA nephropathy, 39 cases of membranous nephropathy, 15 cases of minimal-change nephropathy (MCN), and 7 cases of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis were included. The Young's moduli (YM) of the renal cortex and medulla were measured using an AixPlorer Doppler ultrasound with full digital color from Supersonic Imagine. The correlations between the YM of renal tissue and clinical biochemical indicators of blood and urine and the differences in Young's moduli among the different pathological changes in the patients with CKD were analyzed. RESULTS: The YM of the CKD patients was significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05), and the YM of the renal cortex and medulla gradually increased with the progression of CKD. The YM of the renal cortex in the stage-G5 CKD patients was significantly higher than that of the CKD patients in stages G1 - G3 (p < 0.05). The YM of the renal medulla of the CKD patients in stages G3 - 5 was significantly higher than that of the CKD patients in stages G1 - G2. On univariate analysis, the YM of the renal cortex was correlated with systolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, cystatin C, serum albumin, serum phosphorus, calcium and phosphorus products, uric acid, iPTH, urinary N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG), eGFR, and hemoglobin levels. And the YM of the renal medulla was correlated with systolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, serum albumin, uric acid, iPTH, urinary microalbumin (MA), urinary NAG, and hemoglobin levels. On multivariate analysis, serum cystatin C (ß = 0.485, p = 0.018) and uric acid (ß = 0.418, p = 0.039) levels were independently correlated with the YM of the renal cortex, while serum creatinine (ß = 0.380, p = 0.019) and uric acid (ß = 0.482, p = 0.004) levels, as well as smoking (ß = 0.337, p = 0.009), were independently correlated with the YM of the renal medulla. The YMs of the renal cortex in patients with membranous nephropathy and IgA nephropathy were significantly higher than those in the patients with CN (p < 0.05). The YM of the renal cortices of the patients in phases IV and V of IgA nephropathy based on the Lee grading system were significantly higher than those of the patients in phases II and III (p < 0.05). According to the Oxford classification for IgA nephropathy, the Young's moduli of the renal cortex and medulla in T1 and T2 patients were significantly higher than those in T0 patients (p < 0.05). The YM of the renal cortex and medulla showed no statistically-significant differences among the different stages of membranous nephropathy. CONCLUSIONS: The YM of the renal cortex and medulla are associated with the progression of renal insufficiency, and renal ultrasound elastography shows promise as a new means of assessing the stage of CKD. Renal ultrasound elastography is expected to become a new, noninvasive method for the early diagnosis of CKD and the dynamic monitoring of disease progression as well as the assessment of efficacy and prognosis.
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Inhibiting MicroRNA-503 and MicroRNA-181d with Losartan Ameliorates Diabetic Nephropathy in KKAy Mice.

BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most lethal diabetic microvascular complication; it is a major cause of renal failure, and an increasingly globally prominent healthcare problem. MATERIAL AND METHODS To identify susceptible microRNAs for the pathogenesis of DN and the targets of losartan treatment, microRNA arrays were employed to survey the glomerular microRNA expression profiles of KKAy mice treated with or without losartan. KKAy mice were assigned to either a losartan-treated group or a non-treatment group, with C57BL/6 mice used as a normal control. Twelve weeks after treatment, glomeruli from the mice were isolated. MicroRNA expression profiles were analyzed using microRNA arrays. Real-time PCR was used to confirm the results. RESULTS Losartan treatment improved albuminuria and the pathological lesions of KKAy mice. The expression of 10 microRNAs was higher, and the expression of 12 microRNAs was lower in the glomeruli of the KKAy untreated mice than that of the CL57BL/6 mice. The expression of 4 microRNAs was down-regulated in the glomeruli of the KKAy losartan-treated mice compared to that of the untreated mice. The expression of miRNA-503 and miRNA-181d was apparently higher in the glomeruli of the KKAy untreated mice, and was inhibited by losartan treatment. CONCLUSIONS The over-expression of miR-503 and miR-181d in glomeruli of KKAy mice may be responsible for the pathogenesis of DN and are potential therapeutic targets for DN.

Sucrose fed-batch strategy enhanced biomass, polysaccharide, and ganoderic acids production in fermentation of Ganoderma lucidum 5.26.

Ganoderma, as a Chinese traditional medicine, has multiple bioactivities. However, industrial production was limited due to low yield during Ganoderma fermentation. In this work, sucrose was found to greatly enhance intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) content and specific extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) production rate. The mechanism was studied by analyzing the activities of enzymes related to polysaccharide biosynthesis. The results revealed that sucrose regulated the activities of phosphoglucomutase and phosphoglucose isomerase. When glucose and sucrose mixture was used as carbon source, biomass, polysaccharide and ganoderic acids (GAs) production was greatly enhanced. A sucrose fed-batch strategy was developed in 10-L bioreactor, and was scaled up to 300-L bioreactor. The biomass, EPS and IPS production was 25.5, 2.9 and 4.8 g/L, respectively, which was the highest biomass and IPS production in pilot scale. This study provides information for further understanding the regulation mechanism of Ganoderma polysaccharide biosynthesis. It demonstrates that sucrose fed-batch is a useful strategy for enhancing Ganoderma biomass, polysaccharide and GAs production.