Brain Gene Regulatory Networks Coordinate Nest Construction in Birds.

Nest building is a vital behavior exhibited during breeding in birds, and is possibly induced by environmental and social cues. Although such behavioral plasticity has been hypothesized to be controlled by adult neuronal plasticity, empirical evidence, especially at the neurogenomic level, remains limited. Here, we aim to uncover the gene regulatory networks that govern avian nest construction and examine whether they are associated with circuit rewiring. We designed an experiment to dissect this complex behavior into components in response to pair bonding and nest material acquisition by manipulating the presence of mates and nest materials in 30 pairs of zebra finches. Whole-transcriptome analysis of 300 samples from five brain regions linked to avian nesting behaviors revealed nesting-associated gene expression enriched with neural rewiring functions, including neurogenesis and neuron projection. The enriched expression was observed in the motor/sensorimotor and social behavior networks of female finches, and in the dopaminergic reward system of males. Female birds exhibited predominant neurotranscriptomic changes to initiate the nesting stage, while males showed major changes after entering this stage, underscoring sex-specific roles in nesting behavior. Notably, major neurotranscriptomic changes occurred during pair bonding, with minor changes during nest material acquisition, emphasizing social interactions in nest construction. We also revealed gene expression associated with reproductive behaviors and tactile sensing for nesting behavior. This study presents novel neurogenomic evidence supporting the hypothesis of adult neural plasticity underlying avian nest-construction behavior. By uncovering the genetic toolkits involved, we offer novel insights into the evolution of animals' innate ability to construct nests.

Identification of early events in serrated pathway colorectal tumorigenesis by using digital spatial profiling.

INTRODUCTION: The colorectal serrated pathway involves precursor lesions known as sessile serrated lesions (SSL) and traditional serrated adenomas (TSA). Mutations in BRAF or KRAS are crucial early events in this pathway. Additional genetic and epigenetic changes contribute to the progression of these lesions into high-grade lesions and, eventually, invasive carcinoma. METHODS: We employed digital spatial profiling to investigate the transcriptional changes associated with SSL and TSA. The genes identified are confirmed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Colorectal (CRC) cell lines with CEACAM6 overexpression and knockdown were established to study the roles of CEACAM6 on tumorigenesis of CRC. RESULTS: Ten genes were upregulated in SSL and TSA, and seven were upregulated in both types of lesions. IHC staining confirmed overexpression of CEACAM6, LCN2, KRT19, and lysozyme in SSL and TSA. CEACAM6 expression is an early event in the serrated pathway but a late event in the conventional pathway. Using cell line models, we confirmed that CEACAM6 promotes CRC cells' proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities. CONCLUSION: These results highlight that the transcriptional changes in the early stages of tumorigenesis exhibit relative uniformity. Identifying these early events may hold significant promise in elucidating the mechanisms behind tumor initiation.

Heat-killed Lacticaseibacillus paracasei GMNL-653 ameliorates human scalp health by regulating scalp microbiome.

BACKGROUND: The equilibrium of the scalp microbiome is important for maintaining healthy scalp conditions, including sebum secretion, dandruff, and hair growth. Many different strategies to improve scalp health have been reported; however, the effect of postbiotics, such as heat-killed probiotics, on scalp health remains unclear. We examined the beneficial effects of heat-killed probiotics consisting of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, GMNL-653, on scalp health. RESULTS: Heat-killed GMNL-653 could co-aggregate with scalp commensal fungi, Malassezia furfur, in vitro, and the GMNL-653-derived lipoteichoic acid inhibited the biofilm formation of M. furfur on Hs68 fibroblast cells. The mRNA of hair follicle growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), vascular endothelial growth factor, IGF-1, and keratinocyte growth factor was up-regulated in skin-related human cell lines Hs68 and HaCaT after treatment with heat-killed GMNL-653. For clinical observations, we recruited 22 volunteer participants to use the shampoo containing the heat-killed GMNL-653 for 5 months and subsequently measured their scalp conditions, including sebum secretion, dandruff formation, and hair growth. We applied polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the scalp microbiota of M. restricta, M. globosa, Cutibacterium acnes, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. A decrease in dandruff and oil secretion and an increase in hair growth in the human scalp were observed after the use of heat-killed GMNL-653-containing shampoo. The increased abundance of M. globosa and the decreased abundance of M. restricta and C. acnes were also observed. We further found that accumulated L. paracasei abundance was positively correlated with M. globosa abundance and negatively correlated with C. acnes abundance. S. epidermidis and C. acnes abundance was negatively correlated with M. globosa abundance and positively correlated with M. restricta. Meanwhile, M. globosa and M. restricta abundances were negatively associated with each other. C. acnes and S. epidermidis abundances were statistically positively correlated with sebum secretion and dandruff, respectively, in our shampoo clinical trial. CONCLUSION: Our study provides a new strategy for human scalp health care using the heat-killed probiotics GMNL-653-containing shampoo. The mechanism may be correlated with the microbiota shift.

Dancers with non-specific low back pain have less lumbar movement smoothness than healthy dancers.

BACKGROUND: Ballet is a highly technical and physically demanding dance form involving extensive end-range lumbar movements and emphasizing movement smoothness and gracefulness. A high prevalence of non-specific low back pain (LBP) is found in ballet dancers, which may lead to poor controlled movement and possible pain occurrence and reoccurrence. The power spectral entropy of time-series acceleration is a useful indicator of random uncertainty information, and a lower value indicates a greater smoothness or regularity. The current study thus applied a power spectral entropy method to analyze the movement smoothness in lumbar flexion and extension in healthy dancers and dancers with LBP, respectively. METHOD: A total of 40 female ballet dancers (23 in the LBP group and 17 in the control group) were recruited in the study. Repetitive end-range lumbar flexion and extension tasks were performed and the kinematic data were collected using a motion capture system. The power spectral entropy of the time-series acceleration of the lumbar movements was calculated in the anterior-posterior (AP), medial-lateral (ML), vertical (VT), and three-directional (3D) vectors. The entropy data were then used to conduct receiver operating characteristic curve analyses to evaluate the overall distinguishing performance and thus cutoff value, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. RESULTS: The power spectral entropy was significantly higher in the LBP group than the control group in the 3D vector in both lumbar flexion and lumber extension (flexion: p = 0.005; extension: p < 0.001). In lumbar extension, the AUC in the 3D vector was 0.807. In other words, the entropy provides an 80.7% probability of distinguishing between the two groups (i.e., LBP and control) correctly. The optimal cutoff entropy value was 0.5806 and yielded a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 73.3%. In lumbar flexion, the AUC in the 3D vector was 0.777, and hence the entropy provided a probability of 77.7% of distinguishing between the two groups correctly. The optimal cutoff value was 0.5649 and yielded a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 73.3%. CONCLUSIONS: The LBP group showed significantly lower lumbar movement smoothness than the control group. The lumbar movement smoothness in the 3D vector had a high AUC and thus provided a high differentiating capacity between the two groups. It may therefore be potentially applied in clinical contexts to screen dancers with a high risk of LBP.

Study on Cecropin B2 Production via Construct Bearing Intein Oligopeptide Cleavage Variants.

In this study, genetic engineering was applied to the overexpression of the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) cecropin B2 (cecB2). pTWIN1 vector with a chitin-binding domain (CBD) and an auto-cleavage Ssp DnaB intein (INT) was coupled to the cecB2 to form a fusion protein construct and expressed via Escherichia coli ER2566. The cecB2 was obtained via the INT cleavage reaction, which was highly related to its adjacent amino acids. Three oligopeptide cleavage variants (OCVs), i.e., GRA, CRA, and SRA, were used as the inserts located at the C-terminus of the INT to facilitate the cleavage reaction. SRA showed the most efficient performance in accelerating the INT self-cleavage reaction. In addition, in order to treat the INT as a biocatalyst, a first-order rate equation was applied to fit the INT cleavage reaction. A possible inference was proposed for the INT cleavage promotion with varied OCVs using a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The production and purification via the CBD-INT-SRA-cecB2 fusion protein resulted in a cecB2 yield of 58.7 mg/L with antimicrobial activity.

Enhanced cecropin B2 production via chitin-binding domain and intein self-cleavage system.

In this study, various constructs and hosts were used to produce high levels of cecropin B2 (cecB2). To mitigate cecB2's toxic inhibition of host cells, various cecB2 constructs were built. Results showed that the combination of a chitin-binding domain and an intein self-cleavage motif in front of cecropin B2, without a His-tag, was best for cecB2 expression. E. coli ER2566 was the best host, and 2YT was the best medium for cultivation. Under these conditions, a cecB2 yield of 98.2 mg/L could be obtained after purification. The purified cecB2 expressed a wide antimicrobial effect on most Gram-negative strains, including multidrug-resistant Acinetobactor baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus. This study provides a systematic approach to the efficient production of the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) cecB2 via the recombinant E. coli process, which is expected to be an efficient way for the production of other AMPs.

Fecal incontinence epidemiology and help seeking among older people in Taiwan.

AIMS: This study assesses the prevalence, comorbidity, and risk factors of fecal incontinence (FI), and explores help seeking patterns among older FI people. METHODS: The data were obtained from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey, in which 1,345 men and 1,370 women aged above 65 years responded to questions concerning FI occurrence, and 218 FI-affected elderly people responded to the question about FI help seeking. The chi-square test, Student's t-test, and multiple logistic regression were used. RESULTS: The weighted FI prevalence of older Taiwanese people was 6.9% for men and 9.3% for women. Urinary incontinence, diabetes mellitus, dementia, and asthma significantly increased the risk of FI among old men, but being overweight appeared to be FI-protective (OR 0.37, 95% CI = 0.17-0.80). In women, urinary incontinence, stroke, transit ischemia attack, dementia, chronic hepatitis, being underweight (BMI < 18.5), and greater parity were significant FI risk factors. Of those with FI, 49.1% had sought medical help. Using Andersen's model, data analysis showed that living in an urban area (OR 2.36, CI = 1.19-4.68), mucous stool incontinence (OR 3.56, 95% CI = 1.35-8.32), and one or more of the following FI-related problems, namely, anxiety, families interaction, social life, work life, and sexual life, significantly predicted FI sufferers seeking medical attention. CONCLUSION: Self-reported FI is a prevalent condition with various etiologies among older people in Taiwan. Understanding the epidemiology and comorbidity of FI, and investigating the factors associated with help seeking, is beneficial in devising and implementing prevention and management strategies.

A Lactobacillus Combination Ameliorates Lung Inflammation in an Elastase/LPS-induced Mouse Model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the world's leading lung disease and lacks effective and specific clinical strategies. Probiotics are increasingly used to support the improvement of the course of inflammatory diseases. In this study, we evaluated the potential of a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) combination containing Limosilactobacillus reuteri GMNL-89 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei GMNL-133 to decrease lung inflammation and emphysema in a COPD mouse model. This model was induced by intranasal stimulation with elastase and LPS for 4 weeks, followed by 2 weeks of oral LAB administration. The results showed that the LAB combination decreased lung emphysema and reduced inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α) in the lung tissue of COPD mice. Microbiome analysis revealed that Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia muciniphila, reduced in the gut of COPD mice, could be restored after LAB treatment. Microbial α-diversity in the lungs decreased in COPD mice but was reversed after LAB administration, which also increased the relative abundance of Candidatus arthromitus in the gut and decreased Burkholderia in the lungs. Furthermore, LAB-treated COPD mice exhibited increased levels of short-chain fatty acids, specifically acetic acid and propionic acid, in the cecum. Additionally, pulmonary emphysema and inflammation negatively correlated with C. arthromitus and Adlercreutzia levels. In conclusion, the combination of L. reuteri GMNL-89 and L. paracasei GMNL-133 demonstrates beneficial effects on pulmonary emphysema and inflammation in experimental COPD mice, correlating with changes in gut and lung microbiota, and providing a potential strategy for future adjuvant therapy.

Annexin A2 silencing induces G2 arrest of non-small cell lung cancer cells through p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms.

Annexin A2 (ANXA2) overexpression is required for cancer cell proliferation; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying ANXA2-mediated regulation of the cell cycle are still unknown. ANXA2 is highly expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is positively correlated with a poor prognosis. NSCLC A549 cells lacking ANXA2 exhibited defects in tumor growth in vivo and in cell proliferation in vitro without cytotoxicity. ANXA2 knockdown induced cell cycle arrest at G(2) phase. Unexpectedly, ANXA2 silencing increased the expression of p53 and its downstream genes, which resulted in p53-dependent and -independent G(2) arrest. Aberrant JNK inactivation, which was observed in ANXA2-deficient cells, inhibited cell proliferation following G(2) arrest. A lack of ANXA2 caused a loss of JNK-regulated c-Jun expression, resulting in an increase in p53 transcription. These results demonstrate a novel role for ANXA2 in NSCLC cell proliferation by facilitating the cell cycle partly through the regulation of p53 via JNK/c-Jun.

The epidemiology of urinary incontinence and it's influence on quality of life in Taiwanese middle-aged women.

AIM: To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of urinary incontinence (UI) and its effects on quality of life in women aged between 35 and 64 years. METHODS: Data were obtained from the 2005 National Health Interview survey, in which 4,661 women aged between 35 and 64 years responded to questions concerning UI occurrence and health-related quality of life (HRQL), assessed using the Short Form 36, Taiwan version. Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regressions were applied to analyze comorbidity and risk factors of UI. Multivariable liner regression was used to evaluate the association between UI and HRQL. RESULTS: The weighted UI prevalence in Taiwanese women aged 35-44, 45-54 years, and 55-64 years were 14.7%, 24.7%, and 32.4%, respectively. After adjustment, increased age, greater parity, higher BMI (body mass index), former HRT use, having a psychiatric disease, hyperlipidemia, and respiratory disease were identified as significant UI risk factors. Women with UI had significantly lower scores on all SF-36 dimensions. After adjusting for other factors, UI remained a significant predictor of all domains of SF-36 and was associated with reduced physical (by 2.31 points) and mental (by 2.76 points) component summary scores. From a mental health perspective, UI had a greater influence on HRQL than diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSION: The UI prevalence of Taiwanese women is high, and its negative effects on quality of life are greater than those of other major chronic conditions, but are often overlooked and seldom intervened.

Neuroimmunomodulation of vagus nerve stimulation and the therapeutic implications.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a technology that provides electrical stimulation to the cervical vagus nerve and can be applied in the treatment of a wide variety of neuropsychiatric and systemic diseases. VNS exerts its effect by stimulating vagal afferent and efferent fibers, which project upward to the brainstem nuclei and the relayed circuits and downward to the internal organs to influence the autonomic, neuroendocrine, and neuroimmunology systems. The neuroimmunomodulation effect of VNS is mediated through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway that regulates immune cells and decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines. Traditional and non-invasive VNS have Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved indications for patients with drug-refractory epilepsy, treatment-refractory major depressive disorders, and headaches. The number of clinical trials and translational studies that explore the therapeutic potentials and mechanisms of VNS is increasing. In this review, we first introduced the anatomical and physiological bases of the vagus nerve and the immunomodulating functions of VNS. We covered studies that investigated the mechanisms of VNS and its therapeutic implications for a spectrum of brain disorders and systemic diseases in the context of neuroimmunomodulation.

A global database of bird nest traits.

The reproductive success of birds is closely tied to the characteristics of their nests. It is crucial to understand the distribution of nest traits across phylogenetic and geographic dimensions to gain insight into bird evolution and adaptation. Despite the extensive historical documentation on breeding behavior, a structured dataset describing bird nest characteristics has been lacking. To address this gap, we have compiled a comprehensive dataset that characterizes three ecologically and evolutionarily significant nest traits-site, structure, and attachment-for 9,248 bird species, representing all 36 orders and 241 out of the 244 families. By defining seven sites, seven structures, and four attachment types, we have systematically classified the nests of each species using information from text descriptions, photos, and videos sourced from online databases and literature. This nest traits dataset serves as a valuable addition to the existing body of morphological and ecological trait data for bird species, providing a useful resource for a wide range of avian macroecological and macroevolutionary research.

Interferon-γ stimulates p11-dependent surface expression of annexin A2 in lung epithelial cells to enhance phagocytosis.

Annexin A2 (p36) is usually present together with its natural ligand p11 as a heterotetramer complex, which has multiple biological functions depending on its cellular localization. However, the detailed mechanism of annexin A2 translocation and its physiological role in inflammation remain unclear. Here, we show that IFN-γ stimulation enhances surface translocation of annexin A2 on lung epithelial cells. While total annexin A2 protein remains unchanged, the expression of p11 is upregulated via the IFN-γ-activated JAK2/STAT1 signal pathway. Notably, IFN-γ-induced p11 expression is required for annexin A2 translocation to the cell surface. Since annexin A2 lacks a signal peptide for surface translocation by the classical endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi route, its mode of trafficking remains unclear. We observed that p11-dependent surface translocation of annexin A2 is associated with the exosomal secretion pathway. The IFN-γ-induced increase of annexin A2 in the exosomes is blocked in p11-silenced cells. Furthermore, IFN-γ-induced surface expression of annexin A2 mediates phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by lung epithelial cells. These findings provide insights into the surface translocation mechanism of annexin A2 and illustrate a pivotal function of surface annexin A2 in the phagocytic response to IFN-γ.

Which domain of self-rated health best predicts medical care utilization among Taiwanese adults?

BACKGROUND: We attempted to identify the domain of self-rated health (SRH) that best predicts medical care utilization among Taiwanese adults. In addition, we examined the association between SRH and different measure of medical care utilization. METHODS: We analyzed data on 11 987 community-dwelling adults aged 18 to 64 years from the 2005 Taiwan National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). NHIS data were linked to the 2006 National Health Insurance (NHI) administrative database. Then, medical care utilization in 2006, including all outpatient visits, hospitalizations, and mental health outpatient visits, was identified. Domain-specific health ratings were measured by using the Short Form-36 (SF-36) health survey questionnaire. Negative binominal models were used to estimate the contribution of the health domains to medical care utilization. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) are presented. RESULTS: The IRR for the physical component scale showed that those with the highest scores had 77% of the outpatient visits of those with the lowest scores. The importance of mental health domains was markedly higher in estimating mental health outpatient visits. Those with mental health scores above the median had only 61% of mental health outpatient visits of those with scores below the median. CONCLUSIONS: A person's medical care utilization is reflected in the different domains of general health. Domain-specific measures of subjective health are not interchangeable with global general health ratings, because different domains have independent effects on medical care utilization. Our results are potentially important for medical resource allocation because they identify different health domain experiences that require improvement.

Factors associated with mortality in patients with super-refractory status epilepticus.

Super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) is a critical condition in which seizures persist despite anesthetic use for 24 h or longer. High mortality has been reported in patients with SRSE, but the cause of death remains unclear. We investigated the factors associated with mortality, including clinical characteristics, SE etiologies and severities, treatments, and responses in patients with SRSE in a 13-year tertiary hospital-based retrospective cohort study comparing these parameters between deceased and surviving patients. SRSE accounted for 14.2% of patients with status epilepticus, and 28.6% of SRSE patients died. Deceased patients were mostly young or middle-aged without known systemic diseases or epilepsy. All deceased patients experienced generalized convulsive status epilepticus and failure of anesthetic tapering-off, significantly higher than survivors. An increased number of second-line anesthetics besides midazolam was observed in the deceased (median, 3, interquartile range 2-3) compared to surviving (1, 1-1; p = 0.0006) patients with prolonged use durations (p = 0.047). For mortality, the cut-off number of second-line anesthetics was 1.5 (AUC = 0.906, p = 0.004). Deceased patients had significantly higher renal and cardiac complications and metabolic acidosis than survivors. In SRSE management, multi-anesthetic use should be carefully controlled to avoid systemic complications and mortality.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta facilitates IFN-gamma-induced STAT1 activation by regulating Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase 2.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta)-modulated IFN-gamma-induced inflammation has been reported; however, the mechanism that activates GSK-3beta and the effects of activation remain unclear. Inhibiting GSK-3beta decreased IFN-gamma-induced inflammation. IFN-gamma treatment rapidly activated GSK-3beta via neutral sphingomyelinase- and okadaic acid-sensitive phosphatase-regulated dephosphorylation at Ser(9), and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2)-regulated phosphorylation at Tyr(216). Pyk2 was activated through phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC)-, protein kinase C (PKC)-, and Src-regulated pathways. The activation of PC-PLC, Pyk2, and GSK-3beta was potentially regulated by IFN-gamma receptor 2-associated Jak2, but it was independent of IFN-gamma receptor 1. Furthermore, Jak2/PC-PLC/PKC/cytosolic phospholipase A(2) positively regulated neutral sphingomyelinase. Inhibiting GSK-3beta activated Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2), thereby preventing STAT1 activation in the late stage of IFN-gamma stimulation. All these results showed that activated GSK-3beta synergistically affected IFN-gamma-induced STAT1 activation by inhibiting SHP2.

Generating brain matrices for zebra finch brain sectioning using three-dimensional printing technology.

BACKGROUND: The demand to sample brain regions in non-model species is increasing as more studies are integrating neurological data into behavioural, ecological or evolutionary analysis. However, the sampling operation is difficult for researchers without neuroscience background. It is also a challenge to collect neuroanatomical regions from animals in the field. NEW METHOD: Here we developed a new brain matrix for guiding researchers to section zebra finches' (Taeniopygia guttata) brains more steadily than by freehand trimming. Based on the 3D printing technology, we produced the zebra finch brain matrix from scratch. We also provided a step-by-step protocol to make brain matrices for any species with a brain size between that of shrews and dogs. RESULTS: The brain matrix could guide us to find the zebra finch's neuroanatomical landmarks, such as the hypothalamus, optic chiasm and occulomotor nerve. The matrix's channels near these landmarks could be used to section brains steadily and rapidly. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: Standardized brain sectioning often requires expensive machines that may not be available in most laboratories or in the field, such as microtomes. In addition, machine-based trimming is time-consuming. Although commercial brain matrices can overcome these problems, they are only available for rats and mice. The brain matrices we developed are affordable to most laboratories and can be customised for non-model species in both lab and field experiments. CONCLUSIONS: The matrix-guided approach requires a relatively short training period and can allow researchers to properly and quickly sample brains, and thus will facilitate neuroscience-based interdisciplinary research.

Comparison of hypothalamopituitary axis dysfunction of intrasellar and third ventricular craniopharyngiomas in children.

In this study, we attempted to determine if different locations of a tumor influence the hypothalamopituitary axis function and outcomes with childhood craniopharyngiomas. The preoperative, postoperative, and long-term follow-up endocrinological disturbances of 66 children with a craniopharyngioma were retrospectively studied. The patients were divided into two subgroups according to the location of the tumor (intrasellar and third ventricle floor). The mean age at onset was 8.02 (range, 1.42-17.58)years. These patients were followed-up for a median duration of 7.2 (range, 2-22)years. Vision problems as the first symptom were more common in Group One (with intrasellar tumors) compared to Group Two (55.6% vs 15.4%; p=0.001; Fisher's exact test). Increased intracranial pressure was the most common initial symptom in patients in Group Two (51.3%) and the second most common symptom in Group One (37%). The majority of patients in both Group One and Group Two required some forms of pituitary hormone supplements (96% vs 84%). At the last follow-up, more patients with intrasellar craniopharyngiomas needed cortisone supplements (79.2% in Group One vs 45.9% in Group Two; p=0.016; Fisher's exact test); however, children with third ventricle floor tumors had more prevalent weight gain (4.2% in Group One vs 27.0% in Group Two; p=0.038; Fisher's exact test). There were different initial presentations and endocrinological outcomes between children with intrasellar and third ventricle floor craniopharyngiomas. The intrasellar tumors had greater pituitary hormone disturbance. However, at the long-term follow-up, children with third ventricle floor tumors had a greater prevalence of being overweight and obese, which was associated with hypothalamic dysfunction.

Asynchronous evolution of interdependent nest characters across the avian phylogeny.

Nest building is a widespread behavior among birds that reflects their adaptation to the environment and evolutionary history. However, it remains unclear how nests evolve and how their evolution relates to the bird phylogeny. Here, by examining the evolution of three nest characters-structure, site, and attachment-across all bird families, we reveal that nest characters did not change synchronically across the avian phylogeny but had disparate evolutionary trajectories. Nest structure shows stronger phylogenetic signal than nest site, while nest attachment has little variation. Nevertheless, the three characters evolved interdependently. For example, the ability of birds to explore new nest sites might depend on the emergence of novel nest structure and/or attachment. Our results also reveal labile nest characters in passerines compared with other birds. This study provides important insights into avian nest evolution and suggests potential associations between nest diversification and the adaptive radiations that generated modern bird lineages.