[Exploring facilitators and barriers to implementing expanded nursing roles in MexicoEstudo de facilitadores e barreiras para a implementação de funções ampliadas de enfermagem no México]. / Exploración de facilitadores y barreras para implementar los roles ampliados de enfermería en México.

Objective: To explore the perceptions of nursing professionals regarding facilitators and barriers to the implementation of expanded nursing functions in a state in central Mexico. Methods: Qualitative descriptive phenomenological study. During 2022, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with three types of informants: a) head nurses at state-level facilities; b) head nurses at local-level facilities; and c) heads of health units and operational nursing staff who have direct contact with patients. Results: The following facilitators were identified: willingness to adopt the strategy (seen as favorable by managers and acceptable by nursing staff); reorganization of functions (simplification of processes and analysis of the situation of health units); access to training; and characteristics of nursing staff (professionalization, work experience, and favorable attitude). Barriers included: conditions at the first level of care (personnel shortages, too many administrative activities, lack of physical space, materials, supplies, and consumables), resistance to change (professional jealousy of other disciplines and duplication of tasks), staff salaries, lack of training, not trusted with expanded duties, and attitude of patients (resistance to nursing care). Conclusions: By understanding the perceptions of nursing professionals, we can identify key elements for the successful expansion of nursing functions through expansion of the competencies of operational staff. Reorganization and proper management at different levels of decision-making will be necessary.

Objetivo: Explorar as percepções dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre os facilitadores e as barreiras à implementação de funções ampliadas de enfermagem em um estado do México. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo descritivo com abordagem fenomenológica. Em 2022, foram realizadas 18 entrevistas semiestruturadas com três tipos de informantes: a) chefes estaduais de enfermagem; b) chefes jurisdicionais de enfermagem; e c) chefes de unidades de saúde e profissionais de enfermagem que fazem atendimento direto aos pacientes. Resultados: Os seguintes facilitadores foram identificados: disposição para adotar a estratégia (atitude favorável dos gerentes e aceitação da equipe de enfermagem), reorganização das funções (simplificação dos processos e análise da situação das unidades de saúde) e acesso a capacitação e características da equipe de enfermagem (profissionalização, experiência de trabalho e atitude favorável). As barreiras encontradas incluem: contexto do primeiro nível de atenção (falta de pessoal, excesso de atividades administrativas, falta de espaço físico, falta de materiais, insumos e consumíveis), resistência à mudança (zelo profissional de outras disciplinas e duplicação de tarefas), salários do pessoal, falta de atualização, pouca confiança na expansão das funções e atitude dos pacientes (resistência ao atendimento por profissionais de enfermagem). Conclusões: Entender as percepções dos profissionais de enfermagem permite a identificação de elementos-chave para a expansão bem-sucedida das funções de enfermagem por meio da expansão das competências de trabalho dos profissionais que atendem pacientes; serão necessários reorganização e gerenciamento adequado nos diferentes níveis de tomada de decisão.

[Digital transformation as a strategy to strengthen essential public health functions in the AmericasTransformação digital como estratégia de fortalecimento das funções essenciais de saúde pública nas Américas]. / La transformación digital como estrategia para el fortalecimiento de las funciones esenciales de salud pública en las Américas.

This article systematizes the main actions taken to address the essential public health functions (EPHF) in the context of the digital transformation of health systems. A narrative review was conducted, in which the conceptual framework of the renewed EPHF was linked to the eight guiding principles of the digital transformation of the health sector.In the selected publications, the main actions in digital transformation included electronic health records, telemedicine, digital health legislation, digital literacy, patient portals, open-source technologies, and data governance. These actions make it possible to increase the quality and efficiency of health systems, promote accessibility, and improve health outcomes.

Este artigo sistematiza as principais ações de transformação digital (TD) dos sistemas de saúde relacionadas às funções essenciais de saúde pública (FESP). Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa, inter-relacionando o marco conceitual das FESP renovadas com base nos os oito princípios orientadores da transformação digital do setor da saúde.Nas publicações selecionadas, constatou-se que as principais ações de TD incluem prontuários eletrônicos, telemedicina, legislação de saúde digital, letramento digital, portais para pacientes, tecnologias de código aberto e governança de dados. Essas ações permitem aumentar a qualidade e a eficiência dos sistemas de saúde, aprimorar a acessibilidade e melhorar os resultados de saúde.

An anti-infodemic virtual center for the Americas.

The Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) Anti-Infodemic Virtual Center for the Americas (AIVCA) is a project led by the Department of Evidence and Intelligence for Action in Health, PAHO and the Center for Health Informatics, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center on Information Systems for Health, at the University of Illinois, with the participation of PAHO staff and consultants across the region. Its goal is to develop a set of tools-pairing AI with human judgment-to help ministries of health and related health institutions respond to infodemics. Public health officials will learn about emerging threats detected by the center and get recommendations on how to respond. The virtual center is structured with three parallel teams: detection, evidence, and response. The detection team will employ a mixture of advanced search queries, machine learning, and other AI techniques to sift through more than 800 million new public social media posts per day to identify emerging infodemic threats in both English and Spanish. The evidence team will use the EasySearch federated search engine backed by AI, PAHO's knowledge management team, and the Librarian Reserve Corps to identify the most relevant authoritative sources. The response team will use a design approach to communicate recommended response strategies based on behavioural science, storytelling, and information design approaches.

El centro virtual contra la infodemia para la Región de las Américas de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS) es un proyecto liderado por el Departamento de Evidencia e Inteligencia para la Acción en la Salud de la OPS y el Center for Health Informatics de la Universidad de Illinois, centro colaborador de la OPS/OMS en sistemas de información para la salud, con la participación de personal y consultores de la OPS en toda la Región. Su objetivo es crear un conjunto de herramientas que combinen inteligencia artificial (IA) y los criterios humanos para apoyar a los ministerios de salud y las instituciones relacionadas con la salud en la respuesta a la infodemia. Los funcionarios de salud pública recibirán formación sobre las amenazas emergentes detectadas por el centro y recomendaciones sobre cómo abordarlas. El centro virtual está estructurado en tres equipos paralelos: detección, evidencia y respuesta. El equipo de detección empleará una combinación de consultas mediante búsqueda avanzada, aprendizaje automático y otras técnicas de IA para evaluar más de 800 millones de publicaciones nuevas en las redes sociales al día con el fin de detectar amenazas emergentes en el ámbito de la infodemia tanto en inglés como en español. El equipo de evidencia hará uso del motor de búsqueda federado EasySearch y, con el apoyo de la IA, el equipo de gestión del conocimiento de la OPS y la red Librarian Reserve Corps, determinará cuáles son las fuentes autorizadas más pertinentes. El equipo de respuesta utilizará un enfoque vinculado al diseño para difundir las estrategias recomendadas sobre la base de las ciencias del comportamiento, la narración de historias y el diseño de la información.

O Centro Virtual Anti-Infodemia para as Américas (AIVCA, na sigla em inglês) da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde (OPAS/OMS) é um projeto liderado pelo Departamento de Evidência e Inteligência para a Ação em Saúde da OPAS e pelo Centro de Informática em Saúde da Universidade de Illinois, EUA (Centro Colaborador da OPAS/OMS para Sistemas de Informação para a Saúde), com a participação de funcionários e consultores da OPAS de toda a região. Seu objetivo é desenvolver um conjunto de ferramentas ­ combinando a inteligência artificial (IA) com o discernimento humano ­ para ajudar os ministérios e instituições de saúde a responder às infodemias. As autoridades de saúde pública aprenderão sobre as ameaças emergentes detectadas pelo centro e obterão recomendações sobre como responder. O centro virtual está estruturado com três equipes paralelas: detecção, evidência e resposta. A equipe de detecção utilizará consultas de pesquisa avançada, machine learning (aprendizagem de máquina) e outras técnicas de IA para filtrar mais de 800 milhões de novas postagens públicas nas redes sociais por dia, a fim de identificar ameaças infodêmicas emergentes em inglês e espanhol. A equipe de evidência usará o mecanismo de busca federada EasySearch, com apoio de IA, da equipe de gestão de conhecimento da OPAS e do Librarian Reserve Corps (LRC), para identificar as fontes abalizadas mais relevantes. A equipe de resposta usará uma abordagem de design para comunicar estratégias de resposta recomendadas com base em abordagens de ciência comportamental, narração de histórias e design da informação.

Data gaps towards health development goals, 47 low- and middle-income countries.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the availability and gaps in data for measuring progress towards health-related sustainable development goals and other targets in selected low- and middle-income countries. METHODS: We used 14 international population surveys to evaluate the health data systems in the 47 least developed countries over the years 2015-2020. We reviewed the survey instruments to determine whether they contained tools that could be used to measure 46 health-related indicators defined by the World Health Organization. We recorded the number of countries with data available on the indicators from these surveys. FINDINGS: Twenty-seven indicators were measurable by the surveys we identified. The two health emergency indicators were not measurable by current surveys. The percentage of countries that used surveys to collect data over 2015-2020 were lowest for tuberculosis (2/47; 4.3%), hepatitis B (3/47; 6.4%), human immunodeficiency virus (11/47; 23.4%), child development status and child abuse (both 13/47; 27.7%), compared with safe drinking water (37/47; 78.7%) and births attended by skilled health personnel (36/47; 76.6%). Nineteen countries collected data on 21 or more indicators over 2015-2020 while nine collected data on no indicators; over 2018-2020 these numbers reduced to six and 20, respectively. CONCLUSION: Examining selected international surveys provided a quick summary of health data available in the 47 least developed countries. We found major gaps in health data due to long survey cycles and lack of appropriate survey instruments. Novel indicators and survey instruments would be needed to track the fast-changing situation of health emergencies.

[Information systems for health: an analysis of design from a public policy perspectiveSistemas de informação para a saúde: uma análise do design na perspectiva das políticas públicas]. / Sistemas de información para la salud: un análisis del diseño desde la perspectiva de las políticas públicas.

In 2019, the Pan American Health Organization approved a regional policy known as the Plan of Action for Strengthening Information Systems for Health 2019-2023, the design of which is the subject of this article. This analysis was carried out from the point of view of the development of the plan of action, as well as its implementation, in the light of the theoretical concepts of Harold Lasswell and Charles Lindblom. In the study of this policy, consideration was given to context, focus on problems, diversity, and the variety of methods used. The impartial search for the public interest, design of practical policies, needs of public officials, and provision of recommendations are discussed. The policy can be implemented regardless of the administrative configuration of countries and territories, or the political power that other institutions may exercise. Its design is oriented toward universal access to health services in the countries of the Americas, taking into account cultural and linguistic diversity, including indigenous populations, which shows that it was contextualized for a region with high rates of inequities.

Em 2019, a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde aprovou uma política regional conhecida como Plano de Ação para o Fortalecimento dos Sistemas de Informação para a Saúde 2019-2023, cujo design é o tema deste artigo. A análise foi realizada tanto do ponto de vista de sua elaboração quanto de sua implementação, à luz dos conceitos teóricos de Harold Lasswell e Charles Lindblom. O seguinte estudo de política foi realizado a partir de uma reflexão sobre seu contexto, orientação para os problemas, diversidade e multiplicidade dos métodos utilizados. Da mesma forma, foi feita uma reflexão sobre a busca imparcial do interesse público, o design de políticas práticas, a satisfação das necessidades dos funcionários públicos e a oferta de recomendações. A política pode ser implementada independentemente da configuração administrativa dos países e territórios ou do poder político que outras instituições possam exercer. Seu design visa ao acesso universal aos serviços de saúde para a região das Américas, levando em consideração a diversidade cultural e linguística, incluindo populações indígenas, mostrando que foi contextualizado para uma região com altos índices de iniquidade.

[Digital transformation for more equitable and sustainable public health in the age of digital interdependenceTransformação digital para uma saúde pública mais equitativa e sustentável na era da interdependência digital]. / La transformación digital para una salud pública más equitativa y sostenible en la era de la interdependencia digital.

This article describes eight guiding principles for the digital transformation of the health sector and identifies their relationship with the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as highlighting their importance to countries undergoing digital transformation processes. In the Region of the Americas, among other gaps, 30% of people do not have access to the Internet, which is why it is mandatory to develop policies and actions to deliver public health interventions equitably and sustainably to ensure that no one is left behind. The eight principles focus on the four areas of a sustainable health system - human, social, economic and environmental - and highlight the broader possibilities using digital technology to impact the sustainability of health systems.

Este artigo descreve oito princípios norteadores para a transformação digital do setor da saúde e identifica sua relação com a pandemia de COVID-19, além de destacar sua importância para os países que estão em processo de transformação digital. Na Região das Américas, entre outras lacunas, 30% das pessoas não têm acesso à Internet; portanto, é imprescindível desenvolver políticas e ações para realizar intervenções de saúde pública de maneira equitativa e sustentável, para assegurar que ninguém seja deixado para trás. Os oito princípios enfocam as quatro áreas de um sistema de saúde sustentável ­ humana, social, econômica e ambiental ­ e destacam possibilidades mais amplas do uso da tecnologia digital para impactar a sustentabilidade dos sistemas de saúde.

[Public health and digital interdependence: technological evolution, technological sustainability, and the user revolutionSaúde pública e a interdependência digital: evolução tecnológica, sustentabilidade tecnológica e a revolução do usuário]. / Salud pública y la interdependencia digital: evolución tecnológica, sostenibilidad tecnológica y la revolución del usuario.

The "technological revolution in the health sector" resulting from the boom in the use of information and communications technologies (ICT) during the COVID-19 pandemic may, in fact, be due to a revolution among users whose close relationship with ICT has mobilized health systems, with the pandemic as a turning point. This article proposes a conceptual model of technological evolution and revolution among users, with transitions from acceptance of digital health to an understanding of its potential, and from the sustainability of digital health to trust in its various applications and governance. This requires clear approaches and agreements between the different sectors of the health system in terms of management, infrastructure, policies, and training, among other areas, focused on the user revolution and ensuring that no one is left behind.This article aims to conceptualize the process of evolution and revolution in ICT, as it applies to health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Argumenta-se que a chamada "revolução tecnológica no setor da saúde", devido ao boom no uso das tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TIC) ocorrido durante a pandemia de COVID-19, na verdade se deve a uma revolução do usuário que, devido à sua estreita relação com as TIC e no ponto de inflexão da pandemia, mobilizou os sistemas de saúde. Nesse sentido, propõe-se um modelo conceitual de evolução e revolução tecnológica dos usuários, com transições da aceitação da saúde digital para a compreensão do seu potencial, bem como da sustentabilidade da saúde digital para a confiança em suas diversas aplicações e governanças. Isso requer enfoques e acordos claros entre os diferentes setores do sistema de saúde em termos de gestão, infraestrutura, políticas e capacitação, entre outros, com foco na revolução do usuário e assegurando que ninguém fique para trás. Este artigo tem como objetivo conceitualizar o processo de evolução e revolução das TIC aplicadas à saúde no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19.

Toward a holistic definition for Information Systems for Health in the age of digital interdependence.

The article's main objective is to propose a new definition for Information Systems for Health, which is characterized by the identification and involvement of all the parts of a complex and interconnected process for data collection and decision-making in public health in the information society. The development of the concept was through a seven-step process including document analysis, on-site and virtual sessions for experts, and an online survey of broader health professionals. This new definition seeks to provide a holistic view, process, and approach for managing interoperable applications and databases that ethically considers open and free access to structured and unstructured data from different sectors, strategic information, and information and communication technology (ICT) tools for decision-making for the benefit of public health. It also supports the monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goals and the implementation of universal access to health and universal health coverage as well as Health in All Policies as an approach to promote health-related policies across sectors. Information Systems for Health evolves from preconceptions of health information systems to an integrated and multistakeholder effort that ensures better care and better policy-making and decision-making.

El objetivo principal de este artículo es proponer una nueva definición de los sistemas de información para la salud, que se caracterizan por la identificación y la participación de todas las partes involucradas en un complejo proceso interconectado de recopilación de datos y toma de decisiones en el ámbito de la salud pública en la sociedad de la información. El concepto se desarrolló en un proceso de siete pasos que incluyó el análisis de documentos, sesiones presenciales y virtuales con expertos y una encuesta en línea a profesionales de la salud en general. Esta nueva definición procura ofrecer un criterio holístico, un proceso y un enfoque para la gestión de bases de datos y aplicaciones interoperables que considere desde un punto de vista ético el acceso abierto y gratuito a datos estructurados y no estructurados de diferentes sectores, información estratégica y herramientas de tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación (TIC) para la toma de decisiones en beneficio de la salud pública. También brinda apoyo al seguimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible y la ejecución del acceso universal a la salud y la cobertura universal de salud, así como la salud en todas las políticas como iniciativa para promover políticas relacionadas con la salud en todos los sectores. El concepto de sistemas de información para la salud implica una evolución desde lo que se consideraba anteriormente sistemas de información de salud hacia un esfuerzo integrado por parte de varios interesados directos que garantiza una mejora en la atención, la formulación de políticas y la toma de decisiones.

O principal objetivo deste artigo é propor uma nova definição para Sistemas de Informação em Saúde, que são caracterizados pela identificação e participação de todas as partes de um processo complexo e interconectado para a coleta de dados e tomada de decisão em saúde pública na sociedade da informação. O conceito foi desenvolvido por um processo de sete passos incluindo análise de documentos, sessões presenciais e virtuais com especialistas e uma pesquisa on-line com profissionais de saúde generalistas. A nova definição busca oferecer uma visão, um processo e uma abordagem holística para gerenciar aplicativos e bases de dados interoperáveis que consideram eticamente o acesso aberto e gratuito a dados estruturados e não estruturados de diferentes setores, informações estratégicas e ferramentas de tecnologia da informação e comunicação (TIC) para tomadas de decisão em prol da saúde pública. Também sustenta o monitoramento dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a implementação do acesso universal à saúde e da cobertura universal de saúde, assim como a Saúde em Todas as Políticas como uma abordagem para promover políticas relacionadas à saúde em vários setores. Os Sistemas de Informação em Saúde evoluíram de pré-conceitos dos sistemas de informação de saúde para um esforço integrado e com muitas partes interessadas, assegurando melhor cuidado, formulação de políticas e tomada de decisão.

[Implementation of telemedicine in the Americas: Barriers and facilitatorsBarreiras e facilitadores para a implementação da telemedicina nas Américas]. / Barreras y facilitadores a la implementación de la telemedicina en las Américas.

With millions of people in the world in situations of physical distancing because of COVID-19, information and communication technology (ICT) has become as one of the principal means of interaction and collaboration. The following advantages of ICT have been cited since the start of the new millennium: increased access to information and service delivery, educational strengthening, quality control of screening programs, and reduction of health care costs. In the case of telemedicine, however, a number of barriers-especially technological, human and social, psychosocial, anthropological, economic, and governance-related-have stood in the way of its adoption. The past 20 years have seen an increase in the availability of resources and technical capacity, improvements in digital education, empowerment of patients regarding their treatment, and increased public interest in this area. Successes have included the use of interdisciplinary teams, academic and professional networking, and virtual medical consultations. After reviewing the state of telemedicine in the Region of the Americas, the authors recommend the urgent adoption of measures aimed at implementing national telemedicine policies and programs, including a regulatory framework and adequate funding. Implementation of the measures should be integrated and interoperable and include the support of academic networks and the collaboration of specialized institutions. The policies should generate an enabling context that ensures sustainability of the progress achieved, bearing in mind the possible barriers mentioned.

Com milhões de pessoas no mundo em situação de distanciamento físico devido à COVID-19, as tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TICs) se enquadraram como um dos meios principais de interação e colaboração. Já no início deste milênio, começaram a ser mencionadas as seguintes vantagens: maior acesso à informação e à prestação de serviços; fortalecimento da educação; controle de qualidade dos programas de detecção e redução dos custos na atenção à saúde. No entanto, entre as principais barreiras de adoção da telemedicina se encontram as de caráter: tecnológico; humano e social; psicossocial e antropológico; de governança e econômico. Nestes 20 anos, houve um aumento nos recursos e na capacidade técnica, uma melhora na educação digital, um empoderamento do paciente em seu tratamento e um maior interesse público nessa área. Em especial, são consideradas bem-sucedidas a constituição de equipes interdisciplinares e as redes acadêmicas e profissionais, e as consultas médicas virtuais. Após revisar o estado da telemedicina na Região das Américas, os autores recomendam a adoção de medidas urgentes para implementar políticas e programas nacionais de telemedicina, incluindo o marco normativo e o orçamento necessário. Essa implementação deve ser realizada de maneira integral e interoperável e sustentada por redes acadêmicas, de parceria e instituições especializadas. Tais políticas devem gerar um contexto favorável, dando sustentabilidade ao avanço obtido e considerando os aspectos mencionados nas possíveis barreiras.

Framework for Managing the COVID-19 Infodemic: Methods and Results of an Online, Crowdsourced WHO Technical Consultation.

BACKGROUND: An infodemic is an overabundance of information-some accurate and some not-that occurs during an epidemic. In a similar manner to an epidemic, it spreads between humans via digital and physical information systems. It makes it hard for people to find trustworthy sources and reliable guidance when they need it. OBJECTIVE: A World Health Organization (WHO) technical consultation on responding to the infodemic related to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was held, entirely online, to crowdsource suggested actions for a framework for infodemic management. METHODS: A group of policy makers, public health professionals, researchers, students, and other concerned stakeholders was joined by representatives of the media, social media platforms, various private sector organizations, and civil society to suggest and discuss actions for all parts of society, and multiple related professional and scientific disciplines, methods, and technologies. A total of 594 ideas for actions were crowdsourced online during the discussions and consolidated into suggestions for an infodemic management framework. RESULTS: The analysis team distilled the suggestions into a set of 50 proposed actions for a framework for managing infodemics in health emergencies. The consultation revealed six policy implications to consider. First, interventions and messages must be based on science and evidence, and must reach citizens and enable them to make informed decisions on how to protect themselves and their communities in a health emergency. Second, knowledge should be translated into actionable behavior-change messages, presented in ways that are understood by and accessible to all individuals in all parts of all societies. Third, governments should reach out to key communities to ensure their concerns and information needs are understood, tailoring advice and messages to address the audiences they represent. Fourth, to strengthen the analysis and amplification of information impact, strategic partnerships should be formed across all sectors, including but not limited to the social media and technology sectors, academia, and civil society. Fifth, health authorities should ensure that these actions are informed by reliable information that helps them understand the circulating narratives and changes in the flow of information, questions, and misinformation in communities. Sixth, following experiences to date in responding to the COVID-19 infodemic and the lessons from other disease outbreaks, infodemic management approaches should be further developed to support preparedness and response, and to inform risk mitigation, and be enhanced through data science and sociobehavioral and other research. CONCLUSIONS: The first version of this framework proposes five action areas in which WHO Member States and actors within society can apply, according to their mandate, an infodemic management approach adapted to national contexts and practices. Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and the related infodemic require swift, regular, systematic, and coordinated action from multiple sectors of society and government. It remains crucial that we promote trusted information and fight misinformation, thereby helping save lives.

National examination for medical residency admission: academic variables and performance among different schools.

OBJECTIVE: To identify medical school characteristics associated with performance in a medical residency admission test. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Performance and selection rates according to type of medical school (Student´s t-test, Chi-squared test), accreditation status (Student´s t-test) and geographic regions (Anova) were analyzed from a database comprising 153 654 physicians who took the residency admission test Examen Nacional de Aspirantes a Residencias Médicas (ENARM) in the period 2014-2018. RESULTS: Performance was 62.5% for accredited programs and 61.4% for non-accredited programs (p<0.001); public schools reached 62.3% and private schools 62.2% (p<0.001). Northern regions performed above 63% while South-Southeast at 58.9% (p<0.001). Selection rate was 26.2% for accredited programs and 22.9% for non-accredited (p<0.001); 26.6% for public schools and 23.6% for private schools (p<0.001). North-East and North-West reached 31% while South-Southeast 20.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Type of school, accreditation status and geographic region may influence performance and selection rate.

Gaps between supply and demand of acute myocardial infarction treatment in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze acute myocardial infarction (AMI) admissions and in-hospital mortality rates and evaluate the competence of the Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals to provide AMI treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used a mixed-methods approach: 1) Joinpoint analysis of hos-pitalizations and in-hospital mortality trends between 2005 and 2017; 2) a nation-wide cross-sectional MOH hospital survey. RESULTS: AMI hospitalizations are increasing among men and patients aged >60 years; women have higher mortal-ity rates. The survey included 527 hospitals (2nd level =471; 3rdlevel =56). We identified insufficient competence to diagnose AMI (2nd level 37%, 3rd level 51%), perform pharmacological perfusion (2nd level 8.7%, 3rd level 26.8%), and mechanical reperfusion (2nd level 2.8%, 3rd level 17.9%). CONCLUSIONS: There are wide disparities in demand, supply, and health outcomes of AMI in Mexico. It is advisable to build up the competence with gender and age perspectives in order to di-agnose and manage AMI and reduce AMI mortality effectively.

OBJETIVO: Analizar las tendencias de admisiones y mortali-dad hospitalaria por infarto agudo al miocardio (IAM) y eva-luar la competencia hospitalaria de la Secretaría de Salud (SS) para tratarlo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Enfoque de métodos mixtos: Jointpoint análisis de tendencias de hospitalizaciones y mortalidad hospitalaria entre 2005 y 2017, y encuesta en hospitales de la SS. RESULTADOS: Las hospitalizaciones por IAM están aumentando entre hombres y pacientes >60 años. Las mujeres tienen mayor mortalidad. La encuesta incluyó 527 hospitales (2º nivel =471, 3er nivel =56). Los hospitales tienen competencias insuficientes para diagnosticar IAM (2º nivel 37%, 3er nivel 51%), realizar perfusión farmacológica (2º nivel 8.7%, 3er nivel 26.8%) y reperfusión mecánica (2º nivel 2.8%, 3er nivel 17.9%). CONCLUSIONES: Existen disparidades en demanda, oferta y resultados en salud del IAM. Es aconsejable fortalecer las competencias, con perspectivas de género y edad, para diagnosticar y tratar IAM, y reducir su mortalidad efectivamente.

High quality health systems in the SDG era: Country-specific priorities for improving quality of care.

Hannah Leslie and co-authors discuss priorities in individual countries for health system reform.

Mortality due to low-quality health systems in the universal health coverage era: a systematic analysis of amenable deaths in 137 countries.

BACKGROUND: Universal health coverage has been proposed as a strategy to improve health in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, this is contingent on the provision of good-quality health care. We estimate the excess mortality for conditions targeted in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) that are amenable to health care and the portion of this excess mortality due to poor-quality care in 137 LMICs, in which excess mortality refers to deaths that could have been averted in settings with strong health systems. METHODS: Using data from the 2016 Global Burden of Disease study, we calculated mortality amenable to personal health care for 61 SDG conditions by comparing case fatality between each LMIC with corresponding numbers from 23 high-income reference countries with strong health systems. We used data on health-care utilisation from population surveys to separately estimate the portion of amenable mortality attributable to non-utilisation of health care versus that attributable to receipt of poor-quality care. FINDINGS: 15·6 million excess deaths from 61 conditions occurred in LMICs in 2016. After excluding deaths that could be prevented through public health measures, 8·6 million excess deaths were amenable to health care of which 5·0 million were estimated to be due to receipt of poor-quality care and 3·6 million were due to non-utilisation of health care. Poor quality of health care was a major driver of excess mortality across conditions, from cardiovascular disease and injuries to neonatal and communicable disorders. INTERPRETATION: Universal health coverage for SDG conditions could avert 8·6 million deaths per year but only if expansion of service coverage is accompanied by investments into high-quality health systems. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

A MOOC as an immediate strategy to train health personnel in the cholera outbreak in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: In September 2013, two cases of cholera were reported in Mexico; 1 week later, a new outbreak was reported in the Huasteca region of Hidalgo. Upon the determination that the diagnostic and therapeutic interventions implemented by health personnel overlooked predefined procedures, the National Institute of Public Health, in coordination with the Ministry of Health, immediately designed the massive open online course "Proper cholera containment and management measures" to strengthen and standardize basic prevention and control practices. METHODS: During the first 5 months, 35,968 participants from across the country finished the course: medical and nursing personnel, health promoters, and hospital staff. To understand the magnitude of the data, an analysis was performed to calculate the MOOC coverage, and multiple linear regression models were generated to relate the score earned in the course to the characteristics of the participants. In addition, a qualitative analysis was performed to identify the dissemination of information, technological barriers, and feedback on course design. A total of 17% of participants were from the state where the outbreak originated, and 33.5% were from its neighboring states. RESULTS: This study shows that the need for information is greater when an emergency occurs, and the involvement of the authorities increased the extent of the training response. CONCLUSION: A MOOC can be a useful training strategy to prepare personnel for emergency situations.

[Efficiency of human resources for health: an approach to its analysis in Mexico]. / Eficiencia de los recursos humanos en salud: una aproximación a su análisis en México.

OBJECTIVE:: To analyze efficiency indicators of human resources working at Mexico's Ministry of Health. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: Three dimensions of efficiency were explored: a) labor wastage, b) distribution of human resources (HR) across levels of care, and c) productivity. RESULTS:: Health workers present significant levels of unemployment and underemployment; distribution does not meet international recommendations, and heterogeneous levels of productivity were found among states. CONCLUSIONS:: Health and educational authorities should develop and implement a HR plan that takes into consideration the needs and demands of the covered population, and includes a clearly defined set of measures to regulate the future production of HR as well as their distribution among and within state health systems, and that allocates incentives to improve performance.

[Health inequalities on adolescents' risk behavior indicators in Mexico: analysis of two national health surveys]. / Desigualdad en indicadores de comportamientos de riesgo en adolescentes en México: análisis de dos encuestas de salud.

OBJECTIVE:: To document socioeconomic health inequalities on adolescents' risk behaviors in Mexico using gap and gradient measures. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: Analysis of the national health surveys 2000 and 2012 measuring absolute and relative gaps as well as the slope index of inequality for risk behavior indicators on adolescents using socioeconomic indicators and also measuring gaps for sex, urban/rural residency, and indigenous/non-indigenous population. RESULTS:: For sexual risk behaviors, inequalities are reflected in a lower probability of using protection at the first sexual intercourse among those living in households with lower income for women and men as well as higher probability of ever being pregnant for adolescents of lower income. For tobacco and alcohol consumption and for violence related health problems, inequalities imply higher probability of consumption among those in household with larger incomes. CONCLUSIONS:: Socioeconomic health inequalities are a relevant challenge for adolescents' wellbeing in Mexico, with a complex scenario where resource scarcity is related to increasing risk behaviors that may compromise their future. A better understanding of health inequalities is needed to design effective interventions.

[Inequalities on indicators of chronic conditions among adults in Mexico: analysis of three health surveys]. / Desigualdad en indicadores de enfermedades crónicas y su atención en adultos en México: análisis de tres encuestas de salud.

OBJECTIVE:: To analyze trends from 2000 to 2012 in socioeconomic inequalities in health related to diabetes and hypertension indicators in Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: Cross-sectional analysis of three national health surveys (2000, 2006 and 2012), measuring inequality using absolute and relative gaps as well as the Slope Index of Inequality for diabetes and hypertension indicators. RESULTS:: From 2000 to 2012, there is a reduction in the gap related to the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes and hypertension, with a parallel reduction in the inequality related to care for those conditions, while an inequality gradient on diabetes care remains. CONCLUSION:: While there is an evident progress in the reduction of inequalities for diabetes and hypertension diagnostic and care in Mexico, some inequalities remain. Given the contribution of these conditions to the burden of disease in the country, there is a need to strength the quality of health services that will promote effective access.