Perspective on Defective Semiconductor Heterojunctions for CO2 Photoreduction.

Photocatalytic CO2 reduction to value-added chemicals is a green solution to concurrently address CO2 emission and energy issues, and semiconductor heterojunctions hold great potential to achieve such conversion. However, the photocatalytic performance of the existing heterojunctions is limited by the low interfacial charge transfer efficiency and sluggish surface reaction kinetics. To overcome these obstacles, defect engineering has been applied to heterojunctions to boost CO2 photoreduction in the past 5 years. This perspective summaries the key roles and the related mechanism of various anion vacancies located at the surface, interface, and both surface and interface of heterojunctions in photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Challenges in constructing and characterizating defective heterojunctions as well as in promoting their CO2 photoreduction activity and hydrocarbon selectivity are then outlined. Finally, some solutions to the rational design of defective heterojunctions for efficient and stable CO2 photoreduction are also proposed.

Preparation of AIE Functional Single-Chain Polymer Nanoparticles and Their Application in H2 O2 Detection through Intermolecular Heavy-Atom Effect.

Single-chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNPs) are soft matter constructed by intrachain crosslinks, with promising prospects in detection and catalysis. Herein, a fluorescent core (SCNPs) with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is prepared, applying for H2 O2 detection through intermolecular heavy-atom effect. In detail, the SCNPs precursors are synthesized by ring-opening copolymerization. Then the SCNPs are prepared by intramolecularly cross-linking via olefin metathesis. Imitating the structure of AIE dots, SCNPs are encapsulated by H2 O2 -responsive polymers. Probably due to the stable secondary structure of SCNPs, the obtained micelles show stable fluorescence performance. Furthermore, as the heavy-atom, tellurium is introduced into the carriers to construct the heavy-atom effect. In this micelle-based system, the SCNPs act as the fluorescent core, and the stimuli-responsive polymer acts as the carrier and the fluorescent switch. The hydrophilicity of the tellurium-containing segment is affected by the concentration of H2 O2 , resulting in a change in the distance from the SCNPs, which ultimately leads to a change in the fluorescence intensity. Furthermore, tellurium is particularly sensitive to H2 O2 , which can detect low concentrations of H2 O2 . The SCNPs are merged with AIE materials, with the hope of exploring new probe designs.

NOX4-derived ROS-induced overexpression of FOXM1 regulates aerobic glycolysis in glioblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Increased expression of the transcription factor Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) has been reported to play an important role in the progression and development of multiple tumors, but the molecular mechanisms that regulate FOXM1 expression remain unknown, and the role of FOXM1 in aerobic glycolysis is still not clear. METHODS: The expression of FOXM1 and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) in normal brain tissues and glioma was detected in data from the TCGA database and in our specimens. The effect of NOX4 on the expression of FOXM1 was determined by Western blot, qPCR, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production assays, and luciferase assays. The functions of NOX4 and FOXM1 in aerobic glycolysis in glioblastoma cells were determined by a series of experiments, such as Western blot, extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), lactate production, and intracellular ATP level assays. A xenograft mouse model was established to test our findings in vivo. RESULTS: The expression of FOXM1 and NOX4 was increased in glioma specimens compared with normal brain tissues and correlated with poor clinical outcomes. Aberrant mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation of NOX4 induced FOXM1 expression. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that NOX4-derived MitoROS exert their regulatory role on FOXM1 by mediating hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) stabilization. Further research showed that NOX4-derived MitoROS-induced HIF-1α directly activates the transcription of FOXM1 and results in increased FOXM1 expression. Overexpression of NOX4 or FOXM1 promoted aerobic glycolysis, whereas knockdown of NOX4 or FOXM1 significantly suppressed aerobic glycolysis, in glioblastoma cells. NOX4-induced aerobic glycolysis was dependent on elevated FOXM1 expression, as FOXM1 knockdown abolished NOX4-induced aerobic glycolysis in glioblastoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION: Increased expression of FOXM1 induced by NOX4-derived MitoROS plays a pivotal role in aerobic glycolysis, and our findings suggest that inhibition of NOX4-FOXM1 signaling may present a potential therapeutic target for glioblastoma treatment.

Clinical Performance of a Powered Surgical Stapler for Left Atrial Appendage Resection in a Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Ablation for Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation.

Left atrial appendage (LAA) has been found to be associated with the occurrence of thromboembolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Stapling exclusion of LAA during surgical ablation could be an alternative to oral anticoagulation for NVAF patients. However, its safety and efficacy have rarely been examined. Thus, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a powered surgical stapler for LAA resection during ablation for patients with NVAF.Adult patients with NVAF undergoing stapler surgery were included in this study. LAAs of patients were cut off using a powered surgical stapler. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) was applied before and after the operation. Each patient received anticoagulant therapy for 2 months after surgery and was regularly followed up by appointment or via telephone call. Patients would undergo physical examinations, echocardiography, and 24-hour dynamic electrocardiogram in a local or in our hospital to determine whether there was a recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) or thromboembolism caused by AF.In total, 124 patients were included in this study (male: 88 (71.0%); mean age: 62.3 years). Blood loss was less than 100 mL in all patients with no operative complications or hospital deaths. Moreover, 119 (96.0%) follow-up data were collected, with a mean period of 27.4 months. All patients discontinued oral anticoagulants 2 months after their operation. As per our findings, AF recurred in 23 patients (18.5%), with an average of 9.1 months after surgery. No patients were diagnosed with thromboembolism related to AF.Stapling exclusion of LAA during surgical ablation could safely and completely resect the LAA. The effect of thrombus prevention was deemed satisfactory.

Mitral valve annuloplasty versus no intervention for mild-to-moderate secondary mitral regurgitation in severe aortic regurgitation: a propensity-score matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: The management strategy for secondary mitral regurgitation (MR) during aortic valve surgery for aortic regurgitations (ARs) remains controversial. This study aimed to compare the outcomes between mitral valve annuloplasty (MVP) and no intervention for managing 2+ or 3+ MR among severe patients with AR. METHODS: Eighty-seven eligible patients with complete echocardiographic follow-up were included, with 51 patients in the MVP group and 36 in the No-MVP group. The MVP group had a larger left atrial (LA) diameter (44.2 ± 6.6 vs 49.4 ± 7.6 mm; P = .001) and a higher proportion of 3+ MR (33.3% vs 76.5%; P < .001) than the No-MVP group. After 1:1 propensity-score matching, the patients treated with and without MVP were balanced on 14 preoperative characteristics. RESULTS: There was one in-hospital death in each group. In the propensity-score matched cohort, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the cumulative incidence of residual 2+ MR during a follow-up of 26.4 ± 14.8 months (P = .64). The No-MVP group was associated with a more significant change in the left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (18.1 ± 7.9 vs 13.7 ± 8.7 mm; P = .02), while the changes in the LA diameter, left ventricular end-systolic dimension, and left ventricular ejection fraction were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of MR and the LA size may impact surgeons' decisions. MVP does not seem to add extra benefits to the outcomes, and it may be associated with worse left ventricular remodeling.

Donor heart preservation with a novel long-term and slow-releasing hydrogen sulfide system.

Cardiac transplantation has been limited by the inability to long preserve donor hearts safely. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recognized as an important gasotransmitter exerting potent cardioprotection from ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R). Herein we investigated the cardioprotective effects of a novel long-term and slow-releasing H2S system, namely DATS-MSN, in heart preservation solution using a heart transplantation models. The release of H2S from DATS-MSN was slow and continuous in the University of Wisconsin solution (UW), correspondingly, DATS-MSN application demonstrated superior cardioprotective effects over the control and traditional H2S donors after 6 h heart preservation and 1 h reperfusion, associated with greater allograft performance including left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and dP/dt max, reduced plasmic CK-MB and troponin I levels, inhibited myocardial inflammation, increased antioxidant enzyme activities, preserved mitochondria structure and function, and decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis index. Also, DATS-MSN application presented significant superiority in long-term allografts survival and function after 8 weeks of transplantation. In the in vitro experiments, cardiomyocytes injury from hypoxia was found to be relived with the treatment of DATS-MSN by anti-inflammatory effects via TLR4/NLRP3 pathway. The present work provides a long-term releasing H2S donor compatibly applied in the donor heart preservation, and preliminary explores its underlying mechanisms.

Surgical management of traumatic tricuspid insufficiency.

BACKGROUND: This study reviews our experience with traumatic tricuspid insufficiency (TTI) following blunt chest trauma. METHODS: From January 2010 to June 2016, 10 patients (nine males, mean age 49.0 ± 12.4 years) underwent surgical treatment of TTI following blunt chest trauma. The mean intervals between trauma and diagnosis and between trauma and surgery were 74.1 and 81.8 months, respectively. Preoperatively, all patients exhibited severe tricuspid regurgitation. Five patients underwent tricuspid valve repair, and the remaining patients underwent valve replacement. The mean follow-up duration (with echocardiography) was 29.7 months. RESULTS: There was no early or late death. Seven patients had anterior chordal rupture, two patients had anterior papillary muscle rupture, and one patient had both anterior chordal and anterior leaflet rupture. The median postoperative intensive care unit and hospital stays were 1 and 6 days, respectively. There were no severe postoperative complications. During follow-up, four patients exhibited trivial to mild tricuspid regurgitation, and the remaining six patients exhibited no regurgitation. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment of TTI via either valve repair or replacement can be performed with low perioperative morbidity and mortality. Early surgery is recommended for achieving a successful valve repair and preserving right ventricular function.

Early Assistance With Left Ventricular Assist Device Limits Left Ventricular Remodeling After Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Swine Model.

UNLABELLED: Although left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have been commonly used for patients with cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), their effects on post-AMI prognosis remain to be elucidated. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of an LVAD on left ventricular (LV) remodeling and function at the postinfarction stage in a swine model. AMI was induced by ligation of the circumflex artery or its branches for 120 min, followed by 120 min of reperfusion. In the assist group (n = 6), LVAD was initiated at 90 min after ischemia and was maintained for support until 120 min after reperfusion, whereas the control group (n = 6) received no support. LV pressure, volume, wall stress, and stroke work were all decreased by LVAD assistance at the ischemia and reperfusion stages, and blood pressure and cardiac output were maintained. All swine were studied 1 month after the procedure, and those in the assist group showed less increased end-diastolic volumes (assist vs. CONTROL: 57.9 ± 6.6 vs. 79.0 ± 6.7 mL, P = 0.032) and sphericity (assist vs. CONTROL: 1.33 ± 0.16 vs. 1.51 ± 0.12, P = 0.01), as well as improved ejection fractions (assist vs. CONTROL: 59.0 ± 7.8 vs. 42.3 ± 6.0%, P = 0.002). Furthermore, despite a presence of a similar initial ischemic area, the percent of infarcted myocardium was reduced by 49.9% in the assist group (assist vs. CONTROL: 18.1 ± 4.8 vs. 35.3 ± 6.2%, P < 0.001). These results suggested that early assistance with an LVAD in AMI limited LV remodeling, preserved postinfarction systolic function, and improved the prognosis.

Off-pump Skeletonized Versus Pedicled Left Internal Mammary Artery Grafting: Mid-term Results.

BACKGROUND: Skeletonization of the internal mammary artery for single left internal mammary artery (LIMA) use remains controversial. We sought to elucidate the effect of different harvesting techniques applied in single LIMA grafting. METHOD: Between January 2006 and January 2012, 982 patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass with pedicled LIMA conduits (P Group) and 928 patients undergoing the same operation with skeletonized LIMA conduits (S Group) were enrolled. The length and blood flow of the conduits, and in-hospital and mid-term outcomes with one-year postoperative graft angiographic results were analyzed and compared between groups. RESULTS: Twenty-five (2.7%) patients in the S group died in hospital, compared with 26 (2.6%) in the P group, with similar rates of sternal wound infection, chest wall pain, and low-output syndrome. Although the length and blood flow of conduits were increased in the S Group, postoperative conduit patency was similar between groups (p = 0.470). During a median follow-up of 32.2 months, the groups showed similar total survival (88.3 ± 3.2%, S Group; 85.5 ± 2.0%, P Group; p = 0.118) and cardiac event-free survival (82.7 ± 3.3%, S Group; 80.3 ± 2.0%; P Group; p = 0.129), with similar postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS: Skeletonization of single LIMA has no extra benefit in early or mid-term outcomes, suggesting no advantage over the pedicled technique.

Dual-defect semiconductor photocatalysts for solar-to-chemical conversion: advances and challenges.

Among the renewable energy technologies to deal with increasing energy crisis and environmental concerns, solar-to-chemical conversion via photocatalysis holds great promise for sustainable energy supply. To date, a variety of modification strategies with different types of semiconducting materials have been proposed to boost photocatalytic efficiency. Recently, dual-defect semiconductor photocatalysts have emerged as an advantageous candidate with superior performance in improving photocatalytic activity compared to their defect-free or single-defect counterparts. In this review, focus is laid on the advances of dual-defect semiconductor photocatalysts for energy photocatalysis. Possible schemes for two different defects within a single semiconductor are firstly sorted based on the types of defects, and synthesis strategies to achieve various defect schemes as well as techniques to characterize different defects are then introduced. In particular, the effect of different defects on photocatalytic performance is emphasized, and the advances in dual-defect semiconductors for solar-to-chemical conversions are summarized based on different defect schemes. Finally, the future challenges and opportunities of dual-defect semiconductors for photocatalysis are discussed. This article is expected to provide an overall insight into existing dual-defect semiconductor photocatalysts and inspire the development of new defect-rich materials for photocatalytic energy production.

One-Step Decoration of Subnanometer MoOx Clusters on Bi11VO19 Nanotubes for Visible-Light-Driven Water Oxidation.

For the sluggish reaction kinetics due to a four-electron transfer process, water oxidation is always a major obstacle to solar splitting of water to hydrogen. It remains a tough challenge to develop efficient nonnoble-metal photocatalysts for water oxidation. Herein, we decorate the host photocatalyst of Bi11VO19 nanotubes with the coatalyst of subnanometer MoOx clusters (denoted as Bi11VO19/MoOx hetero-nanotubes) via a one-step cation-exchange solvothermal reaction using Na2V6O16 nanowires as the hard template. It is observed that the morphology and microstructure of Bi11VO19/MoOx hetero-nanotubes vary with the dosage of Mo source and polyvinylpyrrolidone, as well as with the solvent composition. The optimized Bi11VO19/MoOx hetero-nanotubes significantly enhance the photooxidation of water to oxygen with visible light, delivering an oxygen production rate of 790 µmol g-1 h-1, which is 12 times that of bare Bi11VO19 nanotubes. In situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and (photo)electrochemical characterization suggest that the enhanced photoactivity may be caused by the decorated cocatalyst of MoOx clusters, which extracts electrons from Bi11VO19 nanotubes, leaving an abundance of holes for water photooxidation. This work demonstrates a potential strategy to develop photocatalysts for energy conversion by constructing Bi11VO19-based nanostructures.

Luminescence Probes in Bio-Applications: From Principle to Practice.

Bioanalysis based on optical imaging has gained significant progress in the last few decades. Luminescence probes are capable of detecting, monitoring, and tracing particular biomolecules in complex biological systems to figure out the roles of these molecules in organisms. Considering the rapid development of luminescence probes for bio-applications and their promising future, we have attempted to explore the working principles and recent advances in bio-applications of luminescence probes, in the hope of helping readers gain a detailed understanding of luminescence probes developed in recent years. In this review, we first focus on the current widely used luminescence probes, including fluorescence probes, bioluminescence probes, chemiluminescence probes, afterglow probes, photoacoustic probes, and Cerenkov luminescence probes. The working principles for each type of luminescence probe are concisely described and the bio-application of the luminescence probes is summarized by category, including metal ions detection, secretion detection, imaging, and therapy.

Performance of a non-irrigated bipolar radiofrequency ablation clamp on beating human hearts.

OBJECTIVE: This study is intended to examine the efficacy of a non-irrigated bipolar RF clamp and explore the factors that can influence its performance on beating human hearts using the electrophysiology mapping method. METHODS: A total of 83 atrial fibrillation (AF) patients were included in this study. Based on the Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), the AF patients were divided into the normal group (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25) and the overweight or obese group (BMI ≥ 25). They all underwent a stand-alone surgical ablation through our off-pump biatrial mini-maze procedure. After we completed each time of ablation, the achievement of PV isolation was checked using the electrophysiology mapping method. The number of ablation times to achieve the PV isolation on the left and right PVs was recorded respectively. RESULTS: 86.7% (72/83) PV isolation on the LPV and 72.3% (60/83) PV isolation on the RPV could be achieved respectively after performing a single time of surgical ablation. Three times of ablations resulted in 100.0% PV isolation on the left and right PVs. In the normal BMI group, the ratio of patients who achieved a complete PV isolation after a single time of ablation was 83.7% (36/43), which was higher than the 60.0% (24/40) in the overweight or obese group. CONCLUSIONS: Performing three times of ablations resulted in 100% PV isolation on the left and right PVs. The bipolar RF clamp had a better performance on the LPV than on the RPV. The patients' BMI also influenced the Atricure clamp' s performance.

VEGF165 attenuates the Th17/Treg imbalance that exists when transplanting allogeneic skeletal myoblasts to treat acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether Th17/Treg imbalance exists, and whether VEGF(165) attenuates the imbalance in allogeneic skeletal myoblast transplantation (allo-SMT) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: On days 1, 2, 4, and 7 after allo-SMT, the percentages and ratios of Th17 and Treg cells were analyzed by flow cytometry in three groups-the AMI group, the AMI-S group (allo-SMT) and the AMI-V group (with VEGF(165) treatment). Subsequently, related proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines and key transcription factors, ROR-γt mRNA and Foxp3 mRNA expression, were examined by Bio-plex and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS: On days 1, 2, 4, and 7, the percentage of Tregs, related cytokine concentrations and transcript factor Foxp3 mRNA in the AMI-S group were lower than those in the AMI group, while those in the AMI-V group were higher than those in the AMI group. However, the percentage of Th17 cells, related cytokine concentrations and ROR-γt mRNA in the AMI-S group were higher than those in the AMI group; those in the AMI-V group were lower than those in the AMI group. Compared with the AMI group, the ratios of Th17/Treg cells significantly increased in the AMI-S group and decreased in the AMI-V group. CONCLUSIONS: Th17/Treg imbalance participated in the formation and development of the inflammatory and immune response after allo-SMT. However, transfected VEGF(165) was able to relieve the severity of the Th17/Treg imbalance.

Multiple targets related to mitochondrial function unveiled by metabolomics and proteomics profiles of hearts from atrial fibrillation patients.

Background: The prominent mitochondrial metabolic changes of the atrium reportedly have significant impact on electrical signals and structural remodeling which play important roles in the occurrence and development of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the mechanism is not completely known. Objective: This study was aimed to explore the mitochondrial metabolism reprogrammed in AF patients by integrating metabolomics as well as proteomics of human atrium tissues. Methods and Results: Left atrial tissue samples were harvested from 10 non-valvular AF patients and 10 matched samples from healthy donors for transplantation. In metabolomics analysis, 113 metabolites were upregulated and 10 metabolites were downregulated in AF, where multiple pathways related to mitochondrial energy metabolism were enriched. Correlation analysis between the differentially expressed proteins and metabolites identified several hub proteins related to mitochondrial function including Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GPD2), Synemin (SYNM), Plectin (PLEC), with MCC score of 27, 17, 16, respectively, which have the most interactions with the dysregulated metabolites and ranked at the top in network string interactions scored by MCC method. All 330 differentially expressed proteins including 225 upregulated and 105 downregulated molecules were revealed and analyzed, which identified the downregulation of GPD2 (p = 0.02 and FC = 0.77), PLEC (p < 0.001 and FC = 0.71) and SYNM (p = 0.04 and FC = 0.76) in AF patients. Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSEA) showed mitochondrial metabolism-associated pathways including oxidative phosphorylation (NES: -1.73) and ATP biosynthetic process (NES: -2.29), were dramatically diversified in human AF. In GSVA, the expression levels of GPD2, PLEC, and SYNM were demonstrated to be associated with multiple metabolic pathways related to mitochondrial function (e.g., lipid metabolism and AMP activated protein kinase signaling) and cardiac structural and electrical remodeling (e.g., contractile fiber, ion homeostasis), which were proven vital in the development and maintenance of AF. Conclusion: In all, this study provides new insights into understanding the mechanisms of AF progression, especially the reprogramming mitochondrial metabolism, and identifies several genes related to mitochondrial function as novel targets for AF, which may be involved in the occurrence and development of AF.

Identification and verification of FN1, P4HA1 and CREBBP as potential biomarkers in human atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia that can lead to cardiac complications. The mechanisms involved in AF remain elusive. We aimed to explore the potential biomarkers and mechanisms underpinning AF. METHODS: An independent dataset, GSE2240, was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The R package, "limma", was used to screen for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in individuals with AF and normal sinus rhythm (SR). Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to cluster DEGs into different modules based on functional disparities. Enrichment analyses were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed, and hub genes were identified using cytoHubba. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR was used to validate mRNA expression in individuals with AF and SR. RESULTS: We identified 2, 589 DEGs clustered into 10 modules using WGCNA. Gene Ontology analysis showed specific clustered genes significantly enriched in pathways associated with the extracellular matrix and collagen organization. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed that the target genes were mainly enriched for proteoglycans in cancer, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Three hub genes, FN1, P4HA1 and CREBBP, were identified, which were highly correlated with AF endogenesis. mRNA expression of hub genes in patients with AF were higher than in individuals with normal SR, consistent with the results of bioinformatics analysis. CONCLUSIONS: FN1, P4HA1, and CREBBP may play critical roles in AF. Using bioinformatics, we found that expression of these genes was significantly elevated in patients with AF than in individuals with normal SR. Furthermore, these genes were elevated at core positions in the mRNA interaction network. These genes should be further explored as novel biomarkers and target candidates for AF therapy.

One-pot solvothermal synthesis of flower-like Fe-doped In2S3/Fe3S4 S-scheme hetero-microspheres with enhanced interfacial electric field and boosted visible-light-driven CO2 reduction.

S-scheme heterojunctions hold great potential for CO2 photoreduction into solar fuels, but their activities are severely limited by the low efficiency of interfacial charge transfer. In this work, a facile one-pot solvothermal reaction has been developed to dope Fe into flower-like In2S3/Fe3S4 hetero-microspheres (Fe-In2S3/Fe3S4 HMSs), which are demonstrated as an efficient S-scheme photocatalyst for visible-light-driven CO2 photoreduction. The doping of Fe not only reduces the bandgap of In2S3 and thus extends the optical response to the visible-light region, but also increases the densities of donors and sulfur vacancies, which leads to an elevated Fermi level (Ef). The difference of Ef between In2S3 and Fe3S4 is enlarged and their band bending at the interface is therefore enhanced, which results in promoted carriers transfer in the S-scheme pathway due to the reinforced interfacial electric field. Moreover, Fe-doped In2S3 reduces the formation energy of the *CO intermediate, which thermodynamically favors the CO evolution at the surface. As a result, the Fe-In2S3/Fe3S4 HMSs exhibit a significantly boosted CO2 photoreduction activity in comparison with bare In2S3 and Fe-In2S3 samples. This work demonstrates the great potential of heteroatom-engineered S-scheme photocatalysts for CO2 photoreduction.

One-pot solvothermal synthesis of In-doped amino-functionalized UiO-66 Zr-MOFs with enhanced ligand-to-metal charge transfer for efficient visible-light-driven CO2 reduction.

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) with high porosity and highly tunable physical/chemical properties can serve as heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 photoreduction, but the application is hindered by the large band gap (Eg) and insufficient ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT). In this study, a simple one-pot solvothermal strategy is proposed to prepare an amino-functionalized MOF (aU(Zr/In)) featuring an amino-functionalizing ligand linker and In-doped Zr-oxo clusters, which enables efficient CO2 reduction driven with visible light. The amino functionalization leads to a significant reduction of Eg as well as a charge redistribution of the framework, allowing the absorption of visible light and the efficient separation of photogenerated carriers. Furthermore, the incorporation of In not only promotes the LMCT process by creating oxygen vacancies in Zr-oxo clusters, but also greatly lowers the energy barrier of the intermediates for CO2-to-CO conversion. With the synergistic effects of the amino groups and the In dopants, the optimized aU(Zr/In) exhibits a CO production rate of 37.58 ± 1.06 µmol g-1 h-1, outperforming the isostructural University of Oslo-66- and Material of Institute Lavoisier-125-based photocatalysts. Our work demonstrates the potential of modifying MOFs with ligands and heteroatom dopants in metal-oxo clusters for solar energy conversion.

Burden, Trends, and Inequalities of Heart Failure Globally, 1990 to 2019: A Secondary Analysis Based on the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study.

Background Heart failure is a public health issue worldwide. However, no comprehensive study on the global burden of heart failure and its contributing causes has been reported. The present study aimed to quantify the burden, trends, and inequalities of heart failure globally. Methods and Results Heart failure data were extracted from the Global Burden of Diseases 2019 study. The number of cases, age-standardized prevalence, and years lived with disability in different locations from 1990 to 2019 were presented and compared. Joinpoint regression analysis was performed to assess trends in heart failure from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, the global age-standardized prevalence and years lived with disability rates for heart failure were 711.90 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 591.15-858.29) and 63.92 (95% UI, 41.49-91.95) per 100 000 population, respectively. In general, the age-standardized rate decreased globally at an average annual percentage change of 0.3% (95% UI, 0.2-0.3). However, the rate increased at an average annual percentage change of 0.6% (95% UI, 0.4-0.8) from 2017 to 2019. Several nations and territories demonstrated an increased trend from 1990 to 2019, especially in less-developed countries. Ischemic heart disease and hypertensive heart disease accounted for the highest proportion of heart failure in 2019. Conclusions Heart failure remains a major health problem, with increased trends possible in the future. Efforts for prevention and control of heart failure should focus more on less-developed regions. It is essential to prevent and treat primary diseases such as ischemic heart disease and hypertensive heart disease for the control of heart failure.