Risk stratification of neurological decompression sickness in divers.

INTRODUCTION: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a risk factor of decompression sickness (DCS). However, data on risk stratification of divers with a PFO are sparse. This study sought to evaluate the risk of neurological DCS (DCSneuro), based on the presence and grade of a right-to-left shunt (RLS). METHODS: A total of 640 divers were screened for a RLS using TCD between 1/2006 and 4/2017. RLS was graded as low, medium, or high grade with two subgroups - after a Valsalva maneuver or at rest. Divers were questioned about their DCS history. Survival analysis techniques were used to assess risk factors for unprovoked DCS. RESULTS: A RLS was found in 258 divers (40.3 %). 44 (17.1 %) divers with a RLS experienced DCSneuro compared to 5 (1.3 %) divers without a RLS (p <0.001). The proportion of DCSneuro increased from 4.6 % in the low-grade RLS subgroup to 57.1 % in the subgroup with high-grade RLS at rest. The hazard ratio for DCSneuro and RLS was11.806 (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Divers with a RLS had a higher risk of DCSneuro and the risk increased with RLS grade. We suggest that TCD is an appropriate method for RLS screening and risk stratification in divers (Tab. 4, Fig. 2, Ref. 29).

Effect of immunosuppressive therapy in inflammatory cardiomyopathy: data from The Czech Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy Immunosuppressive Trial.

INTRODUCTION: The indications for specific treatment in the cases of inflammatory cardiomyopathy are based on limited data from several small clinical trials. AIM: A comparison of the effect of two dose regimens of combined immunosuppressive therapy by adding them to conventional heart failure therapy and comparing them with conventional heart failure therapy alone in patients with inflammatory cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND STUDY POPULATION: We enrolled 20 patients; mean age 46.10±7.33 years, duration of symptoms <6 months, LVEF ≤40 %, NYHA class II-IV, with biopsy­proven myocarditis. Patients were randomly separated into groups treated with immunosuppressive therapy in addition to conventional heart failure therapy or to a group treated with conventional heart failure therapy alone. Clinical and echocardiographic parameters were evaluated. RESULTS: The baseline values of LVEF in the group of immunosuppressive therapy (LVEF 22.3±4.7 %) were similar to those in the group treated with conventional heart failure therapy (LVEF 21.7±4.7 %; p=0.757). After twelve months there was no statistically significant difference in LVEF between the two studied groups (LVEF 33.7±9.5 % for the immunosuppressive therapy group and 41.3±13.0 % for the conventional therapy group; p=0.175). CONCLUSION: In our study population, we proved no positive effect of combined immunosuppressive therapy on the left ventricular function over 12 months. The main limitation of the study is the small number of enrolled patients (Tab. 4, Fig. 1, Ref. 35).

Endovenous laser ablation of saphenous veins - favorable clinical results confirm theoretical advantages of the 1940nm diode laser.

INTRODUCTION: Endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) is a recognized alternative to surgical treatment of varicose veins, although an optimal laser generator and its settings still remain a matter of debate. The aim of our study was to correlate clinical results with the theoretical advantage of the 1940nm diode laser characterized by high absorption of heat in a thin layer of coagulated tissue. METHODS: From 1/2010 to 12/2021 EVLA was performed in a total of 3529 consecutive patients with varicose veins and ultrasonographically documented superficial venous reflux of lower extremities. Three types of laser were used successively with the wavelengths of 1064 nm, 1470 nm and 1940 nm, respectively. All patients were prospectively enrolled in our registry. An early postoperative followup visit was scheduled including an assessment of venous closure; additional visits were performed only in case of complications. RESULTS: The success of venous closure did not differ (p=0.054) between the three laser types and was over 98%. The catheterbased method made it possible to perform multiple ablations in one procedure the trend was 1.08, 1.31 and 1.62. In 2021 the number of ablations per patient with the laser DL Tethys 1940 nm was 1.79. With this laser it was possible to reduce the total energy applied to one half (8 W, 5080 J/cm). The postoperative course of patients treated using the 1940nm laser was smoother - no other but the early followup visit was needed in 95.6% cases (p.

Endovenous laser ablation of saphenous vein - mid-term results confirm permanent closure and possibility to treat more lesions in one procedure.

INTRODUCTION: Endovenous Laser Ablation (EVLA) is a common alternative to surgical treatment of varicose veins. The aim of our study was to demonstrate that laser occlusion is durable, that we can treat all patients in a one day setting, even with veins >10mm in diameter, and that multiple EVLAs can be done at the same time. METHODS: In the period from 1/2017 to 12/2019 EVLA was performed in a total of 1551 consecutive patients with varicose veins and ultrasonographically documented venous reflux. The mid-term results were evaluated in a group of patients operated from 1/2017 to 6/2017 (316 pts.). We compared a risk group that consisted of patients with veins >10mm in diameter (40 pts.) with a control group (the remaining 276 pts.). Patients with veins >10mm are traditionally considered as candidates for conventional surgery. RESULTS: The catheter-based method enabled us to perform more ablations in one procedure. In 2019 we performed 1.44 EVLA procedures per patient. There was only one postoperative follow-up visit, indicating an uncomplicated postoperative course, in 87.5% of patients of the risk group. In the control group 100% of patients had only one follow-up visit including ultrasound examination, showing an uncomplicated postoperative course (p.

Catheter laser ablation of superficial veins of the lower extremities in the symptomatic treatment of venous reflux comparison of the immediate results of two types of laser.

INTRODUCTION: Catheter-Based Endovenous Laser Ablation (EVLA) is a commonly used alternative to surgical treatment of varicose veins. Recently, catheterization methods have proved to be methods of choice due to the preference of patients who value minimal invasiveness. Research of EVLA currently focuses on optimization of the procedure, which includes study of the benefits of the individual types of laser generators and the wavelengths used. In this observational study we compared our early results in a non-selected population of consecutive patients treated with two different types of lasers. METHODS: In the period from February 2010 to June 2017, EVLA was performed in a total of 1747 consecutive patients (74% were female) with venous reflux. The average vein width was 8.5 mm (525 mm). Our study sought to compare a more economical 1470nm diode laser (DL) generator (Velas 2, China) - used to operate on 630 patients - with a Nd-Yag crystal generator (Fotona - Slovenia) used in 1117 patients. All operations were performed using the same methodology, in an outpatient setting, in one specialized center. All procedures were completed in local tumescent anesthesia under peroperative ultrasound control. Postoperative sonography was performed in all patients. RESULTS: The results did not show a statistically significant difference in early closure rates (98.8% for Nd-Yag versus 99.8 for DL p-ns). Early recurrence was observed in 9 patients (15 vein segments) and managed successfully with early re-intervention and closure in all cases. The causes of incomplete closure included mainly the known risk factors (anticoagulation therapy, history of varicophlebitis). There was no correlation with larger venous diameter. In 6 patients, thrombus prolapse was observed in the deep femoral vein lumen. All cases were successfully cured after a week of low-molecular-weight heparin therapy. Only one case of low-risk pulmonary embolism was reported in a patient who failed to follow the regime recommendations. CONCLUSION: This evidence did not show a significant difference in closure reliability and the amount of complications of the endovenous laser ablation of large and small saphenous vein with a 1060nm Nd-Yag crystal compared to the more economical 1470nm diode laser generator.

Conservative versus invasive treatment in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: an echocardiography study.

AIM AND METHODS: The aim of our study was to compare the development of echocardiographic parameters and functional status of patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) treated conservatively (n = 41) or by alcohol septal ablation (ASA; n = 39). RESULTS: Left ventricular outflow tract gradient (LVOTG) decreased in the first year by 53.7±36.4 mmHg in ASA group versus 5.5±47.1 mmHg in conservatively treated group (p<0.001), in the third year by 53.1±41.4 mmHg versus 23.9±42.7 mmHg (p = NS) and in the fifth year, the reduction of LVOTG was 52.1±44.5 mmHg in ASA group and 3.0±63.2 mmHg in conservatively treated group (p<0.05).Change in NYHA class in the first year was -1.1±0.4 versus 0.1±0.5, in the third year -1.0±0.6 versus 0.1±0.4 and in the fifth year -0.8±0.5 versus 0.1±0.4 (all p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results showed for the first time that decline of LVOTG after ASA creates a favorable left ventricle remodeling and leads to significant improvement of functional status of HOCM patients in comparison with conservative treatment (Tab. 3, Fig. 2, Ref. 42).

[Patent foramen ovale and the risk of paradoxical embolization of venous bubbles in divers - cave for foam sclerotization of varicose veins]. / Perzistence foramen ovale patens a riziko paradoxní embolizace zilních bublin u potápecu - cave pro sklerotizaci varixu penovou metodou.

INTRODUCTION: Foam sclerotization of varicose veins may cause paradoxical embolization through patent foramen ovale (PFO). The aim of our study was to: 1) select an optimal screening method for the detection of PFO; 2) determine the prevalence of PFO in a non-selected population; and 3) test the risk of paradoxical embolization of venous bubbles in patients with PFO. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A diver after decompression is a suitable model for determining the risk of paradoxical embolization of venous gas bubbles. 329 Czech divers were screened for PFO. In a pilot study, we compared Transcranial Doppler Sonography (TCD) with Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) in 100 patients. TCD alone was used for further screening. In 31 divers with PFO, nitrogen bubbles were detected after simulated dives. Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE) was used to detect venous bubbles in right-sided heart chambers; TTE and TCD were used to detect arterial bubbles. The right-to-left shunt was rated as non-significant (<20 arterial bubbles) or significant (20 arterial bubbles). Different decompression regimens were compared. RESULTS: In the pilot study, TCD was compared with the gold standard in PFO detection - TEE. The negative predictive value of TCD was 100%, positive predictive value was 92%. Screening was performed in a total of 329 divers, PFO was detected in 85 (25%), significant R-L shunt in 45 (14%). In simulated dive to 50 m maximum depth, venous nitrogen bubbles were detected in 7/8 (88%) divers. In 6/8 (75%) divers, paradoxical embolization was confirmed - nitrogen bubbles were detected in the systemic circulation. CONCLUSION: PFO prevalence with significant R-L shunt was 14% in the non-selected population of Czech divers. Simulated dives indicate that PFO represents a risk factor for paradoxical embolization of gas bubbles. TCD is a suitable screening method for the detection of PFO and the evaluation of R-L shunt significance. These results are indicative of a possible high risk of paradoxical embolization of gas bubbles and the trombogenic substance in patients with a larger PFO and significant R-L shunt undergoing foam sclerotization of varicose veins.

[Paradoxical embolization and patent foramen ovale in scuba divers: screening possibilities]. / Paradoxní embolizace pri foramen ovale patens u potápecu: moznosti screeningu.

INTRODUCTION: The cause of decompression sickness (DCS) in scuba-divers is bubble formation in tissues and in venous blood during ascent. Divers with patent foramen ovale (PFO) have an increased risk of paradoxical embolization to the brain or other vital organs. The aim of our study was to assess the incidence of PFO in scuba-divers with DCS, to compare the group with asymptomatic controls, and to evaluate ultrasound contrast methods suitable for screening. METHODOLOGY: We examined 28 scuba-divers (more than 100 dives). The right-to-left shunt detection was performed by bubble contrast transthoracic echocardiographic examination (TTE) and transcranial Doppler sonography over arteria cerebri media (TCD) in all divers. In divers with shunting, transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed to prove PFO. RESULTS: 15 divers had DCS associated with the ascent. In this group, PFO was diagnosed in 53% (8/15). The symptoms of all of them retrospectively were of paradoxical embolization (neurological form of DCS). In the group of asymptomatic divers, PFO was proven on the basis of right-to-left shunt screening in 1 diver (8% 1/13). TCD proved right-to-left shunt in all divers with PFO. CONCLUSION: DCS can unmask a so far asymptomatic intracardiac right-to-left shunting. PFO is a risk factor for paradoxical embolization in divers. TCD is suitable for screening; TEE is a gold standard in PFO detection. Our results showed that PFO detection is a useful clinical tool after repeated DCS and in all frequent divers and instructors.

Direct stenting without predilatation: a new approach to coronary intervention.

BACKGROUND: Implantation of coronary stents after predilatation is a standard approach in the treatment of most coronary lesions. Stenting without predilatation could be a possible alternative way of treating a certain subset of patients. OBJECTIVE: To identify a group of patients suitable for this optional method, to evaluate their immediate clinical and angiographic outcomes and to test the feasibility and safety of this new therapeutic concept. METHODS: Ninety selected patients with 91 lesions were treated by implantation of coronary stents without predilatation. RESULTS: The mean duration of this procedure was 12.3 +/- 9.1 min and the fluoroscopic time was 3.6 +/- 2.9 min. The stenoses before and after this procedure were 77 +/- 10 and 5 +/- 9%, respectively. Predilatation, postdilatation or implantation of an additional stent was necessary for seven patients. Primary success rate was 92% with an excellent immediate clinical and angiographic outcome. No major complications occurred during direct stenting. CONCLUSION: Direct stenting is feasible using commercially available stents and could be performed for about 20% of patients for whom coronary intervention is indicated. The proper selection of lesions is of crucial importance. Lesions eligible for direct stenting should be without visible calcifications and on vessels without proximal tortuosity. This procedure proved to be safe and successful in this series of coronary interventions.

Operative treatment of infective endocarditis in children.

A retrospective review of 11 children, aged 2 months to 15 years, demonstrates the feasibility of surgical treatment for infective endocarditis in childhood. Except for one case of perinatal infection, in all instances the infective endocarditis was a complication of a congenital heart defect. As medical treatment was not successful, surgery was indicated. Debridement of infected tissue and repair of the congenital heart defect was performed. There were no septic complications postoperatively although 8 patients were operated upon during the active stage of infection. One 2-month-old child did not survive excision of an infected tricuspid valve. The follow-up period of 8 years to 5 months (median 39 months) showed a good haemodynamic result (NYHA class I) in the remaining 10 patients. This included 4 patients with prosthetic valves.

Minimisation of priming volume and blood saving in paediatric cardiac surgery.

We started a programme of donor blood reduction for open heart surgery in children in 1983. At first, only meticulous surgical and perfusion techniques were used. Later, increased haemodilution was added. Miniaturisation of the perfusion circuit and introduction of blood taken prior from the patient further decreased donor blood requirements. In 1989, we used 0.89 l per patient compared to 3.2 l per patient in 1983. Miniaturisation of the circuit was tested in a pilot study on 30 children undergoing the Senning operation in 1988. Priming volume was reduced from 661 +/- 72 ml to 421 +/- 62 ml. In 1989, 167 out of 194 children (86%) received a clear prime. Ninety-seven of 100 children whose weight was over 15 kg received a clear prime: 55 did not require subsequent transfusion. Prime miniaturisation and autotransfusion can considerably reduce blood requirements for open heart surgery.

Atrial septal defect in adults.

BACKGROUND: The value of operation of atrial septal defect (ASD) in adults, especially after 40 years, is still discussed. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 1994-95 57 adults with unoperated ASD were examined clinically, echocardiographically and in 75% by catheterization. Type primum was present in 11%, type secundum in 77% and sinus venosus in 11%. Group A comprised 28 patients aged 20 to 40 years (average 29), group B comprised 29 patients aged 40 to 62 years (average 51). The groups (B:A) did not differ in pulmonary to systemic flow (Qp/Qs) (2.4:2.2) or pulmonary arteriolar resistance (PAR) (group B 2 U.m2, group A 1.7 U.m2), the older patients had worse New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, more frequent tricuspid regurgitation (group B 96%, group A 45%), significantly larger right ventricles and pulmonary arteries, higher mean pulmonary artery pressure (group B 26 mmHg, group A 17 mmHg) and right ventricle end-diastolic pressure (RVEDP group B 10, group A 8.8 mmHg). All defects larger than 10 mm by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) had Qp/Qs 1.5 or more. Forty patients were operated with zero mortality, in three cases by minithoracothomy. Postoperatively, 50% of group A and 63% of group B felt better, NYHA classification was significantly better in both groups. Tricuspid regurgitation decreased in both groups as well as the size of right ventricle. The size of the left ventricle enlarged after operation in group A. CONCLUSION: This study suggests to operate adults with ASD larger than 10 mm by TEE with signs of right ventricle overload and/or Qp/Qs 1.5 or more, who have normal PAR. Operative mortality was zero in both age groups, the functional repair was better in younger patients (under 40 years).

[Congenital heart defects in adults from the viewpoint of the surgeon]. / Vrozené srdecní vady dospelých ocima chirurga.

The adolescent generation of patients operated in childhood on account of congenital heart disease is a new health and social problem. Kardiocentrum for children in Motol started its activities in 1977. A concept of care for children with congenital heart disease was elaborated and gradually all surgical methods used worldwide were introduced. The advances in cardiosurgery along with the development of diagnostic methods and intervention catheterization in particular balloon valvuloplasty and angioplasty make high standard and effective treatment of practically the entire spectrum of congenital heart disease in children of all age groups possible. The cardiac surgeon tries nowadays to resolve problems of inborn heart disease already in early childhood. Before a possible re-operation in adult age he must take into account how the result of the first operation affected the patient's growth and development. He is interested in particular in the fate of implants, surgically induced pathology and the influence of growth on the reconstruction. Despite intensive research, so far the long-term prognosis of patients after some types of surgery is not clear (e.g. transposition of the great arteries, Fontan's operation and its modifications). An adult patient congenital hearth disease should receive care of a specialized cardiologist who has personal experience with the diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart disease. If surgery is necessary it should be performed in a specialised department equipped as regards staff, technical devices and funds for these special operations.

[Thromboelastography--an instrument for the researcher or clinician?]. / Tromboelastografie--nástroj výzkumníka nebo klinika?

Thromboelastography is a method which is used experimentally since 1948. Since the end of the eighties it is experiencing a certain revival also in clinical medicine. The submitted case-record presents this technique as a very useful aid in the differential diagnosis of postoperative haemorrhagic conditions in cardiosurgery. Its application can facilitate aimed treatment of some typical disorders of haemocoagulation.

[Growth in children with the exudative enteropathy syndrome due to a congenital heart defect--cor triatriatum dextrum]. / Rust u dítete se syndromem exsudativní enteropatie na podklade vrozené srdecní vady--cor triatriatum dextrum.

Retarded growth in a child can be the sign of serious chronic disease. The authors present an account of a six-year-old boy where growth retardation persisted at least from the age of three. During this period his height dropped from the zone between the 25th and 50th percentile into the zone between the 3rd and 10th percentile. From the clinical point of view a large abdomen, loose stools and hypocalcaemia with tetany were striking, as they were moreover refractory to vitamin D2, calcitriol and calcium administration by the oral route. The authors revealed severe hypoproteinaemia, a 150 times increased value of alpha-1-antitrypsin in faeces, and exudative enteropathy syndrome was diagnosed. The cause was venous congestion due to a rare heart disease--cor triatriatum dextrum. The septum in the right atrium was resected. Immediately after surgery the consistency and frequency of stool decreased. Calcaemia and plasma protein levels reached normal levels within two months. A growth spurt of 11 cm/year followed. Fifteen months after operation the patient's height reached almost the 50th percentile.

[Intravascular ultrasound guided direct stent implantation in the treatment of significant stenosis of the left coronary artery]. / Intravaskulárním ultrazvukem rízená prímá implantace stentu pri lécbe významné stenózy kmene levé vencité tepny.

The authors present the case of a 52-year-old patient with the symptomatology of unstable angina pectoris where they diagnosed a major stenosis of the trunk of the left coronary artery as the only significant lesion in the coronary circulation. The patient was successfully treated by means of an intravascular ultrasound--guided coronary stent implanted into the trunk of the left coronary artery. The authors discuss the possibilities and trends of contemporary catheterization treatment of major coronary affections.

[Catheter therapy in patients with stable angina pectoris. Results of 662 coronary angioplasties]. / Katetrizacní lécba nemocných se stabilní anginou pectoris. Výsledky 662 koronárních angioplastik.

Coronary angioplasty supplemented by implantation of a stent has become a standard therapeutic method in patients with stable angina pectoris. The authors analyzed the spectrum of patients indicated for this treatment, its successfulness and complications of catheterizations. In the course of a two-year period the authors implemented 662 catheterizations in 602 patients with stable angina. 58% patients indicated for coronary angioplasty on account of stable angina had a history of myocardial Q infarction, 93% had angina grade II or III according to CCS. Affection of one artery was diagnosed in 56% patients, complete revascularization was achieved in 59% of the operations. The clinical rate of success of catheterization was 97% in stenoses of the coronary arteries and 61% in coronary occlusions. In 57% of the treated lesions a coronary stent was implanted. Serious clinical complications developed in 1% of the interventions, none of the patients died. Catheterization treatment of stable angina is very successful and safe.

[Adult patients after surgery of ostium primum type of atrial septal defects in childhood: echocardiography study]. / Dospelí pacienti po operaci defektu septa síní typu ostium primum v detském veku: echokardiografická studie.

The authors examined, using transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography, 36 adult patients (15 men) aged 22 +/- 3.1 years (18-29 years) who were operated 12.2 +/- 3.7 years previously on account of a defect of the atrial septum type ostium primum. In these patients no other congenital cardiac defect was present. In addition to closure of the defect in the patients complete suture of the "cleft" of the anterior cusp of the mitral valve was performed, in 7 partial suture of the "cleft" of the anterior cusp of the mitral valve and in 4 commissuroplasty. In one instance later reoperation with replacement of the mitral valve by a mechanical prosthesis was performed. The control group was formed by 16 healthy volunteers (5 men) aged 22.1 +/- 3 years (19-31 years). Patients operated in childhood on account of an atrial defect of the ostium primum type have on echocardiographic examination, as compared with healthy volunteers, larger atria and the left ventricle, a thicker interventricular septum and left ventricular wall and a higher velocity of left ventricular filling during the late diastole. Higher values of parameters of the size and volume of the left ventricle are associated with the presence of mitral regurgitation. More marked changes of systolic or diastolic left ventricular function are not present, there are not even any echocardiographic signs of higher pressure in the atria and pulmonary artery. In none of the patients a residual shunt at the level of the atrial septum is present. Mitral regurgitation is found in two thirds of the patients, only in one case it was however moderately severe (grade 3). From the results it does not ensue which type of surgery of the "cleft" of the mitral valve has the best long-term results. In none of the patients tricuspid regurgitation of a higher grade than grade 1 is present.

[Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation in the treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: short-term study]. / Perkutánní transluminální septální myokardiální ablace v lécbe hypertrofické obstrukcní kardiomyopatie: krátkodobé sledování.

In 18 patients with symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy 18 procedures involving percutaneous transluminal myocardial ablation were performed. The patients were followed up for three months after the procedure. The mean intraventricular peak gradient declined during the intervention from 51 +/- 26 mm Hg to 11 +/- 12.2 mm Hg (p < 0.001). On average 2.7 +/- 1.1 ml ethanol were administered, as a rule into the first septal branch. The target artery was detected in 13 instances by means of myocardial contrast echocardiography and in five instances by haemodynamic investigation. In one instance the procedure was combined with subsequent balloon angioplasty of the ramus circumflexus. In one patient it was necessary to implant ex post a permanent pacemaker on account of AV bloc grade III. In one instance when myocardial contrast echocardiography was not used) infarsation not only of the basal interventricular septum occurred but also of the posterolateral left ventricular wall. During the three-month follow-up the incidence of stenocardias assessed according to CCS declined from grade 2.6 +/- 0.8 to 0.8 +/- 0.8 (p < 0.0001). Dyspnoea evaluated according to NYHA declined from grade 2.9 +/- 0.5 to 1.4 +/- 0.6 (p < 0.0001). The maximal intraventricular gradient evaluated by Doppler echocardiography declined from 57.2 +/- 42 mm Hg before the procedure to 19.7 +/- 12 mm Hg (p < 0.001). An identical gradient after stimulation with one dose of isosorbide dinitrate spray (1.25 mg) declined from 82.3 +/- 27 mm Hg to 25 +/- 6 mm Hg (p < 0.0001). The diastolic thickness of the IVS in the intervened segment declined from 21.2 +/- 3 mm to 14.7 +/- 2 mm (p < 0.0001). No significant change in the size of the left ventricle was recorded, nor in its ejection fraction and size of the left atrium. One patient died suddenly during the follow up period. Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation leads during short-term follow-up to a significant weakening of the basal segment of the interventricular septum, a decline of the intraventricular gradient and symptomatology of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

[Long-term catheterization of the central venous system in children]. / Dlouhodobá kanylace centrálního zilního systému u detí.

The authors explain the principle of central venous catheters (CVC) for long-term use, indicators for insertion, mode of insertion and principles of care of children with these special CVC. The authors inserted since 1982 42 CVC of the Broviac-Hickmann type in 32 children (age 22 days--15 years; body weight 2.4-17 kg). Since 1987 they inserted 16 CVC for long-term use with a subcutaneous capsule to 16 children and adolescents (age 1 years-17 years; body weight 11.5-73.5 kg). These CVC were inserted under general anaesthesia, in catheterization theatre. There were no technical complications. The authors treated and followed under standard protocol a group of 14 children with 20 CVC of the Broviac type (age at onset of treatment 22-715 days; body weight 2.4-10 kg) as well as the above described group of 16 children and adolescents with CVC for long-term use with a subcutaneous capsule. During treatment of children with Broviac catheters five technical complications were observed (mechanical damage of the CVC); in children with CVC with a subcutaneous capsule one technical complication was recorded (damage of the chamber of the Chemoport Vygon system, by incorrect puncture). The authors searched for thromboembolic and infectious complications. In four of 20 children with Broviac catheters purulent phlebitis of the cannulated veins was found (all died)--one thromboembolic complication developed on average after 234 days of use of Broviac catheters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)