Impact of Nutritional Stress on Honeybee Gut Microbiota, Immunity, and Nosema ceranae Infection.

Honeybees are important pollinators, having an essential role in the ecology of natural and agricultural environments. Honeybee colony losses episodes reported worldwide and have been associated with different pests and pathogens, pesticide exposure, and nutritional stress. This nutritional stress is related to the increase in monoculture areas which leads to a reduction of pollen availability and diversity. In this study, we examined whether nutritional stress affects honeybee gut microbiota, bee immunity, and infection by Nosema ceranae, under laboratory conditions. Consumption of Eucalyptus grandis pollen was used as a nutritionally poor-quality diet to study nutritional stress, in contraposition to the consumption of polyfloral pollen. Honeybees feed with Eucalyptus grandis pollen showed a lower abundance of Lactobacillus mellifer and Lactobacillus apis (Firm-4 and Firm-5, respectively) and Bifidobacterium spp. and a higher abundance of Bartonella apis, than honeybees fed with polyfloral pollen. Besides the impact of nutritional stress on honeybee microbiota, it also decreased the expression levels of vitellogenin and genes associated to immunity (glucose oxidase, hymenoptaecin and lysozyme). Finally, Eucalyptus grandis pollen favored the multiplication of Nosema ceranae. These results show that nutritional stress impacts the honeybee gut microbiota, having consequences on honeybee immunity and pathogen development. Those results may be useful to understand the influence of modern agriculture on honeybee health.

Characterization of Nosema ceranae Genetic Variants from Different Geographic Origins.

In recent years, large-scale colony losses of honey bees (Apis mellifera) have been reported and the infection with the microsporidia Nosema ceranae has been involved. However, the effect of N. ceranae at the colony level and its role in colony losses vary in different geographic areas. This difference may be related to the presence of multiple N. ceranae genetic variants resulting in different biological consequences. In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity of 75 N. ceranae samples obtained from 13 countries and Hawaii through inter-sequence single repetition (ISSR) and evaluated if two of these genetic variants triggered different immune responses when infecting Apis mellifera iberiensis. The genetic diversity analysis showed that 41% of the samples had the same DNA amplification pattern, including samples from most European countries except Spain, while the remaining samples showed high variability. Infection assays were performed to analyze the infection levels and the immune response of bees infected with N. ceranae from Spain and Uruguay. The infected bees presented similar infection levels, and both isolates downregulated the expression of abaecin, confirming the ability of the microsporidia to depress the immune response. Only N. ceranae from Uruguay downregulated the expression level of imd compared to control bees. On the other hand, both genetic variants triggered different expression levels of lysozyme. As imd and lysozyme play important roles in the response to pathogens, these results could reflect differences in the biological consequences of N. ceranae variants in A. mellifera infection.

High prevalence and infection levels of Nosema ceranae in bumblebees Bombus atratus and Bombus bellicosus from Uruguay.

Nosema ceranae is one of the most prevalent pathogens in Apis mellifera and has recently been found in multiple host species including several species of bumblebees. Prevalence and infection intensity of N. ceranae was determined in two species of native bumblebees from Uruguay. Nosema ceranae was the only microsporidia identified and mean prevalence was 72% in Bombus atratus and 63% in Bombus bellicosus, values much higher than those reported elsewhere. The presence of this pathogen in bumblebees may be threatening not only for bumblebee populations, but also to the rest of the native pollinator community and to honeybees.

Prospective comparison of acute severe toxicities between smokers and non-smokers during radiotherapy for head and neck cancers.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The association between smoking and acute radiation toxicities of head and neck cancer (HNC) is currently unproven. The aim of the study was to compare the occurrence of acute severe toxicity between active and non-active smokers treated for HNC by radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective monocentric cohort study included patients treated by (chemo)radiotherapy for HNC from January 2021 to January 2023. Smoking status was recorded. Patients underwent a medical exam weekly during the radiotherapy to report acute toxicities according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Effects system version 5.0. Primary endpoint was the occurrence of at least one grade ≥ 3 acute toxicity among mucositis, dysphagia and dermatitis. RESULTS: Among the 102 patients included, 27.4 % were active smokers, 58.8 % were former smokers and 13.7 % had never smoked. Regarding toxicity, 23.5 % (n = 24) patients experienced severe mucositis, 37.2 % (n = 38) severe dysphagia, 13.7 % (n = 14) severe dermatitis and 54.9 % (n = 56) experienced at least one of them. Occurrence of severe acute toxicity was not statistically associated with smoking during radiotherapy (64.3 % among active smokers versus 51.3 % among non-active smokers; p = 0.24). On multivariate analysis, concurrent chemotherapy (87.5 % vs 65.2 %; OR = 5.04 [1.64-15.52]; p = 0.004) and 2.12 Gy versus 2 Gy fractionation schedule (64.3 % vs 41.3 %; OR = 2.53 [1.09-5.90]; p = 0.03) were significantly associated with severe acute toxicity. CONCLUSION: This study did not find an association between smoking during radiotherapy for HNC and occurrence of severe acute toxicities.

Lung ultrasonography in pulmonary tuberculosis: A pilot study on diagnostic accuracy in a high-risk population.

OBJECTIVES: The validity of lung ultrasound (LUS) in the diagnosis of interstitial or focal lung pathologies is well documented, we assessed its accuracy in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). METHODS: Sonographic signs suggestive of PTB and their diagnostic accuracy were evaluated in patients admitted with clinical suspicion of PTB. Consolidations, subpleural nodules, pleural thickenings or irregularities and pleural effusion were assessed. LUS signs significantly associated with PTB in the univariate analysis (p < .05) were entered in a multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS: PTB was confirmed in 51 out of 102 patients. Multiple consolidations (OR 3.54, 95%CI 1.43-8.78), apical consolidations (OR 9.65, 95%CI 3.02-30.78), superior quadrant consolidations (OR 4.01, 95%CI 1.76-9.14), and subpleural nodules (OR 5.29, 95%CI 2.27-12.33) were significantly associated with PTB diagnosis. Apical consolidation (OR 9.67, 95%CI 2.81-33.25, p 0.003) and subpleural nodules (OR 5.30, 95%CI 2.08-13.52, p 0.005) retained a significant association in a multivariate model, with an overall accuracy of 0.799. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest a possible role of LUS in the diagnosis of PTB, a high burden pathological condition for which the delay in diagnosis still represents a critical point in the control of the disease.

Impact of nutritional stress on the honeybee colony health.

Honeybees Apis mellifera are important pollinators of wild plants and commercial crops. For more than a decade, high percentages of honeybee colony losses have been reported worldwide. Nutritional stress due to habitat depletion, infection by different pests and pathogens and pesticide exposure has been proposed as the major causes. In this study we analyzed how nutritional stress affects colony strength and health. Two groups of colonies were set in a Eucalyptus grandis plantation at the beginning of the flowering period (autumn), replicating a natural scenario with a nutritionally poor food source. While both groups of colonies had access to the pollen available in this plantation, one was supplemented with a polyfloral pollen patty during the entire flowering period. In the short-term, colonies under nutritional stress (which consumed mainly E. grandis pollen) showed higher infection level with Nosema spp. and lower brood and adult bee population, compared to supplemented colonies. On the other hand, these supplemented colonies showed higher infection level with RNA viruses although infection levels were low compared to countries were viral infections have negative impacts. Nutritional stress also had long-term colony effects, because bee population did not recover in spring, as in supplemented colonies did. In conclusion, nutritional stress and Nosema spp. infection had a severe impact on colony strength with consequences in both short and long-term.

[Patient satisfaction in hemodialysis: a pilot cross-sectional analysis and a review]. / Valutazione del grado di soddisfazione da trattamento nel paziente in emodialisi: metologia di ricerca, strumenti, limiti e studio pilota trasversale.

BACKGROUND: Assessment of patient satisfaction is not performed routinely in many healthcare institutions. In this review, we discuss methodological aspects of assessment of patient satisfaction in hemodialysis. We also present a pilot study conducted in the Gambro Healthcare Italy dialysis clinics network. METHODS: Patient satisfaction was assessed in a network of hemodialysis units by using an internally validated Italian translation of the Choices for Healthy Outcomes in Caring for ESRD (CHOICE) questionnaire. A cross-sectional analytic study design was used and data analysed with univariate and multivariate hierarchical logistic regression to explore correlates of the risk of being unsatisfied with dialysis treatment. Covariates which were considered include a series of over 20 clinical, demographic, organizational and structural aspects. In addition, unexplained inter-centre residual variability due to 'case-mix' was explored and plotted. RESULTS: Seventeen dialysis units participated in this cross-sectional analysis and 758/1001 (75.7%) provided answers to the questionnaires. There was a statistically significant association on multivariate hierarchical analysis between the risk of being unsatisfied with dialysis treatment and interdialysis body weight gain (unit of increase: 1 kg, p=0.004). On the contrary, the risk of unsatisfaction with dialysis treatment was significantly lower in patients with higher dry weight (unit of increase: 1 kg, p=0.002). Our multivariate hierarchical analysis identified some residual variability between dialysis units (n=6 outliers) which may not be explained by any of over 20 potential confounding covariates which were explored. CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of ''customer satisfaction'' is standard practice in private for profit product companies in general but needs to be increasingly recognized as a standard in both public and private providers of healthcare services. Social research methods, which are used for this type of analysis, need to be fine tuned and actively implemented in order to better understand how we may influence the quality of service we provide to our patients and the level at which they rate it.

Nosema ceranae Winter Control: Study of the Effectiveness of Different Fumagillin Treatments and Consequences on the Strength of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colonies.

Overview: In Uruguay, colonies of honey bees moving to Eucalyptus grandis plantation in autumn habitually become infected with the microsporidian Nosema ceranae , a parasite that attacks the digestive system of bees. Beekeepers attributed to N. ceranae depopulation of the colonies that often occurs at the end of the blooming period, and many use the antibiotic fumagillin to reduce the level of infection. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of four different fumagillin treatments and determine how this antibiotic affects the strength of the colonies during the winter season. The colonies treated with fumagillin in July showed less spore load at the end of applications, being the most effective the following treatments: the four applications sprayed over bees of 30 mg of fumagillin in 100 ml of sugar syrup 1:1, and four applications of 90 mg of fumagillin in 250 ml of sugar syrup 1:1 using a feeder. However, 2 month after the treatment applications, the colonies treated with fumagillin were the same size as the untreated colonies. In September, the colonies treated and not treated with fumagillin did not differ in colony strength (adult bee population and brood area) or spores abundance. Our study demonstrates that fumagillin treatment temporarily decreased the spore load of N. ceranae , but this was not reflected in either the size of the colonies or the probability of surviving the winter regardless of the dose or the administration strategy applied. Given the results obtained, we suggest to not perform the pharmacological treatment under the conditions described in the experiment. Resumen: En Uruguay las colonias de abejas melíferas que se trasladan a las forestaciones de Eucalyptus grandis en otoño indefectiblemente se infectan con el microsporido Nosema ceranae , parásito que ataca el sistema digestivo de las abejas. Los apicultores atribuyen a N. ceranae el despoblamiento de las colonias que ocurre con frecuencia al terminar el periodo de floración y muchos emplean el antibiótico fumagilina para reducir el nivel de infección. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la eficacia de cuatro tratamientos diferentes con fumagilina y determinar cómo incide en la fortaleza de las colonias durante la invernada. Las colonias tratadas con fumagilina en julio presentaron una menor carga de esporas al terminar las aplicaciones, siendo los tratamientos más eficaces el de 4 aplicaciones mediante asperjado sobre las abejas de 30 mg de fumagilina en 100 ml de jarabe de azúcar 1:1, y el de 4 aplicaciones de 90 mg de fumagilina en 250 ml de jarabe de azúcar 1:1 utilizando un alimentador. Sin embargo, durante el período de experimentación, las colonias tratadas con antibiótico presentaron igual tamaño que las colonias no tratadas. En setiembre, las colonias tratadas y no tratadas con fumagilina no se diferenciaron en la intensidad de infección ni en su tamaño. En las condiciones en que se realizó el estudio, la aplicación de fumagilina disminuyó temporalmente la carga de esporas de N. ceranae pero esto no se reflejó en el tamaño de las colonias ni en la probabilidad de sobrevivir el invierno.

Determination of Flower Constancy in Bombus atratus Franklin and Bombus bellicosus Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae) through Palynological Analysis of Nectar and Corbicular Pollen Loads.

The flower constancy (the visit to a single plant species during a foraging trip) in pollinator insects is a theme widely discussed in behavioral ecology and has an important implication in the evolution of angiosperms. This behavior was studied in the bumblebees Bombus atratus Franklin and Bombus bellicosus Smith through palynological analysis of the nectar and pollen loads of individuals captured while foraging in a restricted area. In both species, there were more individuals with constant flights than with non-constant ones, although in the nectar loads of B. atratus there were no significant differences between individuals with each flight types. It was verified that the nectar loads of the individuals that made either constant or non-constant flights did not differ in the number of pollen grains they contained. Considering this measurement as an estimate for flight duration, the results would indicate that the probability of changing between plant species during nectar collection is independent of the foraging trip duration. In both species, most individuals who collected nectar and/or pollen from more than one plant species visited just two plant species. In these cases, the pollen of one plant species was predominant. In the bumblebees in which it was possible to analyze nectar and pollen loads, the botanical origin of both resources was the same or they shared the principal species (with the exception of two individuals), showing that bumblebees do not often use a botanical source in an exclusive way to collect nectar and another to collect pollen.

Cardiomyoplasty review: physiological principles and characteristics of electrically stimulated skeletal muscle. II. A therapeutic option.

Chronic heart failure continues unsolved as ever despite recent advances in cardiac surgery and pharmacological new armamentarium and remains a significant cause of death, regardless of etiology. Cardiomyoplasty (CMP), a new form of biomechanical ventricular support, has given new life to the field of mechanical circulatory support, providing a "bridge" to transplantation and serving as a possible alternative to surgical treatment. The geographic distribution of world experience in 401 patients shows that 80% were centralized in Europe (50%) and South America (30%). This review of the data analysis, documented improved changes in patients clinical status, further clarifies and appropriate patients population indications for DCMP as well as that more than 80% survival probability for NYHA class II & III and an early procedure related mortality of 8 to 10%.

[Value of axillary lymphadenectomy in malignant tumors of the breast. Apropos of 135 controlled cases]. / Valore della linfoadenectomia ascellare nel tumore maligno di mammella. A proposito di 135 casi controllati.

Personal experience in the treatment of breast cancer is reported along with the results of 135 cases in which long-term follow-up was carried out. The results are in line with what has been observed in the recent literature. Study of therapeutically removed axillary lymph nodes proved to be the main factor on which to base prognostic judgment and programmes of multidisciplinary treatment, if applicable. Further elements derive from hormonal receptors and, in future, from the study of cell kinetics with tritiated thymidine.

[Approach methods to the central venous system]. / Modalità di aggressione del sistema venoso centrale (S.V.C.).

Personal experience in the aggression of the CNS for various purposes is considered. It is thought that the internal trans-jugular route is the easiest approach and procedures the fewest complications with appropriate techniques.

[Treatment of septic complications in diverticular disease of the colon]. / Trattamento delle complicanze settiche della malattia diverticolare del colon.

Eight years' experience in the treatment of the septic complications of diverticular disease of the colon is examined and 44 cases treated in the period 1980-1988 are considered. The Hartman procedure gave good results in the majority of cases; other procedures such as drainage with colostomy, or anastomosis resection during a single intervention are reserved for particular cases. In addition, on examining the case histories and the current literature it seems that it is correct to treat DD (diverticular disease) surgically whenever the typical manifestations of the overt disease appear; waiting often represents nothing more than a postponement of the surgical treatment until an emergency arises.

Resistance to Chalkbrood disease in Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies with different hygienic behaviour.

Chalkbrood disease affects the larvae of honeybees Apis mellifera L. and is caused by the fungus Ascosphaera apis. Infected larvae die when they are stretched in the cap cell and suffer a gradual hardening that ends in a very hard structure (mummie). Several studies have demonstrated that colonies that express an efficient hygienic behaviour (uncapping of cell and subsequent removal of dead brood) exhibit a higher resistance to the disease. However, it remains unclear whether the advantage of hygienic colonies over less hygienic ones lies in the ability to remove mummies or in the early detection of infected larvae and its cannibalization before they harden. To elucidate this aspect, the hygienic behaviour of 24 colonies, which were subsequently provided with pollen cakes containig A. apis, was evaluated. The number of mummies and the number of partially cannibalized and whole larvae in uncapped cells were recorded. The most hygienic colonies controlled the disease better. These colonies also had a higher tendency to uncap cells that contained infected larvae and cannibalize them. The presence of A. apis in partially cannibalized and whole larvae in uncapped cells indicate that the advantage of hygienic colonies over less hygienic ones lies in the early detection of infected larvae death and their quick removal from the cell before they become mummies.

Proboscis length and resource utilization in two Uruguayan bumblebees: Bombus atratus Franklin and Bombus bellicosus Smith (Hymenoptera: Apidae).

Bumblebees (Bombus sp.) are eusocial insects with an annual life cycle whose use as pollinator of crops has gained great importance in modern agriculture. Several authors have found that resource use in Bombus species is usually based on the correlation between the proboscis length of the bumblebees and the corolla depth of the flowers. The aim of this study was to determine proboscis length of Bombus atratus and B. bellicosus, two Uruguayan bumblebees, and verify the resource exploitation testing two cultivated species, the red clover and the bird's foot trefoil. Bumblebee foraging activity was recorded in two culture conditions: in a red clover and bird's foot trefoil mixed meadow, and in contiguous plots of these legumes, and the proboscis length of collected foragers was determined. Both species of bumblebees exploited red clover and bird's foot trefoil although they did it in different proportions in all instances tested. The results indicated that the choice of the resources in B. atratus and B. bellicosus was influenced by their proboscis length. Bombus atratus has a longer proboscis and preferably visited red clover, possibly obtaining nectar easier and faster than B. bellicosus, which has a shorter proboscis. Bombus bellicosus used both resources without any clear preference.