African swine fever virus A137R assembles into a dodecahedron cage.

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects domestic and wild pigs. The causative agent of ASF is African swine fever virus (ASFV), a large double-stranded DNA virus with a complex virion structure. Among the various proteins encoded by ASFV, A137R is a crucial structural protein associated with its virulence. However, the structure and molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of A137R remain largely unknown. In this study, we present the structure of A137R determined by cryogenic electron microscopy single-particle reconstruction, which reveals that A137R self-oligomerizes to form a dodecahedron-shaped cage composed of 60 polymers. The dodecahedron is literally equivalent to a T = 1 icosahedron where the icosahedral vertexes are located in the center of each dodecahedral facet. Within each facet, five A137R protomers are arranged in a head-to-tail orientation with a long N-terminal helix forming the edge through which adjacent facets stitch together to form the dodecahedral cage. Combining structural analysis and biochemical evidence, we demonstrate that the N-terminal domain of A137R is crucial and sufficient for mediating the assembly of the dodecahedron. These findings imply the role of A137R cage as a core component in the icosahedral ASFV virion and suggest a promising molecular scaffold for nanotechnology applications. IMPORTANCE: African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal viral disease of pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). No commercial vaccines and antiviral treatments are available for the prevention and control of the disease. A137R is a structural protein of ASFV that is associated with its virulence. The discovery of the dodecahedron-shaped cage structure of A137R in this study is of great importance in understanding ASFV pathogenicity. This finding sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of A137R. Furthermore, the dodecahedral cage formed by A137R shows promise as a molecular scaffold for nanoparticle vectors. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the structure and function of A137R, contributing to our understanding of ASFV and potentially opening up new avenues for the development of vaccines or treatments for ASF.

Identification and characterization of cotton PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORS in temperature-dependent flowering.

PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs) integrate light and temperature signs to control plant growth and development. However, little is known about PIFs in crop plants such as cotton. Here, we identified 68 PIF proteins and their coding genes from an allotetraploid and three diploid ancestors. Cotton PIFs contain typical ACTIVEPHYA-BINDING (APA) and ACTIVE PHYB-BINDING (APB) motifs by which they bind to phytochrome phyA and phyB, respectively, and have a BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX (bHLH) domain and a nuclear localization sequence necessary for bHLH-type transcription factors. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the promoter of each PIF gene contains multiple cis-acting elements and that the evolution of cotton genomes probably underwent loss, recombination, and tandem replication. Further observations indicated that the sensitivity of cotton PIF expression to high temperature was significantly different from that to low temperature. We found that allotetraploid Gossypium hirsutum PIF4a (GhPIF4a) was induced by high temperature. GhPIF4a promotes flowering in cotton and Arabidopsis and binds to the promoter of GhFT (G. hirsutum FLOWERING LOCUS T), and binding increased with increasing temperature. Our work identifies the evolutionary and structural characteristics and functions of PIF family members in cotton.

The Potential Value of Ki-67 in Prognostic Classification in Early Low-Risk Endometrial Cancer.

PURPOSE: This study aims to determine the optimal cut-off value of Ki-67 to better predict the recurrence of early low-risk endometrial cancer (EC). METHODS: Seven hundred and forty-eight patients diagnosed with low-risk EC from West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were retrospectively analyzed. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and Youden index were used to calculate the optimal cut-off value of Ki-67 expression. The clinicopathological indexes between two groups divided by cut-off value of Ki-67 were compared. The univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to investigate risk factors connected to the recurrence of early low-risk EC. The survival analysis was shown in Kaplan-Meier curve. RESULT: Thirty-three patients were detected with tumor recurrence after primary surgery (4.4%); 33% was the optimal cut-off value of the Ki-67 index. A high Ki-67 was significantly associated with age (P = .002), myometrial invasion (P < .001), and the expression of P53 (P = .007). The multivariate regression analysis verified that Ki67 ≥ 33% was an independent prognostic factor for predicting recurrence. The recurrence-free survival (RFS) and the overall survival (OS) in high Ki-67 group was significantly lower than that in low Ki-67 group (P < .001 and P = .029, respectively). The prognostic values of ER, PR, and P53 in combination with Ki-67 were superior to each single predictor. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal cut-off value of Ki-67 for predicting recurrence is 33%, which quantitatively defines the specific value of Ki-67 that causes high-risk recurrence in early low-risk EC.

Effect of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid accumulation on Verticillium dahliae infection of upland cotton.

BACKGROUND: Verticillium wilt of cotton is a serious disease caused by the infection of soil borne fungus Verticillium dahliae Kleb, and the infection mechanisms may involve the regulation of phytohormone ethylene. The precursor of ethylene biosynthesis is 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), whose biosynthesis in vivo depends on activation of ACC synthase (ACS). Here, we investigated how ACS activation and ACC accumulation affected the infection of V. dahliae strain Vd991 on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar YZ1. RESULTS: Preliminary observations indicated that ACC applications reduced the disease incidence, disease index and stem vascular browning by impeding fungal biomass accumulation. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR data disclosed that Vd991 induced GhACS2 and GhACS6 expression. GhACS2- or GhACS6-overexpressing transgenic YZ1 lines were generated, respectively. In a Verticillium disease nursery with about 50 microsclerotia per gram of soil, these ACC-accumulated plants showed decreased disease indexes, stem fungal biomasses and vascular browning. More importantly, these transgenic plants decreased the green fluorescent protein-marked Vd991 colonization and diffusion in root tissues. Further, either ACC treatment or ACC-accumulating cotton plants activated salicylic acid (SA)-dependent resistance responses. CONCLUSIONS: The GhACS2- and GhACS6-dependent ACC accumulations enhanced the resistance of cotton to V. dahliae in a SA-dependent manner, and this lays a foundation for cotton resistance breeding.

Interaction between CASP8AP2 and ZEB2-CtBP2 Regulates the Expression of LEF1.

Low expression of CTBP2 and CASP8AP2 correlated with poor outcome and predicted risk of relapse in pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism by which CASP8AP2 regulates LEF1 expression by interacting with CtBP2 and ZEB2 in Acute lymphoblastic lymphoma (ALL). There was an interaction between CASP8AP2, ZEB2, and CtBP2, and then the interaction between CtBP2 and ZEB2 was observed after downregulating the expression of CASP8AP2. The wild type (containing the ZEB2 binding site) or mutant (containing a mutant binding site) LEF1 gene promoter sequence was inserted into the pGL3-basic plasmid, and a dual-luciferase reporter gene detection system was used to observe how CASP8AP2, ZEB2, and CtBP2 regulate the transcription of the LEF1 gene. We conclude that CASP8AP2, CtBP2, and ZEB2 can all bind to the LEF1 gene promoter region and reduce the luciferase activity of the LEF1 promoter. Meanwhile, the interaction of ZEB2 and the LEF1 promoter was significantly weakened after downregulation of CASP8AP2. Knockdown of CASP8AP2 in the 697 cell lines resulted in the significant upregulation of the mRNA expression levels of the stemness-related genes CD44, JAG1, and SALL4. In conclusion, CASP8AP2 is vital for the interaction between CtBP2 and ZEB2, inhibiting LEF1 and stemness-related genes expression ALL.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/08880018.2022.2033369 .

[Functional polymorphism sites in non-coding regions of folate metabolism-related genes in the reproductive-aged population of Hubei Province].

Objective: To investigate the distribution of the functional polymorphisms in the non-coding regions of folate metabolism-related genes in the reproductive-aged population of Hubei Province. METHODS: Using Sanger sequencing, we examined the polymorphisms of the genes MTR (rs28372871 and rs1131450), MTRR (rs326119) and CBS (rs2850144) in 790 subjects before and during pregnancy from April 2020 to March 2021. We compared the distributions of the four loci between different populations. RESULTS: The distributions of the four genotypes of rs28372871, rs1131450, rs326119 and rs2850144 all conformed to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Statistically significant differences were observed in the polymorphism distribution of rs28372871 between Hubei and Jiangsu (P < 0.05), in that of rs1131450 between Hubei and Shanghai (P < 0.05), and in that of rs2850144 between Hubei and Yazd, Iran (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This was the first investigation on the distribution of MTR, MTRR and CBS gene polymorphisms in the reproductive-aged population of Hubei Province. The effects of the functional loci in both encoding and non-coding regions of folate metabolism-related genes have to be comprehensively considered so as to formulate an appropriate folate-supplementary protocol.

[Using Immunohistochemical Markers and Clinicopathological Factors to Predict the Prognostic Survival of Different Types of Endometrial Cancer Recurrence].

OBJECTIVE: To probe for factors that can be used effectively to predict the prognostic survival of patients with endometrial cancer recurrence. METHODS: The clinicopathological data of 473 patients with stage Ⅰ to Ⅲ endometrial cancer who underwent standard surgical treatment from October 2013 to May 2019 were retrospectively collected, and post-operative recurrence of the patients were followed up. Overall recurrence includes local recurrence and poor prognosis recurrence. The endpoint indicators of this study are the recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with overall recurrence, local recurrence, and poor prognosis recurrence (PPR). The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to evaluate the OS and RFS of patients. Cox proportional-hazards model was used to identify factors affecting the prognostic survival of patients with endometrial cancer recurrence. RESULTS: Among the 473 patients, 406 did not experience recurrence. A total of 67 patients, accounting for 14.2%, had recurrence. Among them, 27 had local recurrence, accounting for 5.7%, while 40 had poor prognosis recurrence, accounting for 8.5%. The median follow-up time of patients with recurrence was 38 months. The survival curve showed that the RFS and OS of the patients in the recurrence-free group remained unchanged, while the patients in the recurrence group, regardless of whether they had overall recurrence, local recurrence or PPR, experienced a decrease in RFS and OS( P<0.001). The overall 3-year OS rate of patients with recurrence was 44.8%, the median survival time was 29 months, and the median recurrence time was 17 months. The 3-year OS rate of patients in the recurrence-free group was 98.8%, and the median survival time was 40 months; the 3-year OS rate of patients with local recurrence was 59.3%, the median survival time was 27 months, and the median recurrence time was 15 months. The 3-year OS rate of patients with PPR was only 35.0%, the median survival time was 22 months, and the median recurrence time was 10 months. The results of multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that, for overall recurrence patients, FIGO stage Ⅲ (hazard ratio ( HR)=3.432, P=0.005), increased expression of K-i67 ( HR=1.015, P=0.025), and decreased expression of estrogen receptor (ER) ( HR=0.985, P=0.005) are independent factors for the decline in RFS, FIGO stage Ⅲ ( HR=4.918, P=0.005) and the decreased expression of progesterone receptor (PR) ( HR=0.977, P=0.003) are independent factors for the decrease in OS. For patients with local recurrence, special pathological types ( HR=2.545, P=0.049) and increased expression of Ki-67 ( HR=1.024, P=0.033) are independent factors influencing the decrease in RFS, while decreased expression of PR ( HR=0.973, P=0.009) is an independent risk factor for decreased OS. For patients with PPR, FIGO stage Ⅲ ( HR=5.977, P=0.002) and decreased ER expression ( HR=0.984, P=0.023) are independent risk factors for the decline in RFS, while FIGO stage Ⅲ ( HR=10.098, P=0.001) is an independent factor influencing the decline of OS. CONCLUSION: FIGO stage Ⅲ, increased Ki-67 expression, and decreased ER expression can increase patients' risk of postoperative recurrence, and FIGO stage Ⅲ and decreased expression of PR can increase the risk of death in patients with recurrence.

The combined ratio of estrogen, progesterone, Ki-67, and P53 to predict the recurrence of endometrial cancer.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We aimed to explore the capacity of the combined ratio of biomarkers to predict the recurrence of Stage I-III endometrial cancer (EC). METHODS: A total of 473 patients were enrolled after screening. The cut-off value of the ratio was calculated by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). The univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to assess the correlation between the combined ratio and the recurrence of EC. The differences of clinicopathological parameters between the two groups divided based on the threshold were compared. RESULT: The ROC curve showed that 0.92 was the optimal cut-off value of the ratio ([ER + PR]/[P53 + Ki67]). The multivariate analysis demonstrated that only International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage (p = .031) and the combined ratio (p = .004) were independent risk factors of recurrence. The 3-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival of patients in the low-ratio group were 54.1% and 66.8%, respectively; while in the high-ratio group were 94.9% and 97.9%, respectively (p < .001). The 3-year RFS of 194 patients, who did not receive the adjuvant therapy, was 54.7% and 97.2% between two groups (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The optimal cut-off value (0.92) of the combined ratio was demonstrated to be better to predict the recurrence of EC than a single immunohistochemical marker.

A rare karyotype of nonmosaic isodicentric (Y) (p11.31) with azoospermia and short stature.

Chromosome aberration is one of the common causes of male infertility. Isodicentric chromosome is a chromosomal aberration in which two arms of a chromosome are identical in morphology and genetics and connected by two centromeres. We firstly reported a case of infertile male with nonmosaic 46, X, idic (Y) (qter-p11.31::p11.31-qter) but with the sex-determining region Y (SRY). The broken site is the chromosome Y (p11.31). The patients' clinical phenotype was azoospermia and short stature. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), chromosomal microarray comparative genomic hybridisation (array CGH) and related molecular analysis were performed. Azoospermia of this case may be caused by the abnormal chromosome structure, which leads to abnormal chromosome synapsis in spermatogenesis. Loss of genes in PAR1 and gain of genes copies in azoospermia factor (AZF) region on the Y chromosome may also contribute to the pathogenesis of azoospermia.

PEX10, SIRPA-SIRPG, and SOX5 gene polymorphisms are strongly associated with nonobstructive azoospermia susceptibility.

PURPOSE: Male infertility is a multifactorial syndrome encompassing a wide variety of disorders. A previous Chinese genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association studies have identified four SNPs (rs12097821 in PRMT6 gene, rs2477686 in PEX10 gene, rs6080550 in SIRPA-SIRPG, and rs10842262 in SOX5 gene) as being significantly associated with risk factors for nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). However, the results were not fully repeated in later studies, which calls for further investigations. METHODS: We here performed a case-control study in a central Chinese population to explore the association between the four SNPs and male infertility, which included 631 infertile men (NOA and oligozoospermia) and 720 healthy fertile men. The genotyping was performed using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and confirmed by sequencing. RESULTS: The results showed that rs12097821 and rs10842262 were strongly associated with the risk of NOA but not total male infertility or oligozoospermia, while rs2477686 and rs6080550 were not associated with the risk of total male infertility, NOA, or oligozoospermia. To improve the statistical strength, a meta-analysis was conducted. The results suggested that rs2477686, rs6080550, and rs10842262 were significantly associated with male infertility, especially with NOA, while rs12097821 was only found to be associated with total male infertility. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, the rs2477686, rs6080550, and rs10842262 may indeed be the genetic risk factors for NOA, which requires further investigation using larger independent sets of samples in different ethnic populations.

The structural basis of the dominant negative phenotype of the Gαi1ß1γ2 G203A/A326S heterotrimer.

AIM: Dominant negative mutant G proteins have provided critical insight into the mechanisms of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, but the mechanisms underlying the dominant negative characteristics are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to determine the structure of the dominant negative Gαi1ß1γ2 G203A/A326S complex (Gi-DN) and to reveal the structural basis of the mutation-induced phenotype of Gαi1ß1γ2. METHODS: The three subunits of the Gi-DN complex were co-expressed with a baculovirus expression system. The Gi-DN heterotrimer was purified, and the structure of its complex with GDP was determined through X-ray crystallography. RESULTS: The Gi-DN heterotrimer structure revealed a dual mechanism underlying the dominant negative characteristics. The mutations weakened the hydrogen bonding network between GDP/GTP and the binding pocket residues, and increased the interactions in the Gα-Gßγ interface. Concomitantly, the Gi-DN heterotrimer adopted a conformation, in which the C-terminus of Gαi and the N-termini of both the Gß and Gγ subunits were more similar to the GPCR-bound state compared with the wild type complex. From these structural observations, two additional mutations (T48F and D272F) were designed that completely abolish the GDP binding of the Gi-DN heterotrimer. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results suggest that the mutations impede guanine nucleotide binding and Gα-Gßγ protein dissociation and favor the formation of the G protein/GPCR complex, thus blocking signal propagation. In addition, the structure provides a rationale for the design of other mutations that cause dominant negative effects in the G protein, as exemplified by the T48F and D272F mutations.

Umbilical cord cysts: Classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and pregnancy recommendations.

Umbilical cord cysts (UCCs)-cysts located in the umbilical cord that are derived from an abnormal embryonic development process-are typically an incidental discovery during prenatal ultrasound. It can be described as either a pseudocyst or a true UCC, which results from focal edema or degeneration of Wharton jelly or the remnants of embryonic development, respectively. Due to the relative rarity of the UCC, the clinical guidance of UCCs is not yet available. Herein, the aim of this paper is to discuss the classification, diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical management of UCCs through a literature review, in order to improve the understanding of UCCs among clinical obstetricians and pediatricians.

Activation of Gossypium hirsutum ACS6 Facilitates Fiber Development by Improving Sucrose Metabolism and Transport.

Cotton fiber yield depends on the density of fiber cell initials that form on the ovule epidermis. Fiber initiation is triggered by MYB-MIXTA-like transcription factors (GhMMLs) and requires a sucrose supply. Ethylene or its precursor ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) is suggested to affect fiber yield. The Gossypium hirsutum (L.) genome contains 35 ACS genes (GhACS) encoding ACC synthases. Here, we explored the role of a GhACS family member in the regulation of fiber initiation. Expression analyses showed that the GhACS6.3 gene pair was specifically expressed in the ovules during fiber initiation (3 days before anthesis to 5 days post anthesis, -3 to 5 DPA), especially at -3 DPA, whereas other GhACS genes were expressed at very low or undetectable levels. The expression profile of GhACS6.3 during fiber initial development was confirmed by qRT-PCR analysis. Transgenic lines overexpressing GhACS6.3 (GhACS6.3-OE) showed increased ACC accumulation in ovules, which promoted the formation of fiber initials and fiber yield components. This was accompanied by increased transcript levels of GhMML3 and increased transcript levels of genes encoding sucrose transporters and sucrose synthase. These findings imply that GhACS6.3 activation is required for fiber initial development. Our results lay the foundation for further research on increasing cotton fiber production.

Short-Term and Long-Term Outcomes of Fetal Ventriculomegaly beyond Gestational 37 Weeks: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Birth defects have brought about major public health problems, and studying the clinical outcomes of the most common prenatal central nervous system abnormality, namely, fetal ventriculomegaly (VM), is helpful for improving reproductive health and fertility quality. This is a retrospective cohort study from 2011 to 2020 in the West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, aiming to evaluate the short-term and long-term outcomes of VM over 37 weeks' gestation to exclude the influence of preterm birth. The study analyzed data from 401 term pregnancies, with 179 VM and 222 controls. From the short-term outcomes, the rate of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission under the VM group (10.06%) was comparatively higher than the control (0.45%), but Apgar scores between both groups at 1 min, 5 min and 10 min were not significantly different. From the long-term outcomes, there were more infants with abnormal neurodevelopment under the VM group than control (14.53% vs. 2.25%, p < 0.001). In addition, NICU admission (p = 0.006), peak width of lateral ventricles (p = 0.030) and postnatal cranial ultrasound suggestive with VM (p = 0.002) were related to infants' long-term outcomes. NICU admission during the perinatal period was an independent risk factor for the adverse long-term outcomes (OR = 3.561, 95% CI 1.029-12.320, p = 0.045). In conclusion, VM impairs short-term and long-term outcomes of term infants. Short-term outcome, especially NICU admission, could predict their adverse long-term outcomes.

A Nomogram Model Based on Neuroendocrine Markers for Predicting the Prognosis of Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Cervix.

BACKGROUND: Combining traditional clinical parameters with neuroendocrine markers to construct a nomogram model to predict the postoperative recurrence of neuroendocrine carcinoma of cervix (NECC). METHODS: A total of 257 patients were included in this study. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to establish a nomogram model in the training cohorts, which was further validated in the validation cohorts. The calibration curve was used to conduct the internal and external verification of the model. RESULTS: Overall, 41 relapse cases were observed in the training (23 cases) and validation (18 cases) cohorts. The univariate analysis preliminarily showed that FIGO stage, stromal invasion, nerve invasion, lymph vascular space invasion, lymph node involvement, cervical-uterine junction invasion and CgA were correlated with NECC recurrence. The multivariate analysis further confirmed that FIGO stage (p = 0.023), stromal invasion (p = 0.002), lymph vascular space invasion (p = 0.039) and lymph node involvement (p = 0.00) were independent risk factors for NECC recurrence, which were ultimately included in the nomogram model. In addition, superior consistency indices were demonstrated in the training (0.863, 95% CI 0.784-0.942) and validation (0.884, 95% CI 0.758-1.010) cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: The established nomogram model combining traditional clinical parameters with neuroendocrine markers can reliably and accurately predict the recurrence risks in NECC patients.

Tracing back of relapse clones by Ig/TCR gene rearrangements reveals complex patterns of recurrence in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

INTRODUCTION: Relapse remained the major obstacle to improving the prognosis of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This study aimed to investigate the changing patterns of Ig/TCR gene rearrangements between diagnosis and relapse and the clinical relevance and to explore the mechanism of leukemic relapse. METHODS: Clonal Ig/TCR gene rearrangements were screened by multiplex PCR amplification in 85 paired diagnostic and relapse bone marrow (BM) samples from children with ALL. The new rearrangements presented at relapse were quantitatively assessed by the RQ-PCR approach targeting the patient-specific junctional region sequence in 19 diagnostic samples. The relapse clones were further back-traced to diagnostic and follow-up BM samples from 12 patients. RESULTS: Comparison of Ig/TCR gene rearrangements between diagnosis and relapse showed that 40 (57.1%) B-ALL and 5 (33.3%) T-ALL patients exhibited a change from diagnosis to relapse, and 25 (35.7%) B-ALL patients acquired new rearrangements at relapse. The new relapse rearrangements were present in 15 of the 19 (78.9%) diagnostic samples as shown by RQ-PCR, with a median level of 5.26 × 10-2 . The levels of minor rearrangements correlated with B immunophenotype, WBC counts, age at diagnosis, and recurrence time. Furthermore, back-tracing rearrangements in 12 patients identified three patterns of relapse clone dynamics, which suggested the recurrence mechanisms not only through clonal selection of pre-existing subclones but also through an ongoing clonal evolution during remission and relapse. CONCLUSION: Backtracking Ig/TCR gene rearrangements in relapse clones of pediatric ALL revealed complex patterns of clonal selection and evolution for leukemic relapse.

Activation of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Synthases Sets Stomatal Density and Clustered Ratio on Leaf Epidermis of Arabidopsis in Response to Drought.

The adjustment of stomatal density and clustered ratio on the epidermis is the important strategy for plants to respond to drought, because the stoma-based water loss is directly related to plant growth and survival under drought conditions. But the relevant adjustment mechanism still needs to be explored. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) is disclosed to promote stomatal development, while in vivo ACC levels depend on activation of ACC synthase (ACS) family members. Based on the findings of ACS expression involving in drought response and several ACS activity inhibitors reducing stomatal density and cluster in drought response, here we examined how ACS activation is involved in the establishment of stomatal density and cluster on the epidermis under drought conditions. Preliminary data indicated that activation of ACS2 and/or ACS6 (ACS2/6) increased stomatal density and clustered ratio on the Arabidopsis leaf epidermis by accumulating ACC under moderate drought, and raised the survival risk of seedlings under escalated drought. Further exploration indicated that, in Arabidopsis seedlings stressed by drought, the transcription factor SPEECHLESS (SPCH), the initiator of stomatal development, activates ACS2/6 expression and ACC production; and that ACC accumulation induces Ca2+ deficiency in stomatal lineage; this deficiency inactivates a subtilisin-like protease STOMATAL DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION 1 (SDD1) by stabilizing the inhibition of the transcription factor GT-2 Like 1 (GTL1) on SDD1 expression, resulting in an increases of stomatal density and cluster ratio on the leaf epidermis. This work provides a novel evidence that ACS2/6 activation plays a key role in the establishment of stomatal density and cluster on the leaf epidermis of Arabidopsis in response to drought.

The optimal cut-off value of immunohistochemical parameter P53 for predicting recurrence of endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the optimal cut-off value of immunohistochemical parameter P53 for predicting the recurrence of Stage I-III endometrial cancer. METHODS: A total of 473 patients who were treated between October 2013 and May 2018 were retrospectively studied. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the Youden index were used to calculate the optimal cut-off value of P53. Cox regression analysis was used to detect the association between the threshold of P53 and recurrence of endometrial cancer. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were exhibited by Kaplan-Meier curve. RESULTS: The study showed that 67% was the optimal cut-off value of P53 to predict the recurrence of endometrial cancer. P53 above 67% was an independent predictor for relapse of endometrial cancer (p < 0.001). The 3-year RFS was 89.7% in the low-value group and 66.6% in the high-value group (p < 0.001), while the 3-year OS was 93.9% and 76.4%, respectively (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the 3-year RFS of patients who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy was 95.7% and 78.2% between the two groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The optimal cut-off value of immunohistochemical parameter P53 for predicting recurrence was confirmed as 67% and a P53 index above 67% was an independent prognostic factor.

A Nomogram Model Involving Immunohistochemical Markers for Predicting the Recurrence of Stage I-II Endometrial Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to establish a nomogram combining classical parameters and immunohistochemical markers to predict the recurrence of patients with stage I-II endometrial cancer (EC). METHODS: 419 patients with stage I-II endometrial cancer who received primary surgical treatment at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University were involved in this study as a training cohort. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of screening prognostic factors were performed in the training cohort to develop a nomogram model, which was further validated in 248 patients (validation cohort) from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. The calibration curve was used for internal and external verification of the model, and the C-index was used for comparison among different models. RESULTS: There were 51 recurrent cases in the training cohort while 31 cases in the validation cohort. Univariate analysis showed that age, histological type, histological grade, myometrial invasion, cervical stromal invasion, postoperative adjuvant treatment, and four immunohistochemical makers (Ki67, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, P53) were the related factors for recurrence of EC. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that histological type (P = 0.029), myometrial invasion (P = 0.003), cervical stromal invasion (P = 0.001), Ki67 (P < 0.001), ER (P = 0.009) and P53 expression (P = 0.041) were statistically correlated with recurrence of EC. Recurrence-free survival was better predicted by the proposed nomogram with a C-index of 0.832 (95% CI, 0.752-0.912) in the training cohort, and the validation set confirmed the finding with a C-index of 0.861 (95% CI, 0.755-0.967). CONCLUSION: The nomogram model combining classical parameters and immunohistochemical markers can better predict the recurrence in patients with FIGO stage I-II EC.

Predicting Recurrence in Endometrial Cancer Based on a Combination of Classical Parameters and Immunohistochemical Markers.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to establish a nomogram to predict the recurrence of endometrial cancer (EC) by immunohistochemical markers and clinicopathological parameters and to evaluate the discriminative power of this model. METHODS: The data of 473 patients with stages I-III endometrial cancer who had received primary surgical treatment between October 2013 and May 2018 were randomly split into two sets: a training cohort and a validation cohort at a predefined ratio of 7:3. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of screening prognostic factors were performed in the training cohort (n=332) to develop a nomogram model for EC-recurrence prediction, which was further evaluated in the validation cohort (n=141). RESULTS: Univariate analysis found that FIGO stage, histological type, histological grade, myometrial invasion, cervical stromal invasion, postoperative adjuvant treatment, and four immunohistochemical markers (Ki67, ER, PR, and p53) were associated with recurrence in EC. Multivariate analysis showed that FIGO stage, histological type, ER, and p53 were superior parameters to generate the nomogram model for recurrence prediction in EC. Recurrence-free survival was better predicted by the proposed nomogram, with a C-index value of 0.79 (95% CI 0.66-0.92) in the validation cohort. CONCLUSION: This nomogram model involving immunohistochemical markers can better predict recurrence in FIGO stages I-III EC.