ABSTRACT
The optimal operation of the multi-purpose reservoir system is a difficult, and, sometimes, non-linear problem in multi-objective optimization. By simulating biological behavior, meta-heuristic algorithms scan the decision space and can offer a set of points as a group of solutions to a problem. Because it is essential to simultaneously optimize several competing objectives and consider relevant constraints as the main problem in many optimization problems, researchers have improved their ability to solve multi-objective problems by developing complementary multi-objective algorithms. Because the AHA algorithm is new, its multi-objective version, MOAHA (multi-objective artificial hummingbird algorithm), was used in this study and compared with two novel multi-objective algorithms, MOMSA and MOMGA. Schaffer and MMF1 were used as two standard multi-objective benchmark functions to gauge the effectiveness of the proposed method. Then, for 180 months, the best way to operate the reservoir system of the Karun River basin, which includes Karun 4, Karun 3, Karun 1, Masjed-e-Soleyman, and Gotvand Olia dams to generate hydropower energy, supply downstream demands (drinking, agriculture, industry, environmental), and control flooding was examined from September 2000 to August 2015. Four performance appraisal criteria (GD, S, Δ, and MS) and four evaluation indices (reliability, resiliency, vulnerability, and sustainability) were used in Karun's multi-objective multi-reservoir problem to evaluate the performance of the multi-objective algorithm. All three algorithms demonstrated strong capability in criterion problems by using multi-objective algorithms' criteria and performance indicators. The large-scale (1800 dimensions) of the multi-objective operation of the Karun Basin reservoir system was another problem. With a minimum of 1441.71 objectives and an average annual hydropower energy manufacturing of 17,166.47 GW, the MOAHA algorithm demonstrated considerable ability compared to the other two. The final results demonstrated the MOAHA algorithm's excellent performance, particularly in difficult and significant problems such as multi-reservoir systems' optimal operation under various objectives.
ABSTRACT
Fortification of highly-consumed foods such as bread is an easy and cheap strategy to combat the iron deficiency anemia. However, there have sometimes been some side effects such as iron overload and digestive problems. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the amount of iron as well as its non-carcinogenic risks in commonly-used types of Iranian flour and breads (Barbary, Lavash, and Tafton) in Isfahan, Iran. Iron concentration of 100 samples of flour and breads were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer. Moreover, the non-carcinogenic health risk of iron in fortified breads was estimated by Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) in Monte Carlo Simulation technique. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), with a recovery level of 95%, were 1.8 × 10-5 and 5.9 × 10-5 mg/kg, respectively. The total mean concentration of iron in flour (53.48 ± 22.49 mg/kg) and bread (39.02 ± 22.63 mg/kg) samples was within the standard recommended range (40-85 mg/kg) in Iran. THQ for adults and children was equal to 0.53 and 2.48. respectively. Hence, non-carcinogenic risk of iron through bread consumption was acceptable for adults, while it was not acceptable for children as a sensitive group. Consequently, it is required to rescreen the flour and bread fortification program in Iran according to the comprehensive risk assessment studies.