Effective therapeutic strategy for massive retroperitoneal hematoma after conization: arterial embolization and pigtail catheter insertion.

The loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) is commonly used to remove cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) because of its safety profile and likelihood of fewer complications. The authors report a rare case of massive retroperitoneal bleeding combined with hypovolemic shock after LEEP conization. Vessel injury was detected by angiographic computed tomography (CT) and embolization of the uterine artery was successfully performed to achieve hemostasis by an intervention radiologist. A pigtail catheter was subsequently inserted for the drainage of the large retroperitoneal hematoma. The patient did not show any further hemorrhage and recovered safely from hypovolemic shock. Th present case demonstrates a successful multidisciplinary and minimal invasive approach to manage retroperitoneal bleeding with uterine artery embolization. Thus, it should be considered a potential treatment option for hemostasis.

Evaluation of a large-scale donation of Lifebox pulse oximeters to non-physician anaesthetists in Uganda.

Pulse oximetry is widely accepted as essential monitoring for safe anaesthesia, yet is frequently unavailable in resource-limited settings. The Lifebox pulse oximeter, and associated management training programme, was delivered to 79 non-physician anaesthetists attending the 2011 Uganda Society of Anaesthesia Annual Conference. Using a standardised assessment, recipients were tested for their knowledge of oximetry use and hypoxia management before, immediately following and 3-5 months after the training. Before the course, the median (IQR [range]) test score for the anaesthetists was 36 (34-39 [26-44]) out of a maximum of 50 points. Immediately following the course, the test score increased to 41 (38-43 [25-47]); p < 0.0001 and at the follow-up visit at 3-5 months it was 41 (39-44 [33-49]); p = 0.001 compared with immediate post-training test scores, and 75/79 (95%) oximeters were in routine clinical use. This method of introduction resulted in a high rate of uptake of oximeters into clinical practice and a demonstrable retention of knowledge in a resource-limited setting.

Neonatal respiratory infection and adult re-infection: effect on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus in BALB/c mice.

Stressful events during the perinatal period in both humans and animals have long-term consequences for the development and function of physiological systems and susceptibility to disease in adulthood. One form of stress commonly experienced in the neonatal period is exposure to bacterial and viral infections. The current study investigated the effects of live Chlamydia muridarum bacterial infection at birth followed by re-infection in adulthood on hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and stress response outcomes. Within 24 h of birth, neonatal mice were infected intranasally with C. muridarum (400 inclusion-forming units [ifu]) or vehicle. At 42 days, mice were re-infected (100 ifu) and euthanized 10 days later. In males, infection in adulthood alone had the most impact on the parameters measured with significant increases in GR protein compared to adult infection alone; and significant increases MR protein and circulating corticosterone compared to other treatment groups. Neonatal infection alone induced the largest alterations in the females with results showing reciprocal patterns for GR protein and TH protein. Perinatal infection resulted in a blunted response following adult infection for both males and females across all parameters. The present study demonstrates for the first time that males and females respond differently to infection based on the timing of the initial insult and that there is considerable sex differences in the hippocampal phenotypes that emerge in adulthood after neonatal infection.

Clinical assessment of acellular dermal matrix (AlloDerm©) as an option in the replacement of the temporomandibular joint disc: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: There is limited data available in the literature describing the utility of acellular dermal matrix (AlloDerm©) in the replacement of the temporomandibular joint disc. Few reports of clinicians using implantable AlloDerm to replace the disc do exist, however, this has been described for reconstruction after surgical resection of the entire temporomandibular joint complex to treat pathology, as opposed to isolated articular disc disorders. Moreover, there is a lack of description in the literature regarding associated perioperative outcomes after such a procedure. We sought to assess the immediate perioperative outcomes in the form of a pilot study, to determine whether this technique warrants further investigation in the form of prospective clinical studies. METHODS: The study team conducted a retrospective review of medical records for patients who underwent temporomandibular joint discectomy and replacement with AlloDerm© at a single tertiary care center, from 2011 to 2016. Perioperative outcomes of interest including pain levels and range of motion were recorded and descriptive statistics were utilized for statistical analysis. RESULTS: 15 patients met the inclusion criteria, of which 87% were females and 13% males. The mean age was 47.27±15.93 years. Preoperatively, 74% of the patients reported severe pain (VAS scores of 7-10); in contrast, 73% of the patients reported only mild pain (VAS scores of 1-3) during the postoperative visits, suggesting an overall reduction in pain intensity. Range of motion also improved from an average of 27.73±13.04mm, to an average of 38.60±6.08mm (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our preliminary data, patients with advanced TMJ articular disc disorders showed clinical improvement from discectomy and replacement with acellular dermal matrix (AlloDerm©). Further longitudinal studies evaluating long-term outcomes need to be conducted to validate this technique, in the form of larger sample sizes with a control group, as well as radiographic assessment of long-term clinical outcomes.

Animal and translational models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19.

COVID-19 is causing a major once-in-a-century global pandemic. The scientific and clinical community is in a race to define and develop effective preventions and treatments. The major features of disease are described but clinical trials have been hampered by competing interests, small scale, lack of defined patient cohorts and defined readouts. What is needed now is head-to-head comparison of existing drugs, testing of safety including in the background of predisposing chronic diseases, and the development of new and targeted preventions and treatments. This is most efficiently achieved using representative animal models of primary infection including in the background of chronic disease with validation of findings in primary human cells and tissues. We explore and discuss the diverse animal, cell and tissue models that are being used and developed and collectively recapitulate many critical aspects of disease manifestation in humans to develop and test new preventions and treatments.

Reactive oxygen intermediates increase vascular endothelial growth factor expression in vitro and in vivo.

Elevated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels are required for ocular and tumor angiogenesis in animal models. Ischemic hypoxia is strongly correlated with increased VEGF expression in these systems and is considered a physiologically relevant stimulus. Because ischemic hypoxia is often followed by reperfusion and reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) generation, we examined the potential role of ROI in the control of VEGF gene expression. Human retinal pigment epithelial cells exposed to superoxide or hydrogen peroxide rapidly increased VEGF mRNA levels. Superoxide-associated mRNA increases were dose dependent, blocked by antioxidants, and associated with elevated VEGF protein levels in conditioned media. Increases in VEGF mRNA levels were also observed in cultured human melanoma and rat glioblastoma cells with superoxide or hydrogen peroxide. Cycloheximide prevented the ROI-associated increases in VEGF mRNA. Transcriptional inhibition with actinomycin D revealed an inducible increase in VEGF mRNA half-life, but nuclear run-on experiments showed no increase in VEGF transcriptional rate. Reoxygenation of human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro and ocular reperfusion in vivo increased retinal VEGF mRNA levels. Antioxidants prevented the reperfusion-associated VEGF mRNA increases in retina. We conclude that ROIs increase VEGF gene expression in vitro and during the reperfusion of ischemic retina in vivo. The ROI-associated increases are mediated largely through increases in VEGF mRNA stability.

Which MR imaging sequences are necessary in determining the need for radiation therapy for cord compression? A prospective study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To determine which MR imaging sequences are necessary to assess for spinal metastases. METHODS: Hypothetical MR imaging interpretations and management plans were made prospectively for consecutive adult cases acquired retrospectively. Standardized MR imaging protocols were independently interpreted by 2 neuroradiologists. MR imaging protocol types varied: 1) T1-weighted images only; 2) T1-weighted and T2-weighted images; 3) T1-weighted and postcontrast T1-weighted images; and 4) T1- and T2-weighted images and postcontrast T1-weighted images. Hypothetical management plans were created by 2 radiation oncologists. Logit model was used to investigate the effect of MR imaging protocol type on the probability of recommending radiation therapy (RT). Mixed effect models were used to investigate whether median spinal level or total number of spinal levels of planned RT was associated with MR imaging protocol type. RESULTS: Thirty-one subjects were evaluated, each with multiple scan interpretations. Logit model showed that neither MR imaging protocol type nor neuroradiologist reader affected the probability that the oncologist would recommend RT (all P > .50). Mixed models showed that neither ML nor NL was affected by MR imaging protocol type or by neuroradiologist reader (all P > .12). CONCLUSION: Although MR imaging is known to be the most useful diagnostic test in suspected spinal cord compression, which particular MR images are necessary remain unclear. Compared with T1-weighted images alone, the additional use of T2-weighted and/or postcontrast T1-weighted sequences did not significantly affect the probability that RT would be recommended or the levels that would be chosen for RT in our study. Our data suggest that unenhanced T1-weighted images may be sufficient for evaluation of possible cord compression.

Pre-stroke glycemic control is associated with early neurologic deterioration in acute atrial fibrillation-related ischemic stroke.

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that AF-related ischemic stroke (IS) that is accompanied by atherosclerotic burden have poorer outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of pre-stroke glycemic control (PSGC) on the early neurologic deterioration (END) of patients with acute AF-related IS. METHODS: We retrospectively recruited 121 patients with AF-related IS who also had Diabetes mellitus (DM). The HbA1C level was measured in all subjects. END was defined as an increase in the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 4 NIHSS points within 7 days of symptom onset compared to the initial NIHSS score. RESULTS: In this study, 20.7% (25 patients) were classified as having a poor PSGC status with a HbA1C level above 8.0%. In the univariate analysis, a poor PSGC status (p < 0.01), smoking (p = 0.01), severe neurologic deficits at admission (p = 0.01), and a larger size of ischemic lesions on DWI (p < 0.01) were associated with the occurrence of END. In the multivariate model, a poor PSGC status (p = 0.02) and larger size of ischemic lesions on MRI (p < 0.01) were independent predictors of END in acute AF-related IS. CONCLUSION: The HbA1c level upon admission was independently associated with significant prediction of END in acute AF-related IS.

A pathogenic role for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a life-threatening inflammatory respiratory disorder, often induced by cigarette smoke (CS) exposure. The development of effective therapies is impaired by a lack of understanding of the underlining mechanisms. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a cytokine with inflammatory and apoptotic properties. We interrogated a mouse model of CS-induced experimental COPD and human tissues to identify a novel role for TRAIL in COPD pathogenesis. CS exposure of wild-type mice increased TRAIL and its receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and protein levels, as well as the number of TRAIL(+)CD11b(+) monocytes in the lung. TRAIL and its receptor mRNA were also increased in human COPD. CS-exposed TRAIL-deficient mice had decreased pulmonary inflammation, pro-inflammatory mediators, emphysema-like alveolar enlargement, and improved lung function. TRAIL-deficient mice also developed spontaneous small airway changes with increased epithelial cell thickness and collagen deposition, independent of CS exposure. Importantly, therapeutic neutralization of TRAIL, after the establishment of early-stage experimental COPD, reduced pulmonary inflammation, emphysema-like alveolar enlargement, and small airway changes. These data provide further evidence for TRAIL being a pivotal inflammatory factor in respiratory diseases, and the first preclinical evidence to suggest that therapeutic agents that target TRAIL may be effective in COPD therapy.

An avian alpha B-crystallin. Non-lens expression and sequence similarities with both small (HSP27) and large (HSP70) heat shock proteins.

alpha B-crystallin is multifunctional, serving as both a major structural protein in the lens and a small heat-shock protein (shsp) in other tissues in mammals. Cloning and Northern analysis show similarly that alpha B-crystallin mRNA is present in all mature tissues examined in a bird (Anas platyrhynchos), although there are some differences in the pattern of transcripts seen. Interestingly, sequence analysis not only shows that duck alpha B-crystallin is a member of the shsp family, as expected, but that this family shares more distant similarity with another heat shock protein family, the highly conserved HSP70s of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This raises the possibility that large and small hsps may share structural and perhaps functional features.

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for tumor-related hydrocephalus in a pediatric population.

OBJECT: Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) has become a common alternative for managing hydrocephalus in select patients. Nevertheless, there is still controversy regarding the indications for ETV as the primary procedure, given its variable success rates. The purpose of this study is to review the authors' experience with ETV for a variety of patients. METHODS: A total of 43 children underwent ETV between July 1992 and June 2003. Their medical records, operative reports, and imaging studies, when available, were retrospectively reviewed with regard to outcome, complications, and patency rate. Treatment failure was defined as the need to place a shunt within 4 weeks of performing ETV in the patient. There were 20 male and 23 female patients with a mean age of 9.6 years (range 8 weeks-21 years). The overall success rate was 69.8%, and the mean follow-up duration was 24.6 months. Six patients underwent eight repeated ETVs at a mean interval of 25 months, with a patency rate of 62.5% after the second procedure. Only two surgeries were aborted for anatomical reasons. The highest success rates (100% in each instance) were achieved for obstructive hydrocephalus resulting from midbrain/tectal tumor (four patients) and pineal tumor (three patients). CONCLUSIONS: The ETV procedure is an effective management tool for obstructive hydrocephalus in children. It should be considered the primary procedure, rather than ventriculoperitoneal shunts, in carefully selected children. The success rate is dependent on the origin of the hydrocephalus.

Biochemical indicators of implantation success of tissue-engineered oral mucosa.

Real-time (RT) determination of the health of in vitro tissue-engineered constructs prior to grafting is essential for prediction of success of the implanted tissue-engineered graft. In addition, the US Food and Drug Administration requires specific release criteria in RT prior to the release of tissue-engineered devices for human use. In principle, assessing the viability and functionality of the cellular component can be achieved by quantifying the secretion of growth factors and chemokines of tissue-engineered constructs. Ex vivo-produced oral mucosa equivalents (EVPOMEs) were fabricated under thermally stressed conditions at 43 °C for 24 h to create a functionally compromised EVPOME. We used microchannel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate the functionality of the cellular component, oral keratinocytes, of stressed and unstressed EVPOMEs by measuring the release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-8 (IL-8), human ß-defensin 1 (hBD-1), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and 2 (TIMP-1 and -2) into the spent medium, which was collected on the same day prior to graft implantation into severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Implanted EVPOMEs' histology on the seventh postimplantation day was used to correlate outcomes of grafting to secreted amounts of IL-8, hBD-1, VEGF, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 from corresponding EVPOMEs. Our findings showed that significantly higher levels of IL-8, hBD-1, and TIMP-2 were secreted from controls than from thermally stressed EVPOMEs. We also found a direct correlation between secreted VEGF and IL-8 and blood vessel counts of implanted EVPOMEs. We concluded that measuring the constitutive release of these factors can be used as noninvasive predictors of healthy tissue-engineered EVPOMEs in RT, prior to their implantation.

Structure and expression of the duck alpha-enolase/tau-crystallin-encoding gene.

In the duck, the glycolytic enzyme, alpha-enolase (alpha ENO) and the lens structural protein, tau-crystallin (tau CRY), are products of the same gene, an example of protein multi-functionality. We report that duck alpha ENO/tau CRY mRNA levels are developmentally regulated: alpha ENO/tau CRY mRNA levels in the lens increase over those in the liver by embryonic day 14 and, within the lens, are higher in the lens epithelium than in fiber cells. We determined the structure of the duck alpha ENO/tau CRY-encoding gene (alpha ENO/tau CRY), sequenced 1 kb of 5'-flanking region, and demonstrated that this region contains a functional promoter. The gene is 13 kb in size and is composed of twelve exons; the exon organization is identical to that of mammalian enolase-encoding genes. A fragment of 5'-flanking region (-803/+3) containing three CCAAT boxes and a TATA box was able to activate transcription of a heterologous reporter gene when transfected into cultured lens cells. However, in spite of greater quantities of alpha ENO/tau CRY mRNA and protein in the lens, the promoter was equally active in primary cultures of embryonic lens, liver and fibroblast cells. Since the cultured cells unexpectedly lost the restricted pattern of alpha ENO/tau CRY mRNA levels observed in vivo, evaluation of the promoter's tissue specificity was precluded.

Analysis of treatment modalities and their failures in stage IB cancer of the cervix.

This is a retrospective analysis of 240 patients who had clinical Stage IB cancer of the cervix treated with radiation between 1969 and 1980. Of these, 186 patients were treated with a combination of external and intracavitary radiation therapy, and 54 patients received adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy. The minimum follow-up was 5 years. In the group who received only radiation therapy, the overall recurrence in 170 patients (excluding 16 patients found at laparotomy to have unresectable disease) was 17% (29 of 170); pelvic recurrence was 9% and distant metastases alone was 6%. In the group who received the adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy, 16 patients had a simple hysterectomy followed by vaginal ovoid and/or external pelvic irradiation for an unexpected Stage IB cancer of the cervix. Their overall recurrence was 37.5% (6 of 16). Pelvic recurrence was the most common treatment failure with a recurrence of 31%. Significant prognostic factors were depth of stromal invasion and status of surgical margins. Thirty-eight patients had a radical hysterectomy followed by postoperative radiation therapy because of positive pelvic lymph nodes and/or close surgical margins. In patients with positive pelvic lymph nodes, the overall recurrence was 39% (9 of 23); pelvic recurrence was 13%. Distant metastases, the most common treatment failure, was 26%. In seven patients with close surgical margins, five recurred in the pelvis. There was no distant metastases without pelvic failure. Five of eight patients with close paracervical margins recurred in the pelvis. All five of these patients were treated with vaginal ovoid irradiation alone. Whole pelvic irradiation plus vaginal ovoid irradiation is necessary in those with close paracervical margins. The vaginal ovoid irradiation alone should be limited to very selected patients with positive vaginal margins only.

Skeletal metastases from cancer of the uterine cervix: frequency, patterns, and radiotherapeutic significance.

The records of eight hundred two patients who received primary radiotherapy for invasive cervical cancer between 1969 and 1985 were reviewed. The incidence of bone metastasis was 1.9% (15/802). Lumbar spine involvement was the most common site, followed by the pelvic bones. Lumbar spine involvement was characterized by unilateral destruction of one or several contiguous vertebrae. All 10 patients with lumbar spine involvement were associated with a para-spinal mass. In seven of ten patients, this bone destruction due to direct extension from metastatic para-aortic tumor was the only recurrent cancer. In contrast, involvement of a long bone, a rib or the skull indicates hematogenous bone metastasis. When a spine X ray or bone scan is positive in the lumbar area in a cervical cancer patient with back pain, a CT scan should be performed to determine the extent of the underlying tumor. This will allow more accurate establishment of a radiation treatment plan, and will improve the chances for successful palliation.

Adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy following radical hysterectomy in stage IB CA of the cervix--analysis of treatment failure.

Among 240 patients treated by radiation therapy for clinical Stage IB cancer of the cervix between 1969 and 1980, 38 patients received postoperative pelvic radiation therapy after radical hysterectomy because of positive pelvic lymph nodes and/or close surgical margins. The overall recurrence was 45% (17 of 38), and the major complication rate was 15% in minimum 5-year follow-up. In patients with positive pelvic lymph nodes, the pelvic recurrence was 13% (3 of 23). However, distant metastases alone was 26% (6 of 23), which was the most common treatment failure. In 11 patients with close surgical margins, eight patients had paracervical margins and three had vaginal margins. All five patients with paracervical margins treated with vaginal ovoid irradiation only had pelvic recurrence. No local failure occurred in the other three patients treated with whole pelvic irradiation. All patients with vaginal margin alone treated with vaginal ovoid or whole pelvic irradiation had no recurrence of cancer in the pelvis. On the basis of our data, whole pelvic irradiation with or without vaginal ovoid irradiation is necessary in those with a close paracervical margin. In patients with close vaginal margin, whole pelvic irradiation with or without vaginal ovoid irradiation is recommended. The vaginal ovoid irradiation alone should be limited to very selected cases.

Use of ultrasound scan in prostatic I-125 implantation.

The average dimension of prostate was measured by transabdominal ultrasonography preoperatively to compare with direct intraoperative measurements in 28 patients undergoing suprapubic I-125 seed implantation for the treatment of prostatic cancer. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.932) was found between these two measurements. Transabdominal ultrasonography is a relatively simple and accurate non-invasive method of determining the number of I-125 seeds needed to implant the patient with prostatic malignancy.

Radiation alone in the treatment of cancer of the uterine cervix: analysis of pelvic failure and dose response relationship.

This retrospective analysis involves 569 patients with invasive cancer of the uterine cervix treated with irradiation alone between 1969 and 1980. Treatment consisted of external and intracavitary irradiation and treatment policy remained consistent throughout the study interval. In early stage disease (FIGO IA, IB, and IIA), pelvic failure was 4.6%, 11.2%, and 8.2%, respectively. In late stage disease (FIGO IIB, III, and IVA), pelvic failure was 30.1%, 52.3%, and 69.2%, respectively. Further analysis revealed that total dose at point A is well correlated with pelvic control. An aggressive treatment is crucial in late stage disease in determining the probability of pelvic tumor control and survival. Methods of dose prescription, dose-response relationships, treatment philosophy and its therapeutic implications are discussed.

Dynamics of pear-shaped dimensions and volume of intracavitary brachytherapy in cancer of the cervix: a desirable pear shape in the era of three-dimensional treatment planning.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the dynamics of pear-shaped dimensions and volume of the intracavitary brachytherapy, and to define a desirable pear-shape in the era of three-dimensional (3D) treatment planning. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Since Point A has been used for the dose specification, the pear shape defined the surface enclosed by Point A. This study utilized a new method of evaluating pear-shaped dimensions and its configuration. The pear shape was artificially divided into tandem and colpostat portions for evaluation of its changes. Width, height, and thickness at the tandem portion (Wt, Ht, and Tt) and at the colpostat portion (Wc, Hc, and Tc) were defined, respectively, on the frontal and sagittal plane. To evaluate the dynamics of the pear-shape configuration, 12 variations of applicator geometry and source loading were applied to generate the pear-shape isodose line and dose-volume histogram. RESULTS: When the source strengths in the colpostats were reduced for optimization with the same dose to Point A dose, Wc, Hc, and Tc were decreased, whereas Wt, Ht, and Tt were increased without a change in the overall pear-shaped volume. When the separation of the colpostats was increased without a change in the source strength, Wc was increased, whereas Hc and Tc were reduced without a change in Wt, Ht, Tt and overall pear-shape volume. When the separation of colpostats and distal tandem source were increased, these changes at the colpostat portion were magnified. However, when both colpostat separation and its source strength were increased proportionally, Wc, Hc, and Tc were increased proportionally as well as its volume. CONCLUSION: The dose specification at Point A is less meaningful without a desirable pear shape encompassing the tumor around the cervix. In the era of 3D treatment planning, understanding the dynamics of the pear shape should improve the individualized dosimetry according to tumor size and location. The relationships between a desirable pear shape and its tumor coverage should establish a more reliable dose specification for cancer of the cervix.

Malignant epidural spinal cord compression associated with a paravertebral mass: its radiotherapeutic outcome on radiosensitivity.

PURPOSE: To evaluate clinical characteristics and functional outcome of malignant epidural spinal cord compression associated with a paravertebral mass. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1987 and 1990, 136 patients with epidural spinal cord compression were treated with irradiation. Of these, 25 patients (18%) had epidural spinal cord compression associated with a paravertebral mass. This report is based on analysis of these 25 patients. Fourteen patients received 3000 cGy in 10 fractions. Seven received 4000 cGy in 16 fractions. Four received 2000 cGy in 5 fractions. Motor function was evaluated by five grades. RESULTS: Lung cancer accounted for the majority of epidural spinal cord compression with a paravertebral mass (60%) followed by lymphoma (8%) and kidney tumor (8%). This pattern of epidural spinal cord compression has a longer duration of pain before developing neurologic symptoms and has a high propensity of the upper thoracic spine involvement by an apical lung cancers. The functional outcome of radiation treatment reveals a significant difference between moderately radiosensitive tumors (lung, prostate, cervix, esophagus) and very radiosensitive tumor (lymphoma). None of the nonambulatory patients became ambulatory following radiotherapy except for the very radiosensitive tumors. Higher doses of radiation treatment (4000 cGy in 16 fractions) did not improve functional outcome. CONCLUSION: Due to the larger tumor burden, radiation treatment for epidural spinal cord compression associated with a paravertebral mass is not as effective as treatment of epidural spinal cord compression without a paravertebral mass except for the very radiosensitive tumor. Therefore, combined treatment modality might be beneficial for improving functional outcome.