Localization of EccA3 at the growing pole in Mycobacterium smegmatis.

BACKGROUND: Bacteria require specialized secretion systems for the export of molecules into the extracellular space to modify their environment and scavenge for nutrients. The ESX-3 secretion system is required by mycobacteria for iron homeostasis. The ESX-3 operon encodes for one cytoplasmic component (EccA3) and five membrane components (EccB3 - EccE3 and MycP3). In this study we sought to identify the sub-cellular location of EccA3 of the ESX-3 secretion system in mycobacteria. RESULTS: Fluorescently tagged EccA3 localized to a single pole in the majority of Mycobacterium smegmatis cells and time-lapse fluorescent microscopy identified this pole as the growing pole. Deletion of ESX-3 did not prevent polar localization of fluorescently tagged EccA3, suggesting that EccA3 unipolar localization is independent of other ESX-3 components. Affinity purification - mass spectrometry was used to identify EccA3 associated proteins which may contribute to the localization of EccA3 at the growing pole. EccA3 co-purified with fatty acid metabolism proteins (FAS, FadA3, KasA and KasB), mycolic acid synthesis proteins (UmaA, CmaA1), cell division proteins (FtsE and FtsZ), and cell shape and cell cycle proteins (MurS, CwsA and Wag31). Secretion system related proteins Ffh, SecA1, EccA1, and EspI were also identified. CONCLUSIONS: Time-lapse microscopy demonstrated that EccA3 is located at the growing pole in M. smegmatis. The co-purification of EccA3 with proteins known to be required for polar growth, mycolic acid synthesis, the Sec secretion system (SecA1), and the signal recognition particle pathway (Ffh) also suggests that EccA3 is located at the site of active cell growth.

Identifying nucleic acid-associated proteins in Mycobacterium smegmatis by mass spectrometry-based proteomics.

BACKGROUND: Transcriptional responses required to maintain cellular homeostasis or to adapt to environmental stress, is in part mediated by several nucleic-acid associated proteins. In this study, we sought to establish an affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS) approach that would enable the collective identification of nucleic acid-associated proteins in mycobacteria. We hypothesized that targeting the RNA polymerase complex through affinity purification would allow for the identification of RNA- and DNA-associated proteins that not only maintain the bacterial chromosome but also enable transcription and translation. RESULTS: AP-MS analysis of the RNA polymerase ß-subunit cross-linked to nucleic acids identified 275 putative nucleic acid-associated proteins in the model organism Mycobacterium smegmatis under standard culturing conditions. The AP-MS approach successfully identified proteins that are known to make up the RNA polymerase complex, as well as several other known RNA polymerase complex-associated proteins such as a DNA polymerase, sigma factors, transcriptional regulators, and helicases. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of the identified proteins revealed that this approach selected for proteins with GO terms associated with nucleic acids and cellular metabolism. Importantly, we identified several proteins of unknown function not previously known to be associated with nucleic acids. Validation of several candidate nucleic acid-associated proteins demonstrated for the first time DNA association of ectopically expressed MSMEG_1060, MSMEG_2695 and MSMEG_4306 through affinity purification. CONCLUSIONS: Effective identification of nucleic acid-associated proteins, which make up the RNA polymerase complex as well as other DNA- and RNA-associated proteins, was facilitated by affinity purification of the RNA polymerase ß-subunit in M. smegmatis. The successful identification of several transcriptional regulators suggest that our approach could be sensitive enough to investigate the nucleic acid-associated proteins that maintain cellular functions and mediate transcriptional and translational change in response to environmental stress.

Mycobacterial nucleoid associated proteins: An added dimension in gene regulation.

Nucleoid associated proteins (NAPs) are known organisers of chromosomal structure and regulators of transcriptional expression. The number of proposed NAPs in mycobacteria are significantly lower than the number identified in other organisms. An interesting feature of mycobacterial NAPs is their low sequence similarity with those in other species, a property that has hindered their identification. In this review, we discuss the current evidence for the proposed classification of six mycobacterial proteins, Lsr2, EspR, mIHF, HupB, MDP2 and NapM, as NAPs in mycobacterial species with an emphasis on their roles in modulating chromosome structure and transcriptional regulation. In addition, we highlight the technical difficulties associated with investigating and providing evidence for the classification of proteins as NAPs in mycobacteria. We also address the role of mycobacterial NAPs as mediators of stress responses and highlight the recent developments aimed at targeting NAP-DNA interactions for the development of novel anti-TB drugs.