Redefining migraine prevention: early treatment with anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies enhances response in the real world.

BACKGROUND: Anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies (anti-CGRP MAbs) are approved and available treatments for migraine prevention. Patients do not respond alike and many countries have reimbursement policies, which hinder treatments to those who might respond. This study aimed to investigate clinical factors associated with good and excellent response to anti-CGRP MAbs at 6 months. METHODS: European multicentre, prospective, real-world study, including high-frequency episodic or chronic migraine (CM) patients treated since March 2018 with anti-CGRP MAbs. We defined good and excellent responses as ≥50% and ≥75% reduction in monthly headache days (MHD) at 6 months, respectively. Generalised mixed-effect regression models (GLMMs) were used to identify variables independently associated with treatment response. RESULTS: Of the 5818 included patients, 82.3% were females and the median age was 48.0 (40.0-55.0) years. At baseline, the median of MHD was 20.0 (14.0-28.0) days/months and 72.2% had a diagnosis of CM. At 6 months (n=4963), 56.5% (2804/4963) were good responders and 26.7% (1324/4963) were excellent responders. In the GLMM model, older age (1.08 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.15), p=0.016), the presence of unilateral pain (1.39 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.60), p<0.001), the absence of depression (0.840 (95% CI 0.731 to 0.966), p=0.014), less monthly migraine days (0.923 (95% CI 0.862 to 0.989), p=0.023) and lower Migraine Disability Assessment at baseline (0.874 (95% CI 0.819 to 0.932), p<0.001) were predictors of good response (AUC of 0.648 (95% CI 0.616 to 0.680)). These variables were also significant predictors of excellent response (AUC of 0.691 (95% CI 0.651 to 0.731)). Sex was not significant in the GLMM models. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest real-world study of migraine patients treated with anti-CGRP MAbs. It provides evidence that higher migraine frequency and greater disability at baseline reduce the likelihood of responding to anti-CGRP MAbs, informing physicians and policy-makers on the need for an earlier treatment in order to offer the best chance of treatment success.

Visual snow syndrome in patients with migraine: widening the clinical spectrum of the syndrome with permanent and episodic manifestations.

PURPOSE: Migraine is the comorbidity most frequently associated with visual snow syndrome (VSS), but the prevalence of VSS in patients with migraine (PWM) has not been studied. Our objective was to evaluate the frequency of VSS in PWM and to analyze if symptoms of VSS happened in a permanent or episodic manner (eVSS) in this population. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter observational cross-sectional study. PWM was recruited from headache units, and a survey about the presence of visual snow symptoms was administered. The frequency and characteristics of patients that met current VSS criteria were analyzed. Demographic and clinical features of patients with VSS, eVSS, and PWM with no visual snow were compared. RESULTS: A total of 217 PWM were included. Seventeen patients (7.8%) met the VSS criteria. VSS patients had visual aura more frequently (58.8% vs. 31%; p = 0.019) and a higher MIDAS score (96.6 vs. 47.7; p = 0.014). Fifty-eight PWM (26.7%) showed visual snow and associated features in an episodic way and were classified as eVSS. Patients with VSS showed a tendency towards a higher frequency of visual symptoms than patients with eVSS (p > 0.05). No statistically significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics and comorbid conditions were found between VSS and eVSS. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of VSS in PWM may be higher than that described for the general population. Some PWM may present similar visual symptoms to patients with VSS but in an episodic manner. Our study reinforces the observation that the clinical spectrum of visual snow is likely to be broader than previously described.

Long-term effectiveness and tolerability of galcanezumab in patients with migraine excluded from clinical trials: real world evidence of 1055 patients with 1 year follow-up from the Galca-Only registry.

BACKGROUND: Galcanezumab has shown efficacy and effectiveness in the treatment of episodic and chronic migraine (CM), however, the population represented in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) differs from the population observed in real-world setting. To describe the long-term effectiveness and tolerability of galcanezumab in clinical practice in patients excluded from RCTs. METHODS: Multicenter prospective cohort study of consecutive patients with chronic and high-frequency episodic migraine (HFEM) with prior failure to three or more migraine preventive drugs, treated with galcanezumab and followed up for 12 months. RESULTS: We enrolled 1055 patients, aged 50 (IQR: 42-58), 82.9% female, 76.4% chronic migraine, 69% with at least one exclusion criteria for RCTs, including age > 65 (n = 121), concomitant use of onabotulinumtoxinA (n = 185), daily headache at baseline (n = 347), chronic painful syndromes (n = 206), fibromyalgia (n = 101) or treatment resistance (n = 957). The median number of prior preventive treatments was 4 (IQR: 3-5). The retention rate was 90.8%, 76.8% and 71.4% at 3, 6 and 12 months. The main reasons for treatment discontinuation were lack of effectiveness (21.1%) and inadequate tolerability (6.6%). The 30%, 50% and 75% responder rates were 62.6%, 49.8% and 24.2% between weeks 8-12; 60.9%, 48.8% and 24.6% between weeks 20-24; and 59.7%, 48.3% and 24.6% between weeks 44-48. Daily headache at baseline (OR: 0.619; 95%CI: 0.469-0.817) and patient's age (OR: 1.016; 95%CI: 1.005-1.026) were associated with 50% response at weeks 20-24. The variables that were associated with a higher reduction of headache days between weeks 20-24 were patient's age (0.068; 95% CI: 0.018-0.119) and headache days per month at baseline (0.451; 95% CI: 0.319-0.583), while psychiatric comorbidity (-1.587; 95% CI: -2.626-0.538) and daily headache at baseline (-2.718; 95% CI: -4.58-0.869) were associated with fewer reduction in the number of headache days between weeks 20-24. CONCLUSION: This study provides class III evidence of effectiveness and tolerability of galcanezumab in patients with HFEM and CM with comorbidities that would result in exclusion of the pivotal RCTs. Nonetheless, the clinical results over a 12-month period were similar to the efficacy observed in randomized controlled trials. Few patients discontinued the drug due to inadequate tolerability.

Effectiveness and safety of anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies in patients over 65 years: a real-life multicentre analysis of 162 patients.

BACKGROUND: Anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies have shown notable effectiveness and tolerability in migraine patients; however, data on their use in elderly patients is still lacking, as clinical trials have implicit age restrictions and real-world evidence is scarce. In this study, we aimed to describe the safety and effectiveness of erenumab, galcanezumab and fremanezumab in migraine patients over 65 years old in real-life. METHODS: In this observational real-life study, a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from 18 different headache units in Spain was performed. Migraine patients who started treatment with any anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody after the age of 65 years were included. Primary endpoints were reduction in monthly migraine days after 6 months of treatment and the presence of adverse effects. Secondary endpoints were reductions in headache and medication intake frequencies by months 3 and 6, response rates, changes in patient-reported outcomes and reasons for discontinuation. As a subanalysis, reduction in monthly migraine days and proportion of adverse effects were also compared among the three monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: A total of 162 patients were included, median age 68 years (range 65-87), 74.1% women. 42% had dyslipidaemia, 40.3% hypertension, 8% diabetes, and 6.2% previous cardiovascular ischaemic disease. The reduction in monthly migraine days at month 6 was 10.1 ± 7.3 days. A total of 25.3% of patients presented adverse effects, all of them mild, with only two cases of blood pressure increase. Headache and medication intake frequencies were significantly reduced, and patient-reported outcomes were improved. The proportions of responders were 68%, 57%, 33% and 9% for reductions in monthly migraine days ≥ 30%, ≥ 50%, ≥ 75% and 100%, respectively. A total of 72.8% of patients continued with the treatment after 6 months. The reduction in migraine days was similar for the different anti-CGRP treatments, but fewer adverse effects were detected with fremanezumab (7.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Anti-CGRP mAbs are safe and effective treatments in migraine patients over 65 years old in real-life clinical practice.

Nummular headache responsive to anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies in a patient with migraine.

BACKGROUND: Nummular headache (NH) is defined by the presence of localized pain circumscribed to a round or elliptical area of the scalp, with a well-defined contour and a diameter of 1-6 cm. Although some evidence supports a peripheral mechanism, its etiopathogenesis remains unclear. CASE: We report the case of a 64-year-old man with high-frequency episodic migraine who has used topiramate, beta-blockers, flunarizine, and amitriptyline without effect. In the last 8 years he also had continuous pain in an oval area of the scalp, consistent with NH. Triptans were ineffective for this new pain, and preventive therapy with gabapentin and onabotulinumtoxinA in the painful area had no effect. NH remitted when the patient received monthly treatment with subcutaneous galcanezumab for his migraine. CONCLUSIONS: Monoclonal antibodies against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), in particular galcanezumab, might be an effective therapy in some patients with NH. CGRP may have a role in the etiopathogenesis of this headache, which warrants further investigation.

Treatment satisfaction with calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies as a new patient-reported outcome measure: A real-life experience in migraine.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate treatment satisfaction with galcanezumab as a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) in migraine. METHODS: Patients with ≥8 headache days/month that had failed at ≥3 medications were included. Demographic and medical history were collected. Patient´s satisfaction (effectiveness, safety, convenience, and global satisfaction [GS]) was assessed by the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication version 1.4 (TSQM-1.4©). RESULTS: We included 30 patients with migraine (76.7% chronic migraine). After 12 weeks of galcanezumab treatment, median monthly headache days (MHDs) decreased 11.5 (IQR 14.0) and median monthly migraine days (MMDs) 9.0 (IQR 7.5); at 24 weeks, the change was 15.0 (IQR 12.0) and 8.0 days (IQR 6.0). HIT-6 score decreased from 68.0 (IQR 7.5) to 54.0 (IQR 9.5) at 12 weeks (p < .001) and to 52.0 (IQR12.0) at 24 weeks (p < .001) and MIDAS from 60.0 (IQR 62.7) to 25.5 (IQR 41.2, p = .004) and 7.0 (IQR 18.5, p < .001), respectively. TSQM-1.4© at 12 weeks was higher compared to other preventive therapy in effectiveness (80.6/50.4, p < .001), convenience (83.3/66.7, p = .001), and GS (78.6/50.0, p < .001). These rates of satisfaction were similar at 24 weeks of galcanezumab treatment. Reductions in HIT-6 (r = -.444, p = .014), MIDAS (r = -.423, p = .020), MMDs (r = -.515, p = .004), and MHDs (r = -.477, p = .008) were associated significantly with GS at 12 weeks. This correlation was significantly associated with changes in HIT-6 and MHDs at 24 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that migraine patients receiving galcanezumab are significantly more satisfied compared to other preventive therapies, associating treatment GS with meaningful reductions in frequency, impact, and disability caused by migraine.

Cognitive performance in patients with episodic cluster headache outside and inside the active cluster.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown worse cognitive performance in cluster headache (CH) patients compared to healthy controls; however, little is known about cognitive performance in episodic CH (ECH) patients outside and inside the active cluster (AC). OBJECTIVE: Our aim is to compare cognitive function in ECH patients outside and inside the AC. METHODS: In this cross-sectional, observational study, four neuropsychological tests (Trail Making Test [TMT], Stroop Test [ST], verbal fluency [VF], and Symbol Digit Modalities Test [SDT]) were completed by 21 ECH patients at two different points in time: outside and inside the AC. We also assessed self-reported sleep quality and the presence of anxiety or depressive symptoms. Scores were compared. RESULTS: There was not any difference between the scores of the neuropsychological tests performed outside and inside the AC (TMT-A: 23 vs. 23.5; p = 0.984; TMT-B: 96.5 vs. 85.9; p = 0.104; ST word reading: 101.0 vs. 101.2; p = 0.938; ST color naming: 73.0 vs. 73.4; p = 0.858; ST color word: 44.0 vs. 46.0; p = 0.498; SDMT: 44.0 vs. 44.6; p = 0.961; VF phonemic: 29.5 vs. 30.2; p = 0.714; VF semantic: 20 vs. 21; p = 0.489). We found a worsening in the sleep quality component of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index median scores in patients outside the AC (2 vs. 1; p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that patients with ECH have a similar cognitive performance outside and during the AC.

Cognitive Performance in Episodic Cluster Headache.

BACKGROUND: Cluster headache is one of the most disabling of all headache conditions. Although some studies have investigated the psychological profile of patients with cluster headache, research on its impact on cognitive function in patients with episodic cluster headache outside the cluster bout is scant. METHODS: Cross-sectional study to evaluate various aspects of neuropsychological assessment and cognitive function including working memory, selective attention, verbal fluency, and executive function in 40 patients with episodic cluster headache. The patients were compared with 40 age-, gender-, and level of education-matched healthy controls. RESULTS: Episodic cluster headache patients performed significantly worse than healthy controls on all cognitive tests, except for the Interference Score (P = 0.281). They had significantly higher Hospital Anxiety Scale scores (P = 0.002). However, we found no significant association between cognitive performance, anxiety, sleep quality, and disease duration. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with episodic cluster headache outside the bout showed worse executive functioning, working memory, language, and selective attention compared with healthy controls, regardless of the duration of disease or sleep quality.

Migraine treatment consensus document of the Spanish Society of Neurology (SEN), Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine (SEMFYC), Society of Primary Care Medicine (SEMERGEN) and Spanish Association of Migraine and Headache (AEMICE) on migraine treatment. / Documento de consenso de la Sociedad Española de Neurología (SEN), Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria (SEMFYC), Sociedad de Medicina de Atención Primaria (SEMERGEN) y Asociación Española de Migraña y Cefalea (AEMICE) sobre el tratamiento de la migraña.

Migraine is a disease with a high prevalence and incidence, in addition to being highly disabling, causing a great impact on the patient's quality of life at a personal, family and work level, but also social, given its high expense due to its direct (care) and indirect (presenteeism and work absenteeism) costs. The multiple and recent developments in its pathophysiological knowledge and in its therapy require updating and, therefore, in this article the Spanish scientific societies most involved in its study and treatment (SEN, SEMFYC and SEMERGEN), together with the Association Spanish Association for Patients with Migraine and other Headaches (AEMICE), we have developed these updated care recommendations. We reviewed the treatment of migraine attacks, which consisted mainly of the use of NSAIDs and triptans, to which ditans and gepants have been added. We also discuss preventive treatment consisting of oral preventive drugs, botulinum toxin, and treatments that block the action of calcitonin-related peptide (CGRP). Finally, we emphasize that pharmacological treatments must be complementary to carrying out general measures consisting of identifying and managing/deletion the precipitating factors of the attacks and the chronicizing factors, controlling the comorbidities of migraine and eliminating analgesic overuse.

Dysautonomia in COVID-19 Patients: A Narrative Review on Clinical Course, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies.

Introduction: On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization sounded the COVID-19 pandemic alarm. While efforts in the first few months focused on reducing the mortality of infected patients, there is increasing data on the effects of long-term infection (Post-COVID-19 condition). Among the different symptoms described after acute infection, those derived from autonomic dysfunction are especially frequent and limiting. Objective: To conduct a narrative review synthesizing current evidence of the signs and symptoms of dysautonomia in patients diagnosed with COVID-19, together with a compilation of available treatment guidelines. Results: Autonomic dysfunction associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs at different temporal stages. Some of the proposed pathophysiological mechanisms include direct tissue damage, immune dysregulation, hormonal disturbances, elevated cytokine levels, and persistent low-grade infection. Acute autonomic dysfunction has a direct impact on the mortality risk, given its repercussions on the respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological systems. Iatrogenic autonomic dysfunction is a side effect caused by the drugs used and/or admission to the intensive care unit. Finally, late dysautonomia occurs in 2.5% of patients with Post-COVID-19 condition. While orthostatic hypotension and neurally-mediated syncope should be considered, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) appears to be the most common autonomic phenotype among these patients. A review of diagnostic and treatment guidelines focused on each type of dysautonomic condition was done. Conclusion: Symptoms deriving from autonomic dysfunction involvement are common in those affected by COVID-19. These symptoms have a great impact on the quality of life both in the short and medium to long term. A better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of Post-COVID manifestations that affect the autonomic nervous system, and targeted therapeutic management could help reduce the sequelae of COVID-19, especially if we act in the earliest phases of the disease.

Cutaneous Allodynia in Migraine: A Narrative Review.

OBJECTIVE: In the present work, we conduct a narrative review of the most relevant literature on cutaneous allodynia (CA) in migraine. BACKGROUND: CA is regarded as the perception of pain in response to non-noxious skin stimulation. The number of research studies relating to CA and migraine has increased strikingly over the last few decades. Therefore, the clinician treating migraine patients must recognize this common symptom and have up-to-date knowledge of its importance from the pathophysiological, diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic point of view. METHODS: We performed a comprehensive narrative review to analyze existing literature regarding CA in migraine, with a special focus on epidemiology, pathophysiology, assessment methods, risk for chronification, diagnosis and management. PubMed and the Cochrane databases were used for the literature search. RESULTS: The prevalence of CA in patients with migraine is approximately 60%. The mechanisms underlying CA in migraine are not completely clarified but include a sensitization phenomenon at different levels of the trigemino-talamo-cortical nociceptive pathway and dysfunction of brainstem and cortical areas that modulate thalamocortical inputs. The gold standard for the assessment of CA is quantitative sensory testing (QST), but the validated Allodynia 12-item questionnaire is preferred in clinical setting. The presence of CA is associated with an increased risk of migraine chronification and has therapeutic implications. CONCLUSIONS: CA is a marker of central sensitization in patients with migraine that has been associated with an increased risk of chronification and may influence therapeutic decisions.

Neurological manifestations of Behçet's disease: Case report and literature review. / Manifestaciones neurológicas de la enfermedad de Behçet: descripción de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

Neurological involvement in Behçet's disease is rare, especially at the onset. It can present in the form of parenchymal changes or as damage to the vascular structures in its nonparenchymal form. The coexistence of both kinds of manifestations in the same patient is exceptional. We report the case of a 32-year-old patient with a history of deep venous thrombosis, who was being treated for holocranial headache, apathy, and oral and genital ulcers. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed hyperintense lesions in the basal ganglia and white matter, and the vascular study evidenced venous thrombosis of the left transverse sinus. After confirming the diagnosis of Behçet's disease with parenchymal and nonparenchymal cerebral involvement, immunosuppressive and corticosteroid therapy was started, resulting in the remission of the symptoms.