Effect of the Texel muscling QTL (TM-QTL) on spine characteristics in purebred Texel lambs.

Previous work showed that the Texel muscling QTL (TM-QTL) results in pronounced hypertrophy in the loin muscle, with the largest phenotypic effects observed in lambs inheriting a single copy of the allele from the sire. As the loin runs parallel to the spinal vertebrae, and the development of muscle and bone are closely linked, the primary aim of this study was to investigate if there were any subsequent associations between TM-QTL inheritance and underlying spine characteristics (vertebrae number, VN; spine region length, SPL; average length of individual vertebrae, VL) of the thoracic, lumbar, and thoracolumbar spine regions. Spine characteristics were measured from X-ray computed tomography (CT) scans for 142 purebred Texel lambs which had been previously genotyped. Least-squares means were significantly different between genotype groups for lumbar and thoracic VN and lumbar SPL. Similarly for these traits, contrasts were shown to be significant for particular modes of gene action but overall were inconclusive. In general, the results showed little evidence that spine trait phenotypes were associated with differences in loin muscling associated with the different TM-QTL genotypes.

Prediction of intramuscular fat in lamb by visible and near-infrared spectroscopy in an abattoir environment.

The study used visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (Vis-NIR) in a large commercial processing plant, to test a system for meat quality (intramuscular fat; IMF) data collection within a supply chain for UK lamb meat. Crossbred Texel x Scotch Mule lambs (n = 220), finished on grass on 4 farms and slaughtered across 2 months, were processed through the abattoir and cutting plant and recorded using electronic identification. Vis-NIR scanning of the cut surface of the M. longissimus lumborum produced spectral data that predicted laboratory-measured IMF% with moderate accuracy (R2 0.38-0.48). Validation of the Vis-NIR prediction equations on an independent sample of 30 lambs slaughtered later in the season, provided similar accuracy of IMF prediction (R2 0.54). Values of IMF from four different laboratory tests were highly correlated with each other (r 0.82-0.95) and with Vis-NIR predicted IMF (r 0.66-0.75). Results suggest scope to collect lamb loin IMF data from a commercial UK abattoir, to sort cuts for different customers or to feed back to breeding programmes to improve meat quality.

Meat eating and nutritional quality of lambs sired by high and low muscle density rams.

Intramuscular fat (IMF) content affects eating and nutritional quality of lamb meat. Muscle density measured by computer tomography is an in vivo proxy measure of IMF content that affects eating and nutritional quality of lamb meat. Lambs sired by high muscle density (HMD) or low muscle density (LMD) rams, selected for slaughter on commercial criteria were measured for meat quality and nutritional traits. A restricted maximum likelihood model was used to compare lamb traits. Additionally, regression analysis of sire estimated breeding value (EBV) for muscle density was performed for each meat quality trait. Muscle density EBV had a negative regression with IMF content (P < 0.001). For each unit increase in muscle density EBV, there was a significant decrease in loin (-1.69 mg/100 g fresh weight) and topside IMF (-0.03 mg/100 g fresh weight). Muscle density EBV had a negative regression with grouped saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids concentration (and monounsaturated proportion P < 0.001). Muscle density EBV had a negative regression with loin sensory traits tenderness, juiciness and overall liking and many novel tenderness sensory traits measured (P < 0.05). Selecting for LMD EBV increased IMF content and favourable meat eating quality traits. In contrast, sire muscle density EBV had a positive regression with loin polyunsaturated:saturated fat ratio and grouped polyunsaturated proportion traits (including total polyunsaturated proportion, total omega-6 (n-6) and total omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (P < 0.001). This is explained by the fact that as sire muscle density EBV increases, polyunsaturated fatty acid proportion increases and the proportion of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid content decreases. Muscle density EBV had a positive regression with shear force and the novel toughness sensory traits (P < 0.05). Selection for HMD EBV's increased shear force and toughness traits, which is unfavourable for the consumer. Low muscle density sired meat had higher meat colour traits chroma/saturation (+0.64, SD 2.30, P = 0.012), redness (+0.52, SD 1.91, P = 0.012) and yellowness (+0.31, SD 1.49, P = 0.08) compared to HMD sired meat. Selection for LMD could be used within a breeding programme to increase IMF content and enhance both meat colour and improve eating quality parameters.

Prediction of lamb meat eating quality in two divergent breeds using various live animal and carcass measurements.

This study investigated how accurately taste panel sensory assessments of meat eating quality (MEQ) could be predicted in two divergent lamb breeds, using predictors measured in live animals (weights, subjective conformation assessments, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and video image analysis measurements) and carcasses (weights, MLC fat and conformation classes, pH, temperature, carcass dimensions and cross-sectional tissue dimensions), individually and in optimal combinations. Grilled muscle samples from the pelvic limb (semimembranosus) and loin (Longissimus lumborum) of 120 Texel (TEX) and 112 Scottish Blackface (SBF) lambs were assessed by a trained taste panel for texture, juiciness, flavour, abnormal flavour and overall liking. Residual correlations (adjusted for fixed effects, age and sire) between MEQ and predictor traits were low to moderate in size (<±0.42). MEQ traits predicted best by single measurements were loin flavour and overall liking for TEX (using fat area in a CT scan or subcutaneous fat depth measured post-mortem), and for SBF were leg texture (using carcass weight or temperature) and juiciness (using CT fat area or shoulder conformation score). Combining live animal and carcass measurements increased MEQ prediction accuracies, compared with using either set alone, to explain >40% of residual variation in several MEQ traits, with the highest adjusted R(2) values for leg juiciness in TEX (0.53) and leg texture in SBF (0.59). The most useful predictors of MEQ depended on breed, with measurements of fatness generally more important in the lean breed and carcass size and muscling more important in the fatter breed.

Muscle fibre characteristics of two contrasting sheep breeds: Scottish Blackface and Texel.

This study evaluates the effects of breed and sex, together with those of birth weight and litter size, on muscle fibre type characteristics in Texel (TEX) and Scottish Blackface sheep (SBF). The M.longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) of TEX had a significantly higher total muscle cross-sectional area (16%), a higher total fibre number (20%) and a higher muscle CT density (5%) than the SBF but had a similar average muscle fibre size. The frequency of slow fibres in the LTL in TEX was lower than in SBF (7.5% vs. 9.6%). Muscle fibre histochemistry similarly demonstrated that the oxidative fibre frequency in TEX was 10% lower than in SBF. The inter-fibre lipid content in TEX was also significantly lower than in SBF. Correspondingly, TEX displayed higher frequency (91.7% vs. 90.9% in SBF) and higher relative total area (92.5% vs. 90.4% in SBF) of fast fibres. These breed differences in muscle fibre traits indicate underlying genetic variation, and future analyses will evaluate the link of these traits to meat quality and assess the usefulness of these traits in breeding programmes.

Muscularity and eating quality of lambs: Effects of breed, sex and selection of sires using muscularity measurements by computed tomography.

Differences in muscularity of the hind leg (HL) and lumbar region (LR) were investigated between sexes (ram vs ewe lambs), breeds (Scottish Blackface, SBF vs Texel, TEX) and progeny of high- and low-muscularity sires (HM, LM) (n=471). The influence of these factors on meat eating quality (MEQ) was also examined (n=229). TEX lambs had 16% greater muscularity than SBF in both regions, whilst differences between sire groups were 4%. Ewe lambs had slightly higher values of muscularity for the HL than rams, but values were similar for the LR. Meat from SBF lambs had higher tenderness, stronger lamb flavour and higher overall liking than TEX meat. Sex had a weak influence with ram lambs having a stronger abnormal flavour and lower overall liking in the LR only. No significant differences in MEQ were found between HM- and LM-sired lambs, suggesting that improvements in muscularity would not have unfavourable effects on MEQ.

The use of various live animal measurements to predict carcass and meat quality in two divergent lamb breeds.

Live weight, subjective scores of condition and conformation, live animal video image analysis (LVIA), ultrasound and X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning were used to investigate the best method or combination of methods for predicting carcass and meat quality traits in live Texel and Scottish Blackface lambs. Predictors derived from CT alone accounted for a high proportion of the variance in dissected fat and muscle weight in Texel lambs (adjusted R(2)=∼0.8), as well as intra-muscular fat content in the loin (∼0.6), but lower proportions in Blackface lambs (∼0.7 for fat, 0.4-0.5 for muscle and intra-muscular fat), after adjusting for sire and fixed effects. Adding traits measured by other in vivo methods increased prediction accuracies (adjusted R(2)) by up to 0.26, depending on trait and data set. Shear force and ultimate pH could not be accurately predicted using the traits considered here (adjusted R(2)<0.4). Although the same methods tended to be best for predicting product quality traits between breeds, prediction accuracies differed.

New mastitis phenotypes suitable for genomic selection in meat sheep and their genetic relationships with udder conformation and lamb live weights.

Mastitis can prove expensive in sheep reared for meat production due to costs associated with treatment methods, poor lamb growth and premature culling of ewes. The most commonly used method to detect mastitis, in dairy systems, is somatic cell counts. However, in many meat-producing sheep flocks ewes are not routinely handled, thus regular milk sampling is not always possible. It is, therefore, worthwhile to investigate alternative phenotypes, such as those associated with udder conformation and methods of evaluating somatic cell counts in the milk, such as the California Mastitis Test. The main objectives of this study were therefore: (a) to estimate genetic parameters of traits relating to mastitis and udder conformation in a meat sheep breed; (b) estimate the level of association between somatic cell counts and the California Mastitis Test and (c) assess the relationships between mastitis and both udder conformation and lamb live weights. Data were collected from Texel ewes based on 29 flocks, throughout the UK, during 2015 and 2016. The ewes were scored twice each year, at mid- and late-lactation. Eight different conformation traits, relating to udder and teat characteristics, and milk samples were recorded. The data set comprised of data available for 2957 ewes. The pedigree file used contained sire and dam information for 31 775 individuals. The animal models used fitted relevant fixed and random effects. Heritability estimates for traits relating to mastitis (somatic cell score and the California Mastitis Test), ranged from 0.08 to 0.11 and 0.07 to 0.11, respectively. High genetic correlations were observed between somatic cell score and the California Mastitis Test (0.76 to 0.98), indicating the California Mastitis Test to be worthwhile for assessing infection levels, particularly at mid-lactation. The strongest correlations observed between the mastitis traits and the udder conformation traits were associated with udder depth (0.61 to 0.75) also at mid-lactation. Negative phenotypic correlations were estimated between mastitis and the weight of lamb reared by the ewe (-0.15 to -0.23), suggesting that lamb weights fell as infection levels rose. Genetic correlations were not significantly different from zero. Reducing mastitis will lead to improvements in flock productivity and the health and welfare of the animals. It will also improve the efficiency of production and the resilience to disease challenge. The economic benefits, therefore, of these results combined could be substantial not only in this breed but also in the overall meat sheep industry.

Prediction of intramuscular fat content and shear force in Texel lamb loins using combinations of different X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning techniques.

Computed tomography (CT) parameters, including spiral computed tomography scanning (SCTS) parameters, intramuscular fat (IMF) and mechanically measured shear force were derived from two previously published studies. Purebred Texel (n = 377) of both sexes, females (n = 206) and intact males (n = 171) were used to investigate the prediction of IMF and shear force in the loin. Two and three dimensional CT density information was available. Accuracies in the prediction of shear force and IMF ranged from R2 0.02 to R2 0.13 and R2 0.51 to R2 0.71 respectively, using combinations of SCTS and CT scan information. The prediction of mechanical shear force could not be achieved at an acceptable level of accuracy employing SCTS information. However, the prediction of IMF in the loin employing information from SCTS and additional information from standard CT scans was successful, providing evidence that the prediction of IMF and related meat eating quality (MEQ) traits for Texel lambs in vivo can be achieved.

Prediction of sensory characteristics of lamb meat samples by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy.

This study was implemented to evaluate the potential of visible and near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy to predict sensory characteristics related to the eating quality of lamb meat samples. A total of 232 muscle samples from Texel and Scottish Blackface lambs was analyzed by chemical procedures and scored by assessors in a taste panel (TP). Then, these parameters were predicted from Vis/NIR spectra. The prediction equations showed that the absorbance data could explain a significant but relatively low proportion of the variability (R(2)<0.40) in the taste panel traits (texture, juiciness, flavour, abnormal flavour and overall liking) of the lamb meat samples. However, a top-tail approach, looking at the spectra of the 25 best and worst samples as judged by TP assessors, provided more meaningful results. This approach suggests that the assessors and the spectrophotometer were able to discriminate between the most extreme samples. This may have practical implications for sorting meat into a high quality class, which could be branded, into a low quality class sold for a lower price for less demanding food use. Regarding the chemical parameters, both intramuscular fat and water could be more accurately predicted by Vis/NIR spectra (R(2)=0.841 and 0.674, respectively) than sensory characteristics. In addition, the results obtained in the present study suggest that the more important regions of the spectra to estimate the sensory characteristics are related to the absorbance of these two chemical components in meat samples.

Accuracy of in vivo muscularity indices measured by computed tomography and their association with carcass quality in lambs.

Assessments of muscle mass and skeletal dimensions by Computed Tomography (CT) enable the development of new muscularity indices for the hind leg (HL) and lumbar region (LR) in lambs. Compared to previous CT muscularity indices, the accuracy was much higher with the new index in the HL (correlations between CT and dissection indices of 0.89 vs 0.51). The accurate measurement of femur length by CT used in the calculation of the new HL index made an important contribution to the higher accuracy of the index. The improvement in accuracy was smaller for the LR (0.55 vs 0.44). The association of CT muscularity indices and carcass quality in Texel and Scottish Blackface lambs showed that improved muscularity is not phenotypically correlated with detrimental effects on carcass composition. CT muscularity indices provide an alternative method to improve carcass conformation and leanness, using measurements that at a constant weight are independent of fatness.

Prediction of intramuscular fat content using CT scanning of packaged lamb cuts and relationships with meat eating quality.

Novel, multi-object X-ray computed tomography (CT) methodologies can individually analyse vacuum-packed meat samples scanned in batches of three or more, saving money and time compared to scanning live animals. If intramuscular fat (IMF), as a proxy for meat quality, can be predicted with similar accuracies as in live lambs, this method could be used to grade on quality, or to inform breeding programmes. Lamb loin cuts from commercial carcasses (n=303), varying in fat and conformation grade, were vacuum-packed and CT scanned, then tested for meat quality traits and by a trained taste panel. Tissue density values measured by CT, alongside carcass and loin weights, predicted IMF with moderate accuracy (R2 0.36), but did not accurately predict shear force or sensory traits. Juiciness and flavour increased linearly with IMF, whilst texture and overall liking increased to an optimum between 4 and 5% IMF. Samples predicted by CT as having >3% IMF scored significantly higher for sensory traits, than those predicted as <3% IMF.

The effects of different farm environments on the performance of Texel sheep.

In order to assess the extent of genotype by environment interactions (G×E) and environmental sensitivity in sheep farm systems, environmental factors must be identified and quantified, after which the relationship with the traits(s) of interest can be investigated. The objectives of this study were to develop a farm environment (FE) scale, using a canonical correlation analysis, which could then be used in linear reaction norm models. Fine-scale farm survey data, collected from a sample of 39 Texel flocks across the United Kingdom, was combined with information available at the national level. The farm survey data included information on flock size and concentrate feed use. National data included flock performance averages for 21-week-old weight (21WT), ultrasound back-fat (UFD) and muscle (UMD) depths, as well as regional climatic data. The FE scale developed was then combined with 181 555 (21WT), 175 399 (UMD) and 175 279 (UFD) records from lambs born between 1990 and 2011, on 494 different Texel flocks, to predict reaction norms for sires used within the population. A range of sire sensitivities estimated across the FE scale confirmed the presence of genetic variability as both 'plastic' and 'robust' genotypes were observed. Variations in heritability estimates were also observed indicating that the rate genetic progress was dependent on the environment. Overall, the techniques and approaches used in this study have proven to be useful in defining sheep FEs. The results observed for 21WT, UMD and UFD, using the reaction norm models, indicate that in order to improve genetic gain and flock efficiency, future genetic evaluations would benefit by accounting for the G×E observed.

The fear levels after transport of hens from cages and a free-range system.

All end-of-lay hens must be transported from the production site to the site for slaughter, usually by road. The acts of being crated and transported are likely to be novel and potentially frightening. Frightened birds can be put into tonic immobility (TI), an unlearned, catatonic state, the duration of which is positively related to the fear level of the birds. Ninety ISA Brown free-range birds (in three groups of 30) and 90 caged ISA Brown birds (in similar groups) were transported (one group from cages and free-range per day) on a journey of 68 km (74 min approximately). On their return, each of the birds was subjected to TI. Although no significant differences were recorded between free-range and caged birds after they were transported (P = 0.087), in the comparison between the same birds after 7 wk, without transport, a significant difference in fear levels was observed (P < 0.001). The free-range birds were less frightened than the caged birds. No significant difference was ever found in fear levels for caged birds from different tiers. Handling and transport on this relatively short journey was apparently equally frightening for caged and free-range birds. It cannot be assumed that just because fear levels differ between free-range and caged birds, this difference will be apparent for all novel stimuli. If all birds, at all tiers, receive the same amount of human contact during the production period, there is no reason to expect differences to occur in fear levels of birds from different tiers.

Working practices in a perchery system, using the OVAKO Working posture Analysing System (OWAS).

Stockworkers should be able to easily manage alternative systems for commercial egg production. Such production systems can be analysed in terms of human welfare, based on ergonomic criteria. Work-related postures can cause discomfort and strain to workers (Stoffert, 1985). The OVAKO Working posture Analysing System (OWAS) developed in 1974 (Karhu et al, 1977) defines body positions during working practices and scores them according to the strain caused. This technique has so far not been used to assist in the design of working systems for the poultry industry. This pilot study was carried out to determine if such a technique could be easily applied to a perchery system and whether it could lead to an improved design. The stockworker was video recorded performing normal duties within the perchery and the positions of the body were assessed, using the OWAS system. It was found that manual collection of floor eggs and reaching into the middle of the perches from the litter side put the most strain on the stockworker. Modification of the perchery, in light of these results, will establish an improved perchery system for the stockworkers.

Prediction of intramuscular fat levels in Texel lamb loins using X-ray computed tomography scanning.

For the consumer, tenderness, juiciness and flavour are often described as the most important factors for meat eating quality, all of which have a close association with intramuscular fat (IMF). X-ray computed tomography (CT) can measure fat, muscle and bone volumes and weights, in vivo in sheep and CT predictions of carcass composition have been used in UK sheep breeding programmes over the last few decades. This study aimed to determine the most accurate combination of CT variables to predict IMF percentage of M. longissimus lumborum in Texel lambs. As expected, predicted carcass fat alone accounted for a moderate amount of the variation (R(2)=0.51) in IMF. Prediction accuracies were significantly improved (Adj R(2)>0.65) using information on fat and muscle densities measured from three CT reference scans, showing that CT can provide an accurate prediction of IMF in the loin of purebred Texel sheep.

Effect and mode of action of the Texel muscling QTL (TM-QTL) on carcass traits in purebred Texel lambs.

TM-QTL is a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on ovine chromosome 18 (OAR18) known to affect loin muscling in Texel sheep. Previous work suggested that its mode of inheritance is consistent with paternal polar overdominance, but this has yet to be formally demonstrated. This study used purebred Texel sheep segregating for TM-QTL to confirm its presence in the chromosomal region in which it was first reported and to determine its pattern of inheritance. To do so, this study used the first available data from a Texel flock, which included homozygote TM-QTL carriers (TM/TM; n=34) in addition to homozygote non-carriers (+/+; n=40 and, heterozygote TM-QTL-carriers inheriting TM-QTL from their sire (TM/+; n=53) or their dam (+/TM; n=17). Phenotypes included a wide range of loin muscling, carcass composition and tissue distribution traits. The presence of a QTL affecting ultrasound muscle depth on OAR18 was confirmed with a paternal QTL effect ranging from +0.54 to +2.82 mm UMD (s.e. 0.37 to 0.57 mm) across the sires segregating for TM-QTL. Loin muscle width, depth and area, loin muscle volume and dissected M. longissimus lumborum weight were significantly greater for TM/+ than +/+ lambs (+2.9% to +7.9%; P<0.05). There was significant evidence that the effect of TM-QTL on the various loin muscling traits measured was paternally polar overdominant (P<0.05). In contrast, there was an additive effect of TM-QTL on both live weight at 20 weeks and carcass weight; TM/TM animals were significantly (P<0.05) heavier than +/+ (+11.1% and +7.3%, respectively) and +/TM animals (+11.9% and +11.7%, respectively), with TM/+ intermediate. Weights of the leg, saddle and shoulder region (corrected for carcass weight) were similar in the genotypic groups. There was a tendency for lambs inheriting TM-QTL from their sire to be less fat with slightly more muscle than non-carriers. For example, carcass muscle weight measured by live animal CT-scanning was 2.8% higher in TM/TM than +/+ lambs (P<0.05), carcass muscle weight measured by carcass CT-scanning was 1.36% higher in TM/+ than +/+ lambs (P<0.05), and weight of fat trimmed from the carcass cuts was significantly lower for TM/+ than +/+ lambs (-11.2%; P<0.05). No negative effects of TM-QTL on carcass traits were found. Optimal commercial use of TM-QTL within the sheep industry would require some consideration, due to the apparently different mode of action of the two main effects of TM-QTL (on growth and muscling).

Characterisation of terminal sire sheep farm systems, based on a range of environmental factors: a case study in the context of genotype by environment interactions using Charollais lambs.

The objective of this study was to define different terminal sire flock environments, based on a range of environmental factors, and then investigate the presence of genotype by environment interactions (G×E) between the environments identified. Data from 79 different terminal sire flocks (40 Texel, 21 Charollais and 18 Suffolk), were analysed using principal coordinate and non-hierarchical cluster analyses, the results of which identified three distinct environmental cluster groups. The type of grazing, climatic conditions and the use of vitamins and mineral supplements were found to be the most important factors in the clustering of flocks. The presence of G×E was then investigated using data from the Charollais flocks only. Performance data were collected for 12 181 lambs, between 1990 and 2010, sired by 515 different sires. Fifty six of the sires had offspring in at least two of the three different cluster groups and pedigree information was available for a total of 161 431 animals. Traits studied were the 21-week old weight (21WT), ultrasound muscle depth (UMD) and log transformed backfat depth (LogUFD). Heritabilities estimated for each cluster, for each trait, ranged from 0.32 to 0.45. Genetic correlations estimated between Cluster 1 and Cluster 2 were all found to be significantly lower than unity, indicating the presence of G×E. They were 0.31 (±0.17), 0.68 (±0.14) and 0.18 (±0.21) for 21WT, UMD and LogUFD, respectively. Evidence of sires re-ranking across clusters was also observed. Providing a suitable strategy can be identified, there is potential for the optimisation of future breeding programmes, by taking into account the G×E observed. This would enable farmers to identify and select animals with an increased knowledge as to how they will perform in their specific farm environment thus reducing any unexpected differences in performance.

Between- and within-breed variations of spine characteristics in sheep.

Implementing the use of spine traits in a commercial breeding program has been seen to improve meat production from the carcass of larger-bodied pigs. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of variation in spine characteristics within and between breeds of sheep and to investigate the association with body length and tissues traits to deliberate if a similar approach could be applicable in the sheep sector. Spine traits (vertebrae number, VN; spine region length, SPL; individual vertebra length, VL) of the thoracic (THOR) lumbar (LUM) and thoracolumbar (T+L) spine regions were measured using x-ray computed tomography (CT) on 254 Texel (TEX), 1100 Scottish Blackface (SBF), 326 Texel cross Mule (TEX × MULE), and 178 Poll Dorset cross Mule (PD × MULE) lambs. Simple descriptive statistics inform that variation in thoracolumbar VN exists within all breeds and crosses; TEX animals showed the largest range of variation in thoracolumbar VN (17 to 21) and the TEX × MULE the smallest (18 to 20). Significant differences were not observed between sexes, but did occur between breeds (P < 0.05), which is indicative of a genetic basis for these traits. Least-squares means identified that TEX had the least thoracolumbar VN (19.24) and SBF possessed the most (19.63); similarly the lowest measures for SPL and VL for each spine region were observed in TEX, but the greatest values for these traits were expressed predominantly in the crosses (TEX × MULE and PD × MULE). Correlation coefficients (r) within each breed or cross support the interpretation of additional vertebrae contributing to a longer length of the spine region in which they occur (P < 0.001; e.g., for PD × MULE lambs), r between traits VNTHOR and SPLTHOR (r = 0.59), VNLUM and SPLLUM (r = 0.94) and VNT+L and SPLT+L (r = 0.65) all reach moderate to very high values. In all breeds and crosses, this relationship is particularly strong for the lumbar region. The few significant (P < 0.05) correlations observed between spine and tissue traits [CT-predicted quantities of carcass fat and muscle (kg) and area of the LM (mm(2))] indicated no substantial relationships, r was small (ranging from -0.25 to 0.19) in each case. To conclude, significant vertebral variation exists within and between sheep breeds and crosses, which can contribute to an increase in body (and carcass) length. Including measurements taken for other primal cuts will further aid in assessing any potential increase in meat production from these longer-bodied sheep.

Effects of low protein diets on pigs with a lean genotype 2. Compositional traits measured with computed tomography (CT).

The effects on compositional changes across the growing-finishing period (40-115 kg) of feeding pig diets with different protein and amino acid levels were investigated using CT scanning (at 60, 85 and 115 kg live weight). Pigs of a lean commercial genotype were fed a commercial control regime (C), or a low protein regime with either high (LP1) or low (LP2) essential amino acid levels, all balanced for net energy. In vivo CT measurements agreed well with post-slaughter sample joint dissection results for carcass tissue weights/proportions, and CT-measured muscle density predicted intramuscular fat accurately. Pigs on C and LP1 regimes did not differ significantly in composition during growth. However, pigs on the LP2 regime had significantly more fat (in carcass, internal and intra-muscular depots) and less muscle, from 85 kg onwards. Although fat levels differed depending on diet regime (LP2>others), proportions of fat in different body depots were unaffected.