[Poliomyelitis in Tajikistan. Protection of Russia from emergence and spread of wild poliomyelitis virus].

Problem of emergence and spread of poliomyelitis in Russian Federation and neighboring states is examined. Measures taken in Russian Federation to prevent emergence of poliomyelitis cases caused by wild type virus are discussed, as well as treaties and agreements between Russia, Commonwealth of Independent States, Shanghai Cooperation Organization states regarding epidemiological control of poliomyelitis and acute flaccid paralysis. Measure planned by Federal Service for Surveillance for Protection of Consumers Rights and Human Welfare to prevent emergence of poliomyelitis and acute flaccid paralysis cases in Russian Federation and neighboring countries are presented.

[Epidemiologic examination of focuses of community-acquired pneumonia caused by Legionella].

Main directions of epidemiologic examination of community-acquired pneumonia focus caused by Legionella accounting for features of epidemic process of this infection are discussed. Typical questionnaires, suggested list of documents, characteristics of laboratory tests are presented. Importance of epidemiologic examination of disease focuses as a basis for adequate sanitary and antiepidemic (prophylactic) measures for suppression of outbreaks of Legionella infection are underlined.

[Immunization of adult population of Russia against diphtheria in 2006-2007].

The vaccination coverage against diphtheria in the adult population of Russia in 2006-2007 was analyzed in different age, professional and social groups and reasons of absent immunization. Vaccination coverage in adults was 95.3%, of them 92.5% were boosted (i.e. completely immunized) and only 7.5% were in process of vaccination. Vaccination coverage was high in the majority of regions. Mean vaccination coverage in adults aged 25-49 ages was 96.2-96.5% whereas in adults > or =50 years it was lower (91.8-94.8%). Mean coverage in groups of high risk for severe diphtheria was 97.7% in professional high-risk groups and somewhat lower in social high-risk groups (94.4%). The lowest vaccination rate was registered in group of migrants (81.7%). In unvaccinated persons from professional groups 33.1% were not vaccinated due to medical contraindications, 22.8%--because of vaccination refusal, and 38.1%--due to non-medical reasons. In social groups these figures were 21.8%, 28.4%, and 49.8% respectively. Reported mean adult vaccination coverage in Russia is confirmed by results of serological studies. Protective titers were detected in 91.3% tested adults. However in the group aged > or =50 years rate of protected persons was lower (84-85%).

[Modern views on the epidemiology of legionellosis: operations procedure during epidemic outbreaks and preventive monitoring].

Key aspects of legionellosis epidemiology determining the rising role of Legionella in human infectious diseases in conditions of postindustrial community were discussed. It was shown that formation of Legionella biofilms on potentially dangerous water objects with possible further aerosol or aspiration transmission of microorganisms leads to major epidemic outbreaks and sporadic cases of infection. Main principles of actions during preventive monitoring of Legionella in the environment and epidemic outbreaks of legionellosis were described.

[The forces and expedients of institutions of Federal Service for Surveillance for Protection of Consumers Rights and Human Welfare in Sverdlovsk region in elimination of focus of Legionnaires' disease].

Organizational issues as well as composition of forces and tools involved in elimination of focus of Legionnaires' disease were reviewed. Role of institutions of Federal Service for Surveillance for Protection of Consumers Rights and Human Welfare and their special units in general system of measures for elimination of the disease's focus was reflected.

[Standards for laboratory diagnostics of legionellosis and their application during epidemic outbreak of pneumonia in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma].

High effectiveness of application of international standards for legionellosis laboratory diagnostics was confirmed during investigation of pneumonia outbreak in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma. Use of immunochromatographic method and enzyme immunoassay for detection of Legionella antigen in urine of patients allows to confirm diagnosis of Legionella infection during several hours, promptly begin etiologic antibacterial treatment and reveal possible sources of infection in potentially dangerous environmental objects.

[Epidemiologic versions in investigation of Legionnaires' disease outbreak in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma].

Materials of investigation of Legionnaires' disease outbreak in one of the town of Sverdlovsk region in summer 2007 are presented. Outbreak arose in situation of epidemiologic welfare on majority of registered infectious diseases. Epidemiologic diagnostics of the outbreak has been performed in maximal shorttime interval, during which it was necessary to investigate variety of miscellaneous versions. Active search of the source of the infection and its transmission factors resulted in desired result and allowed to terminate the outbreak in 14 days.

[Epidemiologic characteristic of Legionnaires' disease outbreak in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma].

Materials of investigation of Legionnaires' disease outbreak in town Verkhnyaya Pyshma (Sverdlovsk region) are presented. Features of epidemic process during this outbreak were reflected, its epidemiologic characteristics were described. Effectiveness of timely antiepidemic measures directed at elimination of main factor of infection's transmissibility was shown.

[Diphtheria morbidity in Russia today].

The data on diphtheria morbidity and the occurrence of carrier state for its causative agent at the period of 2001-2002 were analyzed. The rates of morbidity and detected carrier state for these years were 0.63-0.55 and 0.65-0.64 respectively. Nevertheless, in spite of the relatively low morbidity rates the presence of the toxic forms of diphtheria (400 patients for two years) and lethal cases (with lethality rate reaching 5.4%) indicated that the epidemic situation in diphtheria remained tense. The most unfavorable situation was observed in the North-Western and Central regions of Russia. In urban areas morbidity rates were still 2- to 3-fold higher in than in rural ones, but the latter showed a higher percentage of severe cases (46.6% in 2001 and 39.7% in 2002) and lethal outcomes (13.6% and 19.2%). The latter was indicative of drawbacks in the immunoprophylaxis, diagnostics and treatment of diphtheria in rural areas. In the total structure of diphtheria patients adults prevailed: 75%. The highest morbidity rates were registered among children aged 3-6 years, among adults in the age groups of 18-19 years and 50-59 years. The epidemic process developed mainly among the immunized population, which was indicated by a high proportion of vaccinated persons among those affected by this infection (62.8-66.6%) and a mild course of the disease in the majority of them. The present epidemiological situation in diphtheria was determined by patients not vaccinated against this infection. The proportion of severe cases among nonvaccinated children was 42.4-51.6% and lethal outcomes, 12.9-15.1%. Among nonimmunized adults these figures were equal to 43.1% and 9.3% respectively. The highest percentage of children, not vaccinated during the first years of their life, was registered among those in the asocial families, refugees and homeless persons. Among adults these were persons above 50 years old, as well as jobless persons of working age, pensioners and invalids, who had limited possibilities of undergoing vaccination due to their social position. It was these social and age groups that should be regarded as risk groups with respect to the severity of the course of diphtheria and lethality. To stabilize diphtheria morbidity, the full complex of prophylactic and antiepidemic measures, and primarily the immunization of the population, should be systematically carried out.

[Age distribution of the incidence and immune structure of the pediatric population in epidemic parotitis]. / Vozrastnoe raspredelenie zabolevaemosti i immunnoi struktury detskogo naseleniia k épidemicheskomu parotitu.

An increase in the incidence of epidemic mumps among children is observed at 1 year, the highest incidence is found in the age group of 3--4 years which clearly correlates with the immunological status of the examined children. Antihemagglutinins to epidemic mumps virus have been found in 76.3% of infants at the age of 0 to 3 months, the minimal number of seropositives (36.2%) is observed at 7--9 months of age. Beginning at 10 months of age the percentage of seropositives increases reaching maximum (92.4--94.2%) in the age group of 6--7 years, after which the immune portion reaches stable 90.0%. The optimal age for vaccination is believed to be 1 year.

[Analysis of the results of serum studies of children and adults for antibodies to the poliomyelitis virus in a multiyear effort at vaccinal prevention of this infection]. / Analiz rezul'tatov issledovanii syvorotk detei i vzroslykh na antitela k virusu poliomieltia v usloviiakh mnogoletnei vaktsinoprofilaktiki étoi infektsii.

The results of testing the blood sera of children and adults for the presence of antibodies to poliomyelitis have shown the low level of immunity to this infection. The authors believe that the main reasons of the tendency towards the decrease in immunity to poliomyelitis, observed in recent years, are the drawbacks of the vaccinal prevention of this infection and the absence of a differentiated approach to the choice of immunization methods under concrete conditions. Mass immunization against poliomyelitis is recommended, especially in the southern and south-eastern regions of the U.S.S.R.

[Poliomyelitis over many years of vaccinal prophylaxis. I. The epidemiological characteristics of poliomyelitis]. / Poliomielit v usloviiak ego mnogoletnei vaktsinoprofilaktiki. Soobshchenie I. Nekotorye épidemiologicheskie osobennosti poliomielita.

Vaccinal prophylaxis against poliomyelitis , carried out regularly in the USSR for many years, has erected a reliable barrier to the epidemic manifestation of this disease in large areas of the USSR over the period of almost 25 years (the term of observation) and introduced new features into its epidemiology: the sluggish course of the epidemic process, a decrease in the relative morbidity rate in cities, a lower morbidity rate among children attending preschool institutions, the absence of the family foci of poliomyelitis, more favorable outcome oft the disease.