Phylogeny and expression analysis of C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid-P (SAP) like genes reveal two distinct groups in fish.

The acute phase response (APR) is an early innate immune function that is initiated by inflammatory signals, leading to the release of acute phase proteins to the bloodstream to re-establish homeostasis following microbial infection. In this study we analysed the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) whole-genome database and identified five C-reactive protein (CRP)/serum amyloid P component (SAP) like molecules namely CRP/SAP-1a, CRP/SAP-1b, CRP/SAP-1c, CRP/SAP-2 and CRP/SAP-3. These CRP/SAP genes formed two distinct sub-families, a universal group (group I) present in all vertebrates and a fish/amphibian specific group (group II). Salmon CRP/SAP-1a, CRP/SAP-1b and CRP/SAP-1c and CRP/SAP-2 belong to the group I family whilst salmon CRP/SAP-3 is a member of group II. Gene expression analysis showed that the salmon CRP/SAP-1a as well as serum amyloid A-5 (SAA-5), one of the major acute phase proteins, were significantly up-regulated by recombinant cytokines (rIL-1ß and rIFNγ) in primary head kidney cells whilst the other four CRP/SAPs remained refractory. Furthermore, SAA-5 was produced as the main acute phase protein (APP) in Atlantic salmon challenged with Aeromonas salmonicida (aroA(-) strain) whilst salmon CRP/SAPs remained unaltered. Overall, these data illustrate the potential different functions of expanded salmon CRP/SAPs to their mammalian homologues.

The selective electrochemical detection of homocysteine in the presence of glutathione, cysteine, and ascorbic acid using carbon electrodes.

The detection of homocysteine, HCys, was achieved with the use of catechol via 1,4-Michael addition reaction using carbon electrodes: a glassy carbon electrode and a carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode. The selective detection of homocysteine was investigated and achieved in the absence and presence of glutathione, cysteine and ascorbic acid using cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. A calibration curve of homocysteine detection was determined and the sensitivity is (0.20 ± 0.02) µA µM(-1) and the limit of detection is 660 nM within the linear range. Lastly, commercially available multi walled carbon nanotube screen printed electrodes were applied to the system for selective homocysteine detection. This work presents a potential practical application towards medical applications as it can be highly beneficial towards quality healthcare management.

Identification and characterisation of TLR18-21 genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

Teleost fish possess many types of toll-like receptor (TLR) some of which exist in other vertebrate groups and some that do not (ie so-called "fish-specific" TLRs). In this study, we identified in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) whole-genome shotgun (WGS) contigs seven TLRs that are not found in mammals, including six types of fish-specific TLRs (one TLR18, one TLR19, and four TLR20 members (two of which are putative soluble forms (s)) and one TLR21. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that teleost TLR19-21 are closely related with murine TLR11-TLR13, whilst teleost TLR18 groups with mammalian TLR1, 2, 6 and 10. A typical TLR protein domain structure was found in all these TLRs with the exception of TLR20b(s) and TLR20c(s). TLR-GFP expression plasmids transfected into SHK-1 cells showed that salmon TLR19, TLR20a and TLR20d were preferentially localised to the intracellular compartment. Real time PCR analysis suggested that salmon TLR19-TLR21 are mainly expressed in immune related organs, such as spleen, head kidney and gills, while TLR18 transcripts are more abundant in muscle. In vitro stimulation of primary head kidney cells with type I IFN, IFNγ and IL-1ß had no impact on TLR expression. Infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) infection, in vivo, down-regulated TLR20a, TLR20b(s), TLR20d and TLR21 in infected salmon kidney tissue. In contrast, up-regulation of TLR19 and TLR20a expression was found in posterior kidney in rainbow trout with clinical proliferative kidney disease (PKD).

Cryopreservation of germinal vesicle stage porcine oocytes based on intracellular ice formation assessment.

This study aimed at evaluating the feasibility of slow freezing for cryopreservation of germinal vesicle (GV) stage porcine oocytes. In this study, intracellular ice formation (IIF) characteristics of GV porcine oocytes were investigated by using a thermoelectric cooling (TEC) cryomicroscope system. This cryomicroscope system used a thermoelectric cooling (TEC) chip in its cold stage as a heat sink and employed a PID control algorithm to achieve accurate temperature control. The temperature was controlled to a range between 70 degree C and -55 degree C with an accuracy of +/- 0.5 degree C. Five constant cooling rates of 24, 12, 6, 3 and 1.5 degree C/min were tested in experiments in freezing GV porcine oocytes from 20 degree C to -50 degree C in an NCSU-23 medium plus 2.0 M DMSO. The IIF temperature of each individual oocyte was recorded and cumulative IIF probabilities were calculated for each cooling rate. The total cumulative probabilities of IIF temperature distribution were 100 percent, 100 percent, 50.0 percent, 54.3 percent and 58.6 percent at cooling rates of 24, 12, 6, 3 and 1.5 degree C/min, respectively. A Weibull distribution model was found to adequately describe the distribution of IIF temperatures of GV porcine oocytes for the cooling rates tested (R2 = 0.858 +/- 0.09). The IIF experimental results indicate that cooling rates of 6, 3 and 1.5°C/min could be considered as possible cryopreservation protocols. Further experiments were performed to examine the feasibility of using these protocols to cryopreserve GV porcine oocytes. After 44 h of in-vitro maturation in NCSU-23, the survival of thawed oocytes was checked. Porcine oocytes developed from the GV stage to the MII stage by using Hoechst 33258 staining, followed by Lacmoid staining as a secondary check. Normalized survival rates of 37.7 +/- 4.6 percent, 45.0 4.4 percent and 45.4 +/- 5.9 percent were obtained for GV oocytes frozen at 1.5, 3 and 6 degree C/min, respectively. The experimental results indicate that slow freezing is a feasible approach for cryopreservation of GV porcine oocytes when cooling rate is properly selected. This study also demonstrated an efficient approach for investigating optimal cooling rates by assessing the IIF characteristics of GV porcine COCs.

A delayed diagnosis of acute myocarditis: diagnostic value of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging.

Acute myocarditis is an inflammatory disorder of the myocardium associated with cardiac dysfunction. The definition of myocarditis varies, but the Dallas criteria for myocarditis requires an inflammatory infiltrate and associated myocyte necrosis or damage not characteristic of an ischaemic event. Here we present a case of acute myocarditis in a 48-year-old woman masquerading as acute coronary syndrome. Patients with myocarditis usually have normal coronary arteries and we discuss diagnostic difficulties when it presents with 'true' acute coronary syndrome. In this case, cardiovascular magnetic resonance played an important role in the diagnosis of our patient and follow-up.

Resting respiratory tract dendritic cells preferentially stimulate T helper cell type 2 (Th2) responses and require obligatory cytokine signals for induction of Th1 immunity.

Consistent with their role in host defense, mature dendritic cells (DCs) from central lymphoid organs preferentially prime for T helper cell type 1 (Th1)-polarized immunity. However, the "default" T helper response at mucosal surfaces demonstrates Th2 polarity, which is reflected in the cytokine profiles of activated T cells from mucosal lymph nodes. This study on rat respiratory tract DCs (RTDCs) provides an explanation for this paradox. We demonstrate that freshly isolated RTDCs are functionally immature as defined in vitro, being surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II lo, endocytosishi, and mixed lymphocyte reactionlo, and these cells produce mRNA encoding interleukin (IL)-10. After ovalbumin (OVA)-pulsing and adoptive transfer, freshly isolated RTDCs preferentially stimulated Th2-dependent OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 responses, and antigen-stimulated splenocytes from recipient animals produced IL-4 in vitro. However, preculture with granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor increased their in vivo IgG priming capacity by 2-3 logs, inducing production of both Th1- and Th2-dependent IgG subclasses and high levels of IFN-gamma by antigen-stimulated splenocytes. Associated phenotypic changes included upregulation of surface MHC II and B7 expression and IL-12 p35 mRNA, and downregulation of endocytosis, MHC II processing- associated genes, and IL-10 mRNA expression. Full expression of IL-12 p40 required additional signals, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha or CD40 ligand. These results suggest that the observed Th2 polarity of the resting mucosal immune system may be an inherent property of the resident DC population, and furthermore that mobilization of Th1 immunity relies absolutely on the provision of appropriate microenvironmental costimuli.

Active Volcanism Revealed from a Seismicity Conduit in the Long-resting Tatun Volcano Group of Northern Taiwan.

Abundant earthquakes clustered within a particular zone often reflect an active geological feature, such as clustering seismicity along a fault zone and a huge number of volcanic-earthquakes around the erupting conduit. Herein we perform a double-difference tomographic inversion and relocate the seismicity at the long-resting Tatun volcano group (TVG) in northern Taiwan. A dramatic improvement of the earthquake location model surprisingly show that, from 2014 to 2017, two clustered seismic zones are identified in the TVG. One major group of events (>1000) persistently clustered within a ~500 m diameter vertical conduit with a ~2 km height. The clustering seismicity conduit is just located nearby Dayoukeng, one of the strongest fumaroles in the TVG, and is connected to a fracture zone characterized by low Vp/Vs in the shallow crust. The other group of events is clustered within a sphere-like zone beneath Mt. Chihsin around the depths between 0.5 km and 2 km. Both seismic zones are probably triggered by the significantly volcanic gases and fluids ascending from the deep magma reservoir. Combined with a variety of results from literature, the seismicity conduit near the strong fumarole is the evidence for an active volcano and also identifies a likely pathway for ascending magma if the TVG erupts again in the future. But possibility of developing different magma pathways at other clustered seismic zones such as beneath Mt. Chihsin may not be totally excluded.

Insulin-requiring diabetes in rural Ethiopia: should we reopen the case for malnutrition-related diabetes?

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We evaluated the incidence of insulin-requiring diabetes in a rural area of sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: Health surveillance data from a chronic disease programme in two zones of Ethiopia, Gondar and Jimma, were studied. The two zones have a population of more than 5,000,000 people. RESULTS: In Gondar Zone (1995-2008) and Jimma Zone (2002-2008) 2,280 patients presented with diabetes, of whom 1,029 (45%) required insulin for glycaemic control at diagnosis. The annual incidence of insulin-requiring diabetes was 2.1 (95% CI 2.0-2.2) per 100,000 and was twice as high in men (2.9 per 100,000) as in women (1.4 per 100,000). In both sexes incidence rates peaked at the age of 25 to 29 years. Incidence rates in the urban areas of Gondar and Jimma were five times higher than in the surrounding rural areas. Patients with insulin-requiring diabetes from rural and urban areas had a very low BMI and most were subsistence farmers or unemployed. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The typical patient with diabetes in rural Ethiopia is an impoverished, young adult male with severe symptoms requiring insulin for glycaemic control. The low incidence rates in rural compared with urban areas suggest that many cases of this disease remain undiagnosed. The disease phenotype encountered in this area of Africa is very different from the classical type 1 diabetes seen in the West and most closely resembles previous descriptions of malnutrition-related diabetes, a category not recognised in the current WHO Diabetes Classification. We believe that the case for this condition should be reopened.

Interleukin-20 induced cell death in renal epithelial cells and was associated with acute renal failure.

Acute renal failure is an abrupt decrease in renal function. Interleukin (IL)-10 inhibits ischemic and cisplatin-induced acute renal failure. We aimed to determine whether IL-20 affects renal tubular epithelial cells and is associated with acute renal failure. We analyzed the expression of IL-20 and its receptor (R) in the kidneys of rats with HgCl(2)-induced acute renal failure. Reverse transcription-PCR showed upregulated IL-20, and its receptors and immunohistochemical staining showed strongly expressed IL-20 protein in proximal tubular epithelial cells. We analyzed human proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells, which expressed both IL-20 and its receptors. IL-20 specifically induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis by activating caspase 9 in HK-2 cells. IL-20 also activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, the downstream signals implicated in the apoptosis of HK-2 cells. Furthermore, IL-20 upregulated the transcripts of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, a critical mediator of renal injury. In hypoxic HK-2 cells, IL-20 and IL-22R1 transcripts increased, and IL-20 upregulated IL-1 beta transcripts. In vivo study further demonstrated that anti-IL-20 antibody reduced the expression of TGF-beta1 and IL-1 beta and the number of damaged tubular cells in the kidneys of rats with acute renal failure. We concluded that IL-20 may be involved in the injury of renal epithelial cells in acute renal failure.

Clinical outcomes associated with anti-coagulant therapy in patients with renal infarction.

Background: Patients with renal infarction are vulnerable to thromboembolic complications with poor outcomes. There is limited report concerning the effect of anti-coagulant therapy in this population. Aim: To assess the impact of anti-coagulant therapy on outcomes in patients with renal infarction. Design: A retrospective cohort study of 101 renal infarction patients was conducted. Methods: The association between anti-coagulant therapy, all-cause mortality, thromboembolic complications and renal outcome was evaluated. Demographic data and comorbidities were collected for analysis. Anti-coagulant therapy was treated as a time-dependent variable. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multi-variate Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Fifty-seven (56.4%) patients with renal infarction received anti-coagulant therapy during the study period. The all-cause mortality rate was 7.56 per 100 patient-years. Age (HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.08) was a risk factor for all-cause mortality and anti-coagulant therapy was associated with a 92% improved survival (HR 0.08, 95% CI 0.02-0.34). Twelve (11.9%) thromboembolic events occurred following renal infarction. Current smoking (HR 10.37, 95% CI 1.60-67.43) had an adverse effect and anti-coagulant therapy (HR 0.14, 95% CI 0.03-0.73) had a significant protective impact on thromboembolic complications. There was no significant association between anti-coagulant therapy and long-term renal outcome in renal infarction patients including the monthly change in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), the incidence of eGFR reduction of more than 50% and end-stage renal disease. Conclusion: Anti-coagulant therapy in patients with renal infarction was associated with better survival and reduced thromboembolic complications.

A preliminary report of brain edema in patients with uremia at first hemodialysis: evaluation by diffusion-weighted MR imaging.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The dynamics of brain-water content associated with hemodialysis in patients with severe azotemia remains obscure. To investigate whether either interstitial or cytotoxic edema is responsible for dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS), we used diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) to measure the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), which is sensitive for detecting tissue water dynamics. METHODS: Eight consecutive patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) and blood urea nitrogen level of more than 100 mg/dL (160.9 +/- 53.1 mg/dL) were recruited. Conventional MR images, DWI, and clinical manifestations were obtained before and after the 1st hemodialysis. The ADC values were determined for regions of normal-appearing gray and white matter and for regions of hyperintensity of white matter on T2-weighted MR imaging. RESULTS: Foci of bright areas of white matter were found in all patients on T2-weighted images. The ADC values of the patients with ESRD, in white matter and gray matter before and after hemodialysis, were greater than those of the healthy controls (P < .005). Regarding the impact of hemodialysis, the ADC of frontal lobe white matter increased significantly after hemodialysis (1.09 +/- 0.11 versus 1.03 +/- 0.11, P = .036). We did not find the specific area of brain edema reported in posterior leukoencephalopathy and the osmotic demyelination syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that severe azotemia in end stage renal disease leads to interstitial brain edema reflected as increased ADC, and the further increased ADC reflects that edema associated with 1st hemodialysis is interstitial rather than cytotoxic in nature.

Borane-catalysed postpolymerisation modification of the Si-H bonds in poly(phenylsilane).

B(C6F5)3-catalysed hydrosilation, heterodehydrocoupling, and demethanative coupling reactions of the Si-H bonds in poly(phenylsilane) allow the introduction of 10-40% new sidechains in this polymer. The resulting new polymers contain an unusually wide variety of functionalities including Si-C, Si-O, Si-N, and Si-S bonds, whose presence is confirmed by NMR and IR spectroscopies. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) are consistent with conservation of the all-silicon backbones in these modified polymers, a result of the high chemoselectivity of the borane-catalysed reactions for Si-H versus Si-Si bonds. UV-visible spectroscopy is sensitive to the presence of new functional groups in the modified polysilanes, although the high proportion of residual Si-H groups attenuates the changes in the σ-delocalized chromophores. Limitations in substrate scope, arising from issues of borane-substrate complexation or competing catalytic over-reduction chemistry, have been identified, and the potential for achieving greater degrees of sidechain substitution at higher reaction temperatures has been demonstrated for the hydrosilation of 1-hexene.

Tunable nanoblock lasers and stretching sensors.

Reconfigurable, reliable, and robust nanolasers with wavelengths tunable in the telecommunication bands are currently being sought after for use as flexible light sources in photonic integrated circuits. Here, we propose and demonstrate tunable nanolasers based on 1D nanoblocks embedded within stretchable polydimethylsiloxane. Our lasers show a large wavelength tunability of 7.65 nm per 1% elongation. Moreover, this tunability is reconfigurable and reliable under repeated stretching/relaxation tests. By applying excessive stretching, wide wavelength tuning over a range of 80 nm (spanning the S, C, and L telecommunication bands) is successfully demonstrated. Furthermore, as a stretching sensor, an enhanced wavelength response to elongation of 9.9 nm per % is obtained via the signal differential from two nanoblock lasers positioned perpendicular to each other. The minimum detectable elongation is as small as 0.056%. Nanoblock lasers can function as reliable tunable light sources in telecommunications and highly sensitive on-chip structural deformation sensors.

Genetic evidence for a multi-subunit complex in the O-methyltransferase steps of coenzyme Q biosynthesis.

Coq3 O-methyltransferase carries out both O-methylation steps in coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) biosynthesis. The degree to which Coq3 O-methyltransferase activity and expression are dependent on the other seven COQ gene products has been investigated. A panel of yeast mutant strains harboring null mutations in each of the genes required for coenzyme Q biosynthesis (COQ1-COQ8) have been prepared. Mitochondria have been isolated from each member of the yeast coq mutant collection, from the wild-type parental strains and from respiratory deficient mutants harboring deletions in ATP2 or COR1 genes. These latter strains constitute Q-replete, respiratory deficient controls. Each of these mitochondrial preparations has been analyzed for COQ3-encoded O-methyltransferase activity and steady state levels of Coq3 polypeptide. The findings indicate that the presence of the other COQ gene products is required to observe normal levels of O-methyltransferase activity and the Coq3 polypeptide. However, COQ3 steady state RNA levels are not decreased in any of the coq mutants, relative to either wild-type or respiratory deficient control strains, suggesting either a decreased rate of translation or a decreased stability of the Coq3 polypeptide. These data are consistent with the involvement of the Coq polypeptides (or the Q-intermediates formed by the Coq polypeptides) in a multi-subunit complex. It is our hypothesis that a deficiency in any one of the COQ gene products results in a defective complex in which the Coq3 polypeptide is rendered unstable.

The proximal extent of the ankle capsule and safety for the insertion of percutaneous fine wires.

We have assessed the proximal capsular extension of the ankle joint in 18 patients who had a contrast-enhanced MRI ankle arthrogram in order to delineate the capsular attachments. We noted consistent proximal capsular extensions anterior to the distal tibia and in the tibiofibular recess. The mean capsular extension anterior to the distal tibia was 9.6 mm (4.9 to 27.0) proximal to the anteroinferior tibial margin and 3.8 mm (-2.1 to 9.3) proximal to the dome of the tibial plafond. In the tibiofibular recess, the mean capsular extension was 19.2 mm (12.7 to 38.0) proximal to the anteroinferior tibial margin and 13.4 mm (5.8 to 20.5) proximal to the dome of the tibial plafond. These areas of proximal capsular extensions run the risk of being traversed during the insertion of finewires for the treatment of fractures of the distal tibia. Surgeons using these techniques should be aware of this anatomy in order to minimise the risk of septic arthritis.

In situ detection of salicylate in Ocimum basilicum plant leaves via reverse iontophoresis.

The quantitative analysis of salicylate provides useful information for the evaluation of metabolic processes in plants. We report a simple, noninvasive method to measure salicylate in situ in Ocimum basilicum leaves using reverse iontophoresis in combination with cyclic voltammetry at disposable screen-printed electrodes and the concentration of salicylate in basil leaves was found to be 3 mM.

Functional characterisation of a TLR accessory protein, UNC93B1, in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are indispensable components of the innate immune system, which recognise conserved pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and induce a series of defensive immune responses to protect the host. Biosynthesis, localisation and activation of TLRs are dependent on TLR accessory proteins. In this study, we identified the accessory protein, UNC93B1, from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) whole-genome shotgun (WGS) contigs aided by the conserved gene synteny of genes flanking UNC93B1 in fish, birds and mammals. Phylogenetic analysis showed that salmon UNC93B1 grouped with other vertebrate UNC93B1 molecules, and had highest amino acid identity and similarity to zebrafish UNC93B1. The salmon UNC93B1 gene organisation was also similar in structure to mammalian UNC93B1. Our gene expression studies revealed that salmon UNC93B1 was more highly expressed in spleen, liver and gill tissues but was expressed at a lower level in head kidney tissue in post-smolts relative to parr. Moreover, salmon UNC93B1 mRNA transcripts were up-regulated in vivo in spleen tissue from polyI:C treated salmon and in vitro in polyI:C or IFNγ stimulated Salmon Head Kidney-1 (SHK-1) cells. Initial studies into the functional role of salmon UNC93B1 in fish TLR signalling found that both wild type salmon UNC93B1 and a molecule with a site-directed mutation (H424R) co-immunoprecipitated with salmon TLR19, TLR20a and TLR20d. Overall, these data illustrate the potential importance of UNC93B1 as an accessory protein in fish TLR signalling.

Progenitor-like cells derived from mouse kidney protect against renal fibrosis in a remnant kidney model via decreased endothelial mesenchymal transition.

INTRODUCTION: Pathophysiological changes associated with chronic kidney disease impair angiogenic processes and increase renal fibrosis. Progenitor-like cells derived from adult kidney have been previously used to promote regeneration in acute kidney injury, even though it remained unclear whether the cells could be beneficial in chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: In this study, we established a CKD model by five-sixths nephrectomy and mouse kidney progenitor-like cells (MKPCs) were intravenously administered weekly for 5 weeks after establishing CKD. We examined the impact of MKPCs on the progression of renal fibrosis and the potential of MKPCs to preserve the angiogenic process and prevent endothelial mesenchymal transition in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS: Our results demonstrate that the MKPCs delayed interstitial fibrosis and the progression of glomerular sclerosis and ameliorated the decline of kidney function. At 17 weeks, the treated mice exhibited lower blood pressures, higher hematocrit levels, and larger kidney sizes than the control mice. In addition, the MKPC treatment prolonged the survival of the mice with chronic kidney injuries. We observed a decreased recruitment of macrophages and myofibroblasts in the interstitium and the increased tubular proliferation. Notably, MKPC both decreased the level of vascular rarefaction and prevented endothelial mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) in the remnant kidneys. Moreover, the conditioned medium from the MKPCs ameliorated endothelial cell death under hypoxic culture conditions and prevented TGF-ß-induced EndoMT through downregulation of phosphorylated Smad 3 in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: MKPCs may be a beneficial treatment for kidney diseases characterized by progressive renal fibrosis. The enhanced preservation of angiogenic processes following MKPC injections may be associated with decreased fibrosis in the remnant kidney. These findings provide further understanding of the mechanisms involved in these processes and will help develop new cell-based therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine in renal fibrosis.

Rhabdomyolysis: an unusual feature with mushroom poisoning.

Rhabdomyolysis resulting from mushroom poisoning previously has been unreported in the literature. We present an outbreak of Russula subnigricans poisoning with rhabdomyolysis. The most severely ill patient presented with rhabdomyolysis, severe electrolyte disturbance (hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia), respiratory failure, acute renal failure, pulmonary edema, ventricular tachycardia, and circulatory shock. Mycotoxin may be the cause of rhabdomyolysis. In areas where mushroom gathering is common, mushroom poisoning should be included in the differential diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis.

Acute oxalate nephropathy induced by star fruit in rats.

In this study, we intend to establish a connection between star fruit and acute oxalate nephropathy and also investigate predisposing factors for its development. Male Sprague-Dawley rats of 180 to 200 g were assigned to four groups; namely, control, experimental, fasting, and water-deprivation groups. The former two groups were subjected to both fasting and water deprivation, whereas the latter two groups were subjected to either fasting or water deprivation, respectively. Except for tap water for controls, the remaining groups were administered 4 mL/100 g of body weight of sour star fruit juice with an oxalate concentration of 2.46 g/dL. After these procedures, serial measurement of serum creatinine levels and kidney pathological examination were performed. Peak serum creatinine levels in the control, experimental, fasting, and water-deprivation groups were 0.50 +/- 0.04, 1.46 +/- 0.26, 0.68 +/- 0.20, and 0.52 +/- 0.08 mg/dL, respectively. The experimental group had a greater peak serum creatinine level (P < 0.05). Mean serum creatinine levels of the experimental group days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were 0.43 +/- 0.03, 1.11 +/- 0.18, 1.31 +/- 0.27, 1.16 +/- 0.28, 0.8 +/- 0.26, and 0.82 +/- 0.28 mg/dL, respectively. Mean serum creatinine levels days 1 to 3 were greater than that day 0 (P < 0.05). Pearson's correlation analysis of peak serum creatinine level and kidney weight for the experimental group showed a significant correlation (R = 0.75; P < 0.05; n = 9). In addition to typical changes of oxalate nephropathy, kidney pathological examination showed many refractile oxalate crystals with all rainbow colors under polarized light microscopy in the experimental group. In conclusion, sour star fruit with abundant oxalate contents could cause acute oxalate nephropathy in rats under the conditions of fasting and water deprivation.