Correcting Wide Alar Base and Flare With Combined Sill and Alar Excision in Asian Patients.

BACKGROUND: Obvious scar and deformities are commonly observed with incision anterior to the alar-facial groove in alar excision surgery. The authors explored modified sill and alar excision to correct wide alar base and flare synchronously and decreased incident of unacceptable scar and deformities in Asian patients. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study including 52 consecutive patients undergoing this surgery. Contrary to previous studies, the incision for alar excision was located in the alar-facial groove and was closed by intracutaneous suture. Scars were assessed with visual analog scale and the Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale. Ratio of the interalar distance to intercanthal distance, nostril shape, and nostril symmetry was recorded. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 18 months. Visual analog scale results showed 50 patients (96.2%) reported unnoticeable scar and 2 noticeable but acceptable scar. Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale results indicated 49 patients (94.2%) with good scar outcomes and 3 (5.8%) with moderate scar outcomes. The mean ratio of interalar distance to intercanthal distance reduced significantly from preoperative 1.10 to postoperative 1.02. The frequency of horizon-shaped nostrils changed from preoperative 16 cases (30.8%) to postoperative 2 cases (3.8%). The frequency of the pear-shaped (preferred shape) nostrils improved from preoperative 15 cases (28.8%) to postoperative 26 cases (50.0%). The frequency of symmetrical nostril shape improved from preoperative 36 patients (69.2%) to 42 (80.8%). There were no patients with complications like alar deformities, and patients' dissatisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: When performing sill and alar excision in Asian patients, the authors recommended a modified approach with the incision for alar excision being placed in the alar-facial groove and closed by intracutaneous suture, which can avoid obvious scar and deformities in Asian patients.Level of evidence: Level 4.

Oxidation of isoprene by titanium oxide cluster cations in the gas phase.

The heterogeneous oxidation of isoprene (C5H8) by metal-oxide particles, such as the typical mineral aerosols TiO2, plays an important role in the isoprene atmospheric chemistry. However, the underlying mechanism of C5H8 oxidation remains elusive owing to the complexities of aerosol surfaces and reaction channels. Herein, we report the gas-phase reactions of TixOy+ (x = 1-7, y = 1-14) cations with isoprene by using mass spectrometry and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Five types of reaction channels were observed: association, hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), C-C bond cleavage, combined oxygen atom transfer (OAT) and HAT and combined OAT and C-C bond cleavage. It is noteworthy that formaldehyde is known as the major oxidation product of isoprene/hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere. In addition, CO has not been observed in the reactions of isoprene with gas-phase ions. Therefore, the reaction mechanisms of CH2O and CO generation observed in Ti2O5+/C5H8 and Ti4O8+/C5H8 systems were further investigated by DFT calculations, and the calculated results are in agreement with the experimental observations. In these two reactions, both Ti and O atoms can be the adsorption sites for C5H8. The reaction channels and mechanistic information gained in these gas-phase model reactions may offer fundamental insights relevant to the corresponding oxidation processes over titanium oxide aerosols in the atmosphere.

Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Bone Stock in Patients With Crowe Type III Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: Implications for Guiding Acetabular Component Placement Using the High Hip Center Technique.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated acetabular cup coverage (CC) and rim contact (RC) to evaluate the bone stock above the acetabulum for guiding acetabular component placement using the high hip center technique in patients with Crowe type III developmental dysplasia of the hip. METHODS: Using hip computed tomography and image processing software, pelvises were reconstructed digitally in 20 hips with Crowe type III developmental dysplasia of the hip. Mimicked cup was placed with anteversion angles of 0° (group I), 5° (group II), and 10° (group III) respectively. In each group, the cup was placed at the anatomical hip center at first, and then the cup was moved up to 40 mm vertically about the native rotation center with an increment of 2.5 mm at each step. CC and RC were calculated and documented with each movement. RESULTS: CC was 65.87%, 67.77%, and 68.98% for group I, group II, and group III at the native rotation center, and increased progressively to 86.45%, 85.85%, and 84.71% at 25 mm above. RC was 49.17%, 50.25%, and 51.92% for group I, group II, and group III at the native rotation center, and increased progressively to 86.87%, 86.39%, and 84.94% at 22.5 mm above. CC and RC were positively correlated, despite the different anteversion angles (r = 0.687 at 0°, 0.683 at 5°, and 0.645 at 10°; P < .001). CONCLUSION: Computed tomography analysis and computer stimulation demonstrate that it is feasible to use high hip center technique in Crowe type III hips.

Differential expression of adipokines in knee osteoarthritis patients with and without metabolic syndrome.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare adipokines levels in plasma and synovial fluid (SF) between knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS), and to evaluate the associations between adipokines levels and clinical severity of knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: Eighty female patients with knee osteoarthritis were enrolled in the study. These patients were divided into two groups: patients with and without MetS. Clinical severity was evaluated according to visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores and Western Ontario McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores. Adipokines and soluble leptin receptor levels in plasma and SF were determined by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Forty-three (54%) osteoarthritis patients with MetS and 37 (46%) osteoarthritis patients without MetS were enrolled as MetS-OA group and nMetS-OA group, respectively. VAS pain and WOMAC scores were higher in MetS-OA group compared with those in nMets-OA group (p < 0.01). The leptin and free leptin levels in plasma and SF were significantly higher in MetS-OA group than those in nMetS-OA group, while the adiponectin levels were lower (All p < 0.01). Significant differences existed even after adjustment for body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.05). There were no significant associations between adipokines levels and the clinical severity of OA in MetS-OA group and nMetS-OA group respectively (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Leptin was higher and adiponectin was lower in knee osteoarthritis patients with MetS compared to those without MetS, independent of BMI. The higher SF and plasma levels of leptin in MetS-OA patients may need further studies to delineate their pathophysiological relationships.

Determinants of satisfaction following total hip arthroplasty in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to explore the factors contributing to a high degree of satisfaction following total hip arthroplasty in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and hip joint fusion. METHODS: From January 2001 to June 2015, 43 patients with ankylosing spondylitis were treated with total hip arthroplasty. The patients were divided into two groups, including 20 patients in non-fusion groups, with 25 cases of hip non-fusion, and 23 patients in fusion groups, with 40 cases of hip fusion. Patients were followed for an average of 27 months. Harris hip scores (HHSs) and Barthel scores were recorded pre-operatively and post-operatively. The improvement rates of both groups were calculated, and the data were compared and analyzed. The Self-Administered Patient Satisfaction Scale (SAPS) was used to assess the degree of satisfaction in each group. RESULTS: The post-operative HHS and Barthel scores of two groups both significantly improved. In non-fusion groups compared with fusion groups, there were significant differences in the pre-operative HHSs, the improvement of the HHSs, the pre-operative Barthel score, the improvement of the Barthel score, and the satisfaction score. However, there were no significant differences in the post-operative HHSs and Barthel scores. CONCLUSION: Patients in the hip fusion group had higher satisfaction scores. The improvements in joint function and self-care ability after total hip arthroplasty are the decisive factors in determining patient satisfaction for patients with ankylosing spondylitis combined with hip fusion.

Effect of Preoperative Leg Length Discrepancy on Functional Outcome and Patient Satisfaction After Total Hip Arthroplasty in Cases of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head.

BACKGROUND: Severe preoperative leg length discrepancy (LLD) can lead to poor preoperative functional status in patients with extensive osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). This study aimed to assess the effect of preoperative LLD on functional outcomes and patient satisfaction post-total hip arthroplasty (THA) in ONFH patients. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with severe LLD (≥15 mm) and 44 patients with mild LLD (<15 mm) on preoperative radiographs were enrolled as the study group and control group, respectively. All 66 patients were diagnosed with unilateral ONFH. Patients' functional outcomes (Harris Hip Score [HHS], Oxford Hip Score [OHS], patient-perceived LLD, Visual Analogue Scale [VAS] pain score, and Limping Assessment]) and satisfaction (self-administered patient satisfaction scale) were evaluated at 3 and 12 months after THA. RESULTS: At 3 months after THA, the study group had poorer outcomes in terms of the HHS (P = .002) and OHS (P = .002), a higher prevalence of patient-perceived LLD (P = .002), and worse limping (P < .001) than the control group, but the self-administered patient satisfaction scale and VAS pain scores did not differ. However, improvements in the HHS and OHS from preoperative assessment to 3 months were comparable in both groups. At 12 months after THA, there were no significant differences in functional outcomes or self-satisfaction, and the study group showed significantly greater improvements from preoperative assessment to 12 months (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Patients with severe LLD experienced similar improvement at 3 months after THA as those with mild LLD in terms of the HHS and OHS but showed greater improvement at 12 months postoperatively than patients with mild LLD.

Clinical features and retroperitoneal laparoscopic resection of adrenal schwannoma in 19 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the diagnostic and therapeutic principles of the rare adrenal schwannoma. METHODS: We objectively analyzed the detailed clinical data of 19 patients with adrenal schwannoma treated in a large comprehensive medical center in China between January 2009 and March 2014, including general information, clinical manifestations, imaging, adrenal-related endocrine tests, treatment, pathology, and follow-up records. RESULTS: Patients included 16 females and 3 males ranging from 23 to 66 years of age (mean, 48.3 ± 12.6 years), of whom 15 were discovered incidentally. Four patients reported mild abdominal discomfort. Each patient had one unilateral lesion, ranging in diameter from 4.0 to 8.8 cm (mean, 6.2 ± 1.2 cm). Lesions were hypoechoic in 16 patients and cystic-solid in 3 patients. Computed tomography (CT) scanning revealed soft tissue density, mostly with calcifications and clear boundaries. Average values in normal and enhanced CT were 28.7 ± 7.2 Hounsfield units (HU) and 59.7 ± 5.4 HU, respectively. Indicators of adrenal-related endocrine tests were normal, except that catecholamines levels were slightly low in 2 patients with excessively large lesions. All patients underwent uncomplicated retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery, with subsequent pathology confirmation of adrenal schwannoma. The patients have been followed for 6 months to 4 years, with no recurrence. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that the onset of adrenal schwannoma is always occult, without typical clinical manifestations and adrenal-related endocrine abnormalities, and the pre-operative diagnosis depends primarily on imaging features of hypoechoic calcifications and mild enhancement. Diagnosis can be confirmed by postoperative pathology. Even with large diameter lesions, retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery is still the preferred approach, with good prognosis.

Arthroplasty in patients with extensive femoral head avascular necrosis: Cementless arthroplasty in extensive femoral head necrosis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcomes of using cementless femoral stem for extensive osteonecrosis of the femoral head involving the proximal femur. METHODS: A total of 21 patients (27 hips) in the study group defined as extensive ONFH involving proximal femur and 42 patients (52 hips) with the diagnosis of regular osteonecrosis of the femoral head in the control group were enrolled in the study. Clinical and radiographic follow-ups were documented at three, six, 12 and 24 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Results improved for Harris hip score in both groups. In the study group undersized stem implantation and lateralized mal-position were identified. Subsequent subsidence was also found. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-operative templating and intra-operative X-ray confirmation are necessary to avoid complications.

[A novel vegetation index (MPRI) of corn canopy by vehicle-borne dynamic prediction].

Ground-based remote sensing system is a significant way to understand the growth of corn and provide accurate and scientific data for precision agriculture. The vehicle-borne system is one of the most important tools for corn canopy monitoring. However, the vehicle-borne growth monitoring system cannot maintain steady operations due to the row spacing of corn. The reflectance of corn canopy, which was used to construct the model for the chlorophyll content, was disturbed by the reflectance of soil background. The background interference with the reflectance could not be removed effectively, which would result in a deviation in the growth monitoring. In order to overcome this problem, a novel vegetation index named MPRI was developed in the present paper. The tests were carried out by the vehicle-borne system on the cornfield. The sensors which configured the vehicle-borne system had 4 bands, being respectively 550, 650, 766 and 850 nm. It would obtain the spectral data while the vehicle moved along the row direction. The sampling rate was about 1 point per second. The GPS receiver obtained the location information at the same rate. MPRI was made up by the reflectance ratio of 660 and 550 nm. It was very effective to analyze the information about the reflectance of the canopy. The results of experiments showed that the MPRI of soil was the positive value and the MPRI of canopy was the negative value. So it is easier to distinguish the spectral information about soil and corn canopy by MPRI. The results indicated that: it had satisfactory forecasting accuracy for the chlorophyll content by using the MPRI on the moving monitoring. The R2 of the prediction model was about 0.72. The R2 Of the model of NDVI, which was used to represent the chlorophyll content, was only 0.24. It indicates that MPRI had good measurement results for the dynamic measurement process. It provided the novel measurement way to get the canopy reflectance spectra and the better vegetation index to construct the prediction model of the contents of chlorophyll.

Indian monsoon drove the dispersal of the thoracica group of Scytodes spitting spiders.

We examined the global biogeography of the Scytodes thoracica group of spitting spiders based on 23 years of sampling at the species level (61 species in the thoracica group and 84 species of Scytodes) using DNA data from six loci. Our results indicated that the thoracica group initially dispersed from Southeast Asia to East Africa between 46.5 and 33.0 million years ago, and dispersal events intensified between Southeast/South Asia and East/South Africa from the early to late Miocene. The timing of these events indicates that Asian-African faunal exchange of the thoracica group was driven by the Indian monsoon, and the pattern of dispersal suggests that colonialization took root when the Indian monsoon shifted from a North-South direction to an East-West direction from the middle Eocene.

Two hydrate pseudopolymorphs of thiamine pyrophosphate: a dihydrate and a trihydrate.

Two hydrate pseudopolymorphs of 3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-1-ium-5-yl)methyl]-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-3-ium-5-yl hydrogen pyrophosphate (TPP), viz. a dihydrate, C12H18N4O7P2S·2H2O, (I), and a trihydrate, C12H18N4O7P2S·3H2O, (II), were obtained during a structural study of vitamin B1 coenzyme. In both compounds, TPP is a neutral zwitterion, with its pyrophosphate group doubly deprotonated and its pyrimidine ring protonated, and it assumes the usual `F' conformation in terms of the two torsion angles about the bonds by which the methylene group links the thiazolium and pyrimidinium rings [1.1 (3) and 79.7 (3)° for (I), and 2.0 (3) and 75.5 (3)° for (II)]. In (I), two TPP molecules are linked by a pair of O-H···O hydrogen bonds into a phosphate-pairing dimer. N-H···O hydrogen bonds connect the dimers into a sheet parallel to (101). In (II), the TPP molecules are self-assembled solely by N-H···O hydrogen bonds, generating a tape structure along [001]. A comparison of the four known hydrate pseudopolymorphs of TPP shows that the phosphate-pairing dimers are basic building units for the formation of two-dimensional networks.

Diversity of Pholcus Spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae) in China's Lüliang Mountains: An Integrated Morphological and Molecular Approach.

Spiders of the genus Pholcus were collected for the first time during an expedition to the Lüliang Mountains in Shanxi Province, North China. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data from COI, H3, wnt, and 28S genes allowed us to group them into nine well-supported clades. We used morphology and four methods of molecular species delimitation, namely Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), the Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC), Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes (bPTP), and Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography (BPP), to investigate species boundaries. These integrative taxonomic analyses identified the nine clades as nine distinct species, comprising Pholcus luya Peng & Zhang, 2013 and eight other species new to science: Pholcus jiaocheng sp. nov., Pholcus linfen sp. nov., Pholcus lishi sp. nov., Pholcus luliang sp. nov., Pholcus wenshui sp. nov., Pholcus xiangfen sp. nov., Pholcus xuanzhong sp. nov., and Pholcus zhongyang sp. nov. The species occur in geographic proximity and show many morphological similarities. All of them belong to the P. phungiformes species group. The records from the Lüliang Mountains represent the westernmost distribution limit of this species group.

[The protective effect of chlorophyllin against oxidative damage and its mechanism].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether chlorophyllin could protect human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) against oxidative damage by inducing the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and to explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS: The cellular protection of chlorophyllin against oxidative damage was detected by cell-survival assay with flow cytometry. The level of free radicals was detected directly by electron spin resonance spectra. The induced expression of HO-1 was shown by RT-PCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence confocal laser microscopy and enzymatic activity test. Whether the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway was involved was detected by Western blot. RESULTS: Chlorophyllin could protect HUVEC against oxidative damage caused by H2O2 via scavenging the excessive free radicals. Chlorophyllin treatment could induce expression of HO-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The activation of PI3K/Akt pathway was required in the induction of HO-1. LY294002, the specific inhibitor of PI3K, could suppress the activation of PI3K/Akt and the induced expression of HO-1 in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS: Chlorophyllin shows cellular protection against oxidative damage by counteracting the excessive free radicals. Up-regulation of HO-1 expression plays a pivotal role in the protection of chlorophyllin, while the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is required in the induction of HO-1.

Poly[[tris-(µ-4,4'-bipyridine-κ(2)N:N')bis-(µ-l-lysinato-κ(3)N(1),O(1):O(1'))dizinc(II)] tetra-nitrate 0.6-hydrate dimethyl-formamide disolvate].

In the title compound, {[Zn(2)(C(6)H(14)N(2)O(2))(2)(C(10)H(8)N(2))(3)](NO(3))(4)·0.6H(2)O·2C(3)H(7)NO}(n), the Zn(II) ion is six-coordinated with a distorted octa-hedral geometry by two carboxyl-ate O atoms and one amino N atom from two l-lysinate (l-lys) ligands, and three N atoms from three 4,4'-bipyridine (4,4'-bipy) ligands. The Zn(II) ions are connected by the carboxyl-ate groups of the l-lys ligands in the a-axis direction and the bridging 4,4'-bipy ligands in the b- and c-axis directions, forming a three-dimensional cationic framework with channels along [100]. The nitrate anions and solvent water and dimethyl-formamide (DMF) mol-ecules are located in the channels and linked to the cationic framework by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The occupancy of the water mol-ecule was fixed at 0.6. One of the DMF mol-ecules is disordered over two sets of sites, with an occupancy ratio of 0.632:0.368 (11).

Cenozoic Tethyan changes dominated Eurasian animal evolution and diversity patterns.

Cenozoic tectonic evolution in the Tethyan region has greatly changed the landforms and environment of Eurasia, driving the evolution of animals and greatly affecting the diversity patterns of Eurasian animals. By combining the latest Tethyan paleogeographic models and some recently published Eurasian zoological studies, we systematically summarize how tectonic evolution in the Tethyan region has influenced the evolution and diversity patterns of Eurasian animals. The convergence of continental plates, closure of Tethys Sea, and Tethyan sea-level changes have directly affected the composition and spatial distribution of Eurasian animal diversity. The topographic and environmental changes caused by Tethyan tectonics have determined regional animal diversity in Eurasia by influencing animal origin, dispersal, preservation, diversification, and extinction. The ecological transformations resulted in the emergence of new habitats and niches, which promoted animal adaptive evolution, specialization, speciation, and expansion. We highlight that the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Tethyan region has been responsible for much of the alteration in Eurasian animal distribution and has been an essential force in shaping organic evolution. Furthermore, we generalize a general pattern that Tethyan geological events are linked with Eurasian animal evolution and diversity dynamics.

Upregulation of IRS-1 expression in Goto-Kakizaki rats following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: resolution of type 2 diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an endocrine disorder that is rapidly growing in prevalence within China and throughout the world. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, widely used in the treatment of obesity, has been recognized as an effective and long-term treatment for T2DM in recent years. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for glycemic control remain unclear. This study was designed to investigate the roles of insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance following RYGB surgery. Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a model of T2DM, were randomly allocated into three groups: RYGB surgery, sham surgery, and control (10 animals/group). Wistar rats were also used as non-diabetic control. Daily food intake, body weight, glucose and insulin were measured pre- and post-operatively. Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2) content, the main subtypes of IRSs, were measured in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver using western immunoblot analyses on postoperative day 28. Following surgery, RYGB-treated rats showed markedly improved oral glucose tolerance, as judged by lower peak and area-under-the-curve glucose values (p < 0.01 vs. GK or GK sham). Improved insulin resistance was also observed in RYGB-treated rats. Western immunoblot analyses showed that IRS-1 and its phosphorylation levels were significantly increased in skeletal muscle and adipose tissues in RYGB group (p < 0.01 vs. GK or GK sham), whereas IRS-2 levels were downregulated in liver. These findings suggest that improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin resistance following RYGB surgery are associated with upregulation of IRS-1.

Hoffa fracture associated with ipsilateral femoral shaft fracture: clinical feature and treatment.

Hoffa fracture associated with ipsilateral femoral shaft fracture is very rare. Three cases of this rare type of injury were retrospectively reviewed. The sites of femoral shaft fractures and Hoffa fractures were documented. All femoral shaft fractures were managed with internal fixation. The rate of misdiagnosis for the Hoffa fractures was documented. Functions of the affected knees were evaluated according to the modified Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) scores at two years follow-up. Femoral fractures were either transverse or composite in all three cases. Ipsilateral Hoffa fractures occurred at medial condyle in two cases, and lateral condyle in one case. Only one Hoffa fracture was identified preoperatively. All the femoral shaft fractures healed uneventfully. In the patient whose Hoffa fracture was correctly diagnosed, the modified HSS score was 94. In another patient, whose Hoffa fracture was treated by a second operation, the modified HSS score was 93. And in the third case, who refused additional operation for the Hoffa fracture, the modified HSS score was only 70. Conclusively femoral shaft fracture can be associated with ipsilateral Hoffa fracture, especially in motorcycle accident. This type of injury is very rare and misdiagnosis is common.

catena-Poly[[[aqua-bis-(4,4'-bipyridine-κN)zinc]-µ-l-tyrosinato-κN,O:O] nitrate dihydrate].

In the title compound, {[Zn(C(9)H(10)NO(3))(C(10)H(8)N(2))(2)(H(2)O)]NO(3)·2H(2)O}(n), the Zn(II) atom is six-coordinated in a distorted octa-hedral geometry by two carboxyl-ate O atoms and one amino N atom from two l-tyrosinate ligands, two N atoms from two 4,4'-bipyridine ligands, and one water mol-ecule. Adjacent Zn atoms are bridged by the bidentate carboxyl-ate groups into a cationic chain extending along [010]. N-H⋯N, O-H⋯N and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the cationic chains, nitrate anions and uncoordinated water mol-ecules into a supra-molecular network. π-π inter-actions between the pyridine rings and between the pyridine and benzene rings [centroid-centroid distances = 3.615 (4) and 3.636 (4) Å] are present.

Tip of the iceberg: species diversity of Pholcus spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae) in the Changbai Mountains, Northeast China.

Despite 250 years of taxonomic classification and over 1.2 million species already catalogued, known species diversity is only a small part of true species diversity on Earth, and thus, the known species are only the tip of iceberg. Here, we investigated the genus Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805 of the family Pholcidae C. L. Koch, 1850 in the Changbai Mountains, Northeast China, which provides an excellent case of high species diversity. Previously, only 14 endemic Pholcus spiders, all belonging to the P. phungiformes species group, and two introduced species P. manueli Gertsch, 1937 and P. zichyi Kulczynski, 1901 from the P. crypticolens species group, have been recorded from this area. Our study confirmed 11 new species of the P. phungiformes species group based on morphology and three methods of molecular species delimitation: P. gaizhou Yao & Li, sp. nov., P. guanshui Yao & Li, sp. nov., P. jiguanshan Yao & Li, sp. nov., P. longxigu Yao & Li, sp. nov., P. luoquanbei Yao & Li, sp. nov., P. shenshi Yao & Li, sp. nov., P. tianmenshan Yao & Li, sp. nov., P. wangjiang Yao & Li, sp. nov., P. xingqi Yao & Li, sp. nov., P. yaoshan Yao & Li, sp. nov., and P. yuhuangshan Yao & Li, sp. nov. This study brings the fauna of the P. phungiformes species group from the Changbai Mountains to 25 species, approximately two times more than previously known, which could indicate that species diversity in the area is underestimated for all arthropod fauna.