Euphorfistrines A-G, cytotoxic and AChE inhibiting triterpenoids from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana.

Seven new triterpenoids including two cycloartanes (1-2), a lanostane (3), a tirucallane (4), a dammarane (5), an ursane (6), and an oleanane (7), along with nineteen known triterpenoids (8-26), have been obtained from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana. Their structures were established by NMR, HRESIMS, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, Mosher's method, NMR calculations, ECD analysis, and comparison with structurally related known analogues. Among them, compounds 1 and 8 were a pair of cycloartane-type triterpenoids epimers. Our bioassays have established that compounds 1-5 and 10 displayed moderate cytotoxic effects, and the structure-activity relationships of cycloartane-type triterpenoids (CTTs) were further examined. Notably, some triterpenoids displayed moderate inhibitory effects against AChE by an in vitro screened experiment. Triterpenoid 7 (Euphorfistrine G, ETG) displayed the potent inhibitory effect with IC50 = 2.45 and Ki = 2.30 µM (inhibition kinetic). And, in silico docking analyses have been performed to investigate the inhibitory mechanism of compound 7.

Anti-gout nor-oleanane triterpenoids from the leaves of Stauntonia brachyanthera.

With the aim of finding more potential anti-gout compounds from natural resources, a phytochemical study on the leaves of Stauntonia brachyanthera was carried out, which led to the isolation of 11 nor-oleanane triterpenoids, including 4 new ones. Their structures were determined by the comprehensive 1D, 2D NMR, HRMS, and HPLC analysis after acid hydrolysis. Brachyantheraoside B4 (3) and 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-30-norolean-12,20(29)-dien-28-oic acid (8) exhibited significant inhibitory activities on xanthine oxidase with IC50 values of 0.20 and 18.5µM, respectively. Brachyantheraoside C2 (2) also showed moderate effects on XO. A primary structure-activity relationship was also summarized, which revealed the anti-gout abilities of three nor-oleanane triterpenoids and their potential possibilities as the candidate compounds for the treatment of gout. The discovery of nor-oleanane triterpenoids also widens people's idea for the study of anti-gout agents and promotes the comprehensive development of S. brachyanthera.

Spatial distributions and environmentally-mediated factors of dimethylsulfoxide off the northern Antarctic Peninsula in summer.

Spatial distributions of dissolved and particulate dimethylsulfoxide (DMSOd and DMSOp) were investigated off the northern Antarctic Peninsula during the austral summer of 2018, an ecologically and climatically important region of the world. In the upper waters, DMSOd was concentrated in the ice-melt zone because DMSO functions physiologically as an intracellular osmolyte and cryoprotectant. DMSOd concentrations had a weak positive correlation with temperature but a negative correlation with nutrients. This highlighted the importance of temperature-dependent biological activities and photolysis in DMSOd production and the important role of the intracellular antioxidation system in phytoplankton cells. The decrease of average DMSOp:Chl-a ratios in upper waters from west to east, along with decreasing temperatures and increasing diatoms proportions in the phytoplankton, illustrates how seawater DMSO production capacities depend on ambient temperatures and the composition of phytoplankton assemblages. DMSOp were accumulated in deep waters through bio-debris accumulation and microbial activity.

Euphorfinoids A and B, a pair of ent-atisane diterpenoid epimers from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana, and their bioactivities.

Euphorfinoids A and B (1 and 2), a pair of ent-atisane diterpenoid epimers with a vicinal 2,3-diol moiety, together with four known analogues (3-6), were isolated from the roots of wild Euphorbia fischeriana. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including extensive NMR, HR-ESIMS, NMR calculations, X-ray diffraction, and comparison with structurally related known analogues. Our bioassays have established that compound 1 displayed moderate anti-proliferative effects on Hcc1806 cell line with IC50 15.53 ± 0.21 µM, and compound 5 showed remarkable inhibitory effects against AChE with IC50 32.56 ± 2.74 µM by an in vitro screened experiment.

New Lanostane-Type Triterpenes with Anti-Inflammatory Activity from the Epidermis of Wolfiporia cocos.

A chemical study on the epidermis of cultivated edible mushroom Wolfiporia cocos resulted in the isolation and identification of 46 lanostane triterpenoids, containing 17 new compounds (1-17). An experimental determination of their anti-inflammatory activity showed that poricoic acid GM (39) most strongly inhibited NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 murine macrophages with an IC50 value at 9.73 µM. Furthermore, poricoic acid GM induced HO-1 protein expression and inhibited iNOS and COX2 protein expression as well as the release of PGE2, IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Mechanistically, poricoic acid GM suppressed the phosphorylation of the IκBα protein, which prevented NF-κB from entering the nucleus to lose transcriptional activity and inhibited the dissociation of Keap1 from Nrf2, thereby activating Nrf2 into the nucleus to regulate antioxidant genes. Furthermore, the MAPK signaling pathway may play a significant role in poricoic acid GM-induced elimination of inflammation. This work further confirms that lanostane triterpenoids are key ingredients responsible for the anti-inflammatory properties of the edible medicinal mushroom W. cocos.

A mitochondria-targeted ratiometric fluorescent probe for hypochlorite and its applications in bioimaging.

A novel ratiometric probe (RCP) for -OCl was developed based on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) platform. The probe was constructed by integrating the coumarin moiety (FRET donor) with the rhodamine moiety (FRET acceptor). Upon treatment with -OCl, the coumarin emission at 483 nm decreased and the rhodamine emission at 570 nm increased, enabling the probe to provide accurate detection of -OCl (in the concentration range of 0-50 µM). The probe exhibited brilliant selectivity and sensitivity, rapid response and low cytotoxicity. More importantly, the introduction of the quaternized pyridine moiety can not only manage to increase the solubility, but also achieve mitochondria-targeting. The probe was applied successfully to imaging endogenous -OCl in mitochondria, highlighting its potential applications in bioanalysis.

Investigation of the efficiency of intrastromal ring segments with cross-linking using different sequence and timing for keratoconus.

AIM: To evaluate and compare the efficacy and stability of intrastromal corneal ring segment (ICRs) implantation with cross-linking (CXL) using different sequence and timing. METHODS: In this single retrospective study, 86 keratoconic eyes subjected the ICRs implantation. We analyzed only 41 eyes that had complete follow-ups. They were divided into three groups: ICRs implantation was applied only (group normal), ICRs first followed by CXL immediately (group CXL-S), CXL first followed by ICRs long after (group CXL-B). The visual acuity, refractive results, keratometry were compared preoperatively and 1y postoperatively. Their differences among the three groups were also analyzed. RESULTS: Group normal comprised 25 eyes, group CXL-S 8 eyes, and group CXL-B 8 eyes. There were improvements in the mean uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and the mean corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) compared preoperatively and 1y postoperatively {UDVA: 0.31 (P=0.030) logarithmic minimum angle of resolution [logMAR] group normal, 0.4 (P=0.020) group CXL-S, 0.45 (P=0.001) group CXL-B; CDVA: 0.21 logMAR (P=0.013) group normal, 0.30 (P=0.036) group CXL-S; 0.26 (P=0.000) group CXL-B}. The refractive and topographic outcomes also showed improvements. In terms of comparisons among the three groups, all the P values were above 0.05, showing no significant difference. But only group CXL-B had improvement in UDVA and CDVA for all the patients. CONCLUSION: With safety and good visual outcomes, ICRs implantation is a viable alternative for keratoconus. No significant difference was found among these three groups.

Diuretic Properties and Chemical Constituent Studies on Stauntonia brachyanthera.

The pharmacological evaluation demonstrated that the extracts from the stem of S. brachyanthera could significantly increase the outputs of urine of rats compared to those of furosemide treated group, and the effect could last for a longer period of time. The best effect appeared in the first two hours, which scientifically confirmed the diuretic effect of the plant. The comparative pharmacognosy study showed that the characters of the crude drugs of the stem of S. brachyanthera were similar to those of Akebia caulis. Further systemic work on its chemical constituents by chromatographic methods and NMR elucidations led to the isolation of 10 triterpenoids, 6 flavonoids, 4 lignanoids, and 3 phenylethanoid glycosides, whose structural types were much similar to those of A. quinata. Among them, 7 compounds were firstly reported in the genus of Stauntonia and calceolarioside B was the common characteristic constituent in both plants. From the similar pharmacognosy characters, pharmacological effects, and chemical constituents, it could be concluded that S. brachyanthera have a great possibility to be a succedaneum of Akebia caulis, whose supply is extremely short in recent years.