Proof of concept of mass dog vaccination for thecontrol and elimination of canine rabies.

For more than 100 years, canine rabies vaccination has been available as a tool for rabies control and elimination. However, domestic dogs still remain a major reservoir for rabies, and although canine rabies has been eliminated through mass dog vaccination in some parts of the world, the disease continues to kill tens of thousands of people every year in Africa and Asia. This review focuses on the situation on those two continents, presenting evidence to show that canine rabies elimination is both epidemiologically and operationally feasible, and could be achieved across a wide range of settings in Africa and Asia. The challenges of achieving the large-scale, comprehensive dog vaccination coverage that is required are discussed, and opportunities for developing new strategies that generate multiple benefits for human and animal health and welfare are highlighted. Finally, the substantial progress that has been made in developing the tools, partnerships and frameworks needed to move towards global canine rabies elimination is outlined.

La vaccination antirabique des chiens est pratiquée depuis plus d'un siècle en tant qu'outil de contrôle et d'élimination de la rage. Néanmoins, les chiens domestiques constituent encore aujourd'hui un réservoir majeur du virus de la rage et si la rage canine a pu être éliminée dans certaines régions du monde grâce à la vaccination massive des chiens, la maladie continue de faire des dizaines de milliers de victimes humaines chaque année en Afrique et en Asie. Les auteurs font le point sur la situation dans ces deux continents en montrant que l'élimination de la rage canine est un objectif réaliste, tant au plan épidémiologique qu'opérationnel, et atteignable dans de très diverses configurations d'Afrique et d'Asie. Ils décrivent les difficultés d'obtenir le niveau requis de couverture vaccinale des populations canines en termes d'effectifs vaccinés et de territoires couverts, et soulignent les perspectives de développement de nouvelles stratégies pouvant générer de multiples bénéfices pour la santé et le bien-être des hommes et des animaux. Enfin, ils évoquent les progrès considérables accomplis dans la mise en place des outils, des partenariats et des cadres nécessaires pour avancer vers l'objectif de l'élimination mondiale de la rage canine.

La vacunación contra la rabia canina es una herramienta utilizada desde hace más de 100 años con fines de control y eliminación de la enfermedad. No obstante, los perros domésticos aún constituyen un importante reservorio de rabia, y pese que en algunas partes del mundo se ha logrado eliminar la rabia canina gracias a la vacunación masiva de perros, esta afección sigue matando a decenas de miles de personas al año en África y Asia. Los autores, centrándose en la situación reinante en estos dos continentes, presentan datos demostrativos de que la eliminación de la rabia canina es un objetivo factible tanto epidemiológica como operativamente, hacedero en muy diversos lugares de África y Asia. También exponen los problemas existentes para lograr la amplia cobertura de vacunación canina a gran escala que se requiere para cumplir tal objetivo y destacan las oportunidades existentes para elaborar nuevas estrategias que deparen múltiples beneficios para la salud y el bienestar de personas y animales. Por último, repasan a grandes líneas los sustanciales progresos registrados en la creación de las herramientas, las alianzas y los marcos de referencia que se necesitan para avanzar hacia la eliminación de la rabia canina en todo el mundo.

One Health contributions towards more effective and equitable approaches to health in low- and middle-income countries.

Emerging zoonoses with pandemic potential are a stated priority for the global health security agenda, but endemic zoonoses also have a major societal impact in low-resource settings. Although many endemic zoonoses can be treated, timely diagnosis and appropriate clinical management of human cases is often challenging. Preventive 'One Health' interventions, e.g. interventions in animal populations that generate human health benefits, may provide a useful approach to overcoming some of these challenges. Effective strategies, such as animal vaccination, already exist for the prevention, control and elimination of many endemic zoonoses, including rabies, and several livestock zoonoses (e.g. brucellosis, leptospirosis, Q fever) that are important causes of human febrile illness and livestock productivity losses in low- and middle-income countries. We make the case that, for these diseases, One Health interventions have the potential to be more effective and generate more equitable benefits for human health and livelihoods, particularly in rural areas, than approaches that rely exclusively on treatment of human cases. We hypothesize that applying One Health interventions to tackle these health challenges will help to build trust, community engagement and cross-sectoral collaboration, which will in turn strengthen the capacity of fragile health systems to respond to the threat of emerging zoonoses and other future health challenges. One Health interventions thus have the potential to align the ongoing needs of disadvantaged communities with the concerns of the broader global community, providing a pragmatic and equitable approach to meeting the global goals for sustainable development and supporting the global health security agenda.This article is part of the themed issue 'One Health for a changing world: zoonoses, ecosystems and human well-being'.

A field vaccine trial in Tanzania demonstrates partial protection against malignant catarrhal fever in cattle.

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle that, in East Africa, results from transmission of the causative virus, alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1), from wildebeest. A vaccine field trial involving an attenuated AlHV-1 virus vaccine was performed over two wildebeest calving seasons on the Simanjiro Plain of northern Tanzania. Each of the two phases of the field trial consisted of groups of 50 vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle, which were subsequently exposed to AlHV-1 challenge by herding toward wildebeest. Vaccination resulted in the induction of virus-specific and virus-neutralizing antibodies. Some cattle in the unvaccinated groups also developed virus-specific antibody responses but only after the start of the challenge phase of the trial. PCR of DNA from blood samples detected AlHV-1 infection in both groups of cattle but the frequency of infection was significantly lower in the vaccinated groups. Some infected animals showed clinical signs suggestive of MCF but few animals went on to develop fatal MCF, with similar numbers in vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. This study demonstrated a baseline level of MCF-seropositivity among cattle in northern Tanzania of 1% and showed that AlHV-1 virus-neutralizing antibodies could be induced in Tanzanian zebu shorthorn cross cattle by our attenuated vaccine, a correlate of protection in previous experimental trials. The vaccine reduced infection rates by 56% in cattle exposed to wildebeest but protection from fatal MCF could not be determined due to the low number of fatal cases.