Nonlinear-tolerant two-dimensional distribution matcher scheme for probabilistic shaping.

This Letter proposes a nonlinear-tolerant two-dimensional distribution matcher (2D-DM) scheme. It removes the corner points of probabilistically shaped quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) to obtain better nonlinear tolerance. Because the remaining number of points is not a power of 2, we propose to divide constellation points into different layers and symbols. Then, the proposed 2D-DM performs matching using one-dimensional shapers, which generates the in-phase and quadrature components of QAM together. In fact, it realizes two-dimensional shapers from one-dimensional shapers. Simulation results show that two-dimensional shapers generated by the proposed 2D-DM have higher tolerance to power amplifier nonlinearity and fiber nonlinearity compared to one-dimensional shapers.

HLA-C*07:01 and HLA-DQB1*02:01 protect against white matter hyperintensities and deterioration of cognitive function: A population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Neuroinflammation and aberrant immune regulation are increasingly implicated in the pathophysiology of white matter hyperintensities (WMH), an imaging marker of cerebrovascular pathologies and predictor of cognitive impairment. The role of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, critical in immunoregulation and associated with susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases, in WMH pathophysiology remains unexplored. METHODS: We performed association analyses between classical HLA alleles and WMH volume, derived from MRI scans of 38 302 participants in the UK Biobank. To identify independent functional alleles driving these associations, we conducted conditional forward stepwise regression and lasso regression. We further investigated whether these functional alleles showed consistent associations with WMH across subgroups characterized by varying levels of clinical determinants. Additionally, we validated the clinical relevance of the identified alleles by examining their association with cognitive function (n = 147 549) and dementia (n = 460 029) in a larger cohort. FINDINGS: Four HLA alleles (DQB1*02:01, DRB1*03:01, C*07:01, and B*08:01) showed an association with reduced WMH volume after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Among these alleles, DQB1*02:01 exhibited the most significant association (ß = -0.041, 95 % CI: -0.060 to -0.023, p = 1.04 × 10-5). Forward selection and lasso regression analyses indicated that DQB1*02:01 and C*07:01 primarily drove this association. The protective effect against WMH conferred by DQB1*02:01 and C*07:01 persisted in clinically relevant subgroups, with a stronger effect observed in older participants. Carrying DQB1*02:01 and C*07:01 was associated with higher cognitive function, but no association with dementia was found. INTERPRETATION: Our population-based findings support the involvement of immune-associated mechanisms, particularly both HLA class I and class II genes, in the pathogenesis of WMH and subsequent consequence of cognitive functions.

Post-traumatic growth in later-life cognitive function? Evidence from the 1976 Great Tangshan Earthquake.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the long-term impacts of exposure to earthquake in adolescence on later-life cognitive function in China. METHODS: Data were from the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Our analytical sample comprised 4394 participants aged 49 to 78 from two birth cohorts born between 1937 and 1966: exposed cohort during adolescence (born between 1952 and 1966), and non-exposed cohort during adolescence (born between 1937 and 1951). We defined earthquake exposure as the exposure severity of the 1976 Great Tangshan Earthquake (GTE). We selected community environmental characteristics as our key moderators. A difference-in-differences (DID) method was employed to estimate the long-term impact of the GTE on later-life cognitive function. RESULTS: We found that exposure to the earthquake during adolescence resulted in higher scores of later-life cognitive function (for males: ß = 2.18; 95% CI: 0.70-3.66; for females: ß = 1.22; 95% CI: 0.11-2.33). For males, this impact was moderated by community environmental characteristics including the old-age allowance program (ß = 3.07; 95% CI: 1.94-4.19) and the condition of basic community infrastructures (ß = 1.52; 95% CI: 0.84-2.19). CONCLUSIONS: Our study supports the post-traumatic growth theory. This finding suggest that individuals with early-life traumatic exposure need to be focused on. Additionally, improving the conditions of community infrastructures and establishing a community environment with comfort and security may be pretty important for promoting cognitive function and post-traumatic growth.

Joint message passing decoding for LDPC codes with CCDMs.

In this Letter, message passing algorithms are introduced to jointly decode low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and constant composition distribution matchers (CCDMs) to achieve better performance. Then, based on the weight constraint of CCDMs, a weight decoding with linear complexity is proposed to efficiently decode the CCDM codewords. Simulations over a fiber channel show that short CCDMs with the proposed joint decoding provide up to 10.6% reach increase compared with long CCDMs with one-pass decoding.

Visualization of microRNA therapy in cancers delivered by small extracellular vesicles.

MicroRNA (miRNA) delivery by extracellular vesicles (EVs) has recently inspired tremendous developments in cancer treatments. However, hybridization between miRNA and its target mRNA is still difficult to be imaged in vivo to assess the therapeutic effects in time. Herein we design a nano-scale fluorescent "off-on" complex encapsulated by small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) for real-time visualization and evaluation of gene therapy efficiency in human gastric cancer cells and murine xenograft tumor models. The complex is formed by π-π stacking between graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and tumor suppressor miR-193a-3p conjugated fluorescent tag whose signals remain off when binding to GQDs. Loaded into sEVs using tunable sonication techniques, the GQDs/Cy5-miR particles enter the tumor cells and promote miR-193a-3p escape from endosomes. The miR-193a-3p in GQDs/Cy5-miR is unleashed to pair the specific target oncogene cyclin D1 (CCND1), therefore turning on the fluorescence of miRNA tags. We find out that GQDs/Cy5-miR@sEVs can activate the "turn-on" fluorescent signal and exhibit the longest retention time in vivo, which suggests a minimized degradation of miR-193a-3p in dynamic processes of miRNA-mRNA binding. More importantly, GQDs/Cy5-miR@sEVs significantly promote cancer apoptosis in vitro and in vivo via the enhanced cellular uptake. Our study demonstrates that GQDs/Cy5-miR@sEVs represent an efficient and refined theranostic platform for gene therapy in cancers.

The shattered "Iron Rice Bowl": effects of Chinese state-owned enterprise reform on depressive symptoms in later life.

OBJECTIVES: The SOE reform was the first time that economic insecurity was introduced since 1949 in China, with hundreds of million employees affected by the laid off. This study took the State-Owned Enterprises (SOE) reform in China as a natural experiment to explore the impact of economic insecurity on depressive symptoms in later life. METHODS: Data were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS), 2014 and 2015. CHARLS is a nationally representative survey covering 28 provinces in China. CHARLS used the probabilities proportional to size (PPS) sampling method and involved 450 villages/resident committees, 150 counties/districts and 12,400 households. A total of 5113 urban dwellers born earlier than 1971 (aged 25 years old and above at the start of the SOE reform, 1995) were involved. Using the province-level  economic loss from the layoffs, we examined the impact of economic insecurity exposure on the score of depressive symptoms using a difference-in-differences model (DID). RESULTS: Individuals with economic insecurity exposure had a significantly increased risk of higher depressive symptoms scores, in which a 1 percentage point increase in expected economic loss would increase the CESD-10 score by 0.10. For an individual at the median distribution (CESD-10 = 5), this implies a shift to the 58th percentile (CESD-10 = 6). Given that the average intensity of expected economic loss is 10.22% and the mean CESD-10 is 6.92, exposure to the SOE reform led to an average increase in the CESD-10 score by 1.02 and by at least 14.74%. The heterogeneity analyses showed that the role of SOE reform in depressive symptoms scores was robust in both female and male groups and groups with different educational attainment. CONCLUSIONS: Economic insecurity exposure increased the depressive symptoms score later in life in the context of China. Programs, such as adequate unemployment insurance benefits, can protect individuals against the risk of financial loss, thereby reducing their negative impact on depressive symptoms. Providing mental symptoms surveillance and psychological counseling to those experienced at a time of great uncertainty is important for preventing depression in times of economic insecurity.

Association between oral health behavior and chronic diseases among middle-aged and older adults in Beijing, China.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between oral health behavior and multiple chronic diseases among middle-aged and older adults. METHODS: We obtained data of the Beijing Health Service Survey and used multivariate logistic models to estimate the association between oral hygiene behavior and the risk of chronic diseases. RESULTS: The risk of any chronic diseases (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.18-1.37), cardiovascular diseases (CVD, OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.21-1.39), and endocrine or nutritional metabolic disorders (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01-1.22) was higher in those who with poor oral health behavior. There was no significant correlation between oral health behavior and the risk of diseases of the musculoskeletal, respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. CONCLUSIONS: Poor oral hygiene practices were associated with higher risk of chronic diseases, CVD and diabetes mellitus (DM) among middle-aged and older adults. These findings motivate further studies to evaluate whether improved oral health behavior may prevent the incidence of chronic diseases.

Artificial intelligence in clinical applications for lung cancer: diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that includes research in robotics, language recognition, image recognition, natural language processing, and expert systems. AI is poised to change medical practice, and oncology is not an exception to this trend. As the matter of fact, lung cancer has the highest morbidity and mortality worldwide. The leading cause is the complexity of associating early pulmonary nodules with neoplastic changes and numerous factors leading to strenuous treatment choice and poor prognosis. AI can effectively enhance the diagnostic efficiency of lung cancer while providing optimal treatment and evaluating prognosis, thereby reducing mortality. This review seeks to provide an overview of AI relevant to all the fields of lung cancer. We define the core concepts of AI and cover the basics of the functioning of natural language processing, image recognition, human-computer interaction and machine learning. We also discuss the most recent breakthroughs in AI technologies and their clinical application regarding diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in lung cancer. Finally, we highlight the future challenges of AI in lung cancer and its impact on medical practice.

The association between community-level socioeconomic status and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older adults in China.

BACKGROUND: There was little evidence concerning the association of community socioeconomic status (SES) and the cross-level interaction between community- and individual-level SES with depressive symptoms in China. This study aimed to investigate the association of community-level SES with depressive symptoms among Chinese middle-aged and older people and to examine whether individual-level SES moderates this relationship. METHODS: Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal 2011-2018 Study, the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10) short form was used to measure depressive symptoms in 35,546 Chinese individuals aged 45 years and older. Community SES was calculated as a sum of z scores of the average years of schooling and household income per capita, which were derived by aggregating the individual measures to the community level. Two-level hierarchical linear regression was used. RESULTS: Community SES was negatively related to CES-D-10 scores (coef=-0.438). A 1-SD increase in individual SES was associated with lower CES-D-10 scores (coef=-0.490). The cross-level interaction on individual- and community-level SES was significantly associated with depressive symptoms, indicating that with the increase of individual-level SES, the effect of community-level SES on depression decreases. Stratified analyses observed robust associations of community SES with CES-D scores between urban and rural residents. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that individuals who live in lower-SES communities had more severe depressive symptoms, particularly individuals with low SES. Additional attention should be given to the community socioeconomic context of middle-aged and older adults with lower SES, which may be helpful to reduce SES inequalities in depressive symptoms in China.

The association between community-level socioeconomic status and cognitive function among Chinese middle-aged and older adults: a study based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS).

BACKGROUND: Although numerous studies focused on the relationship between area socioeconomic status (SES) and health, only a few of them investigated how community-level SES was linked to late-life cognitive function as well as the potential pathways underlying this association, and very few of them focused on the context of China. This study examined how community-level SES was linked to cognitive function and the potential pathways underlying this association among middle-aged and older adults in China. METHODS: Data was drawn from the waves 1-4 of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. We measured cognitive function with the components of the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status battery. Community-level SES was derived from a sum of z scores of the percentage of the illiterate and the per-capita net income status within communities. We adopted two-level hierarchical linear regression models to explore the associations between community-level SES and cognitive function. A multilevel mediation analysis with structural equation modeling was undertaken to disaggregate the direct and indirect pathways of the associations. RESULTS: Higher community-level SES was associated with better cognitive function (ß = 0.562, 95% CI = 0.390, 0.734), and this significant association was only present in rural participants, not in urban participants. Furthermore, we discovered the mediating effects of outdoor exercise facilities within communities (ß = 0.023, 95% CI = 0.000, 0.056) and individual-level SES (ß = 0.108, 95% CI = 0.057, 0.156) to explain the relationship between community SES and cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the importance of community environmental interventions in maintaining individuals' cognitive health in China, especially for older adults. Our results provided solid empirical evidence for reducing mental health inequalities in China, and suggested that developing an aging-friendly environment and properly distributing community resources are important to improve cognitive function of older adults.

Association of Urbanicity with Schizophrenia and Related Mortality in China: Association de l'urbanicité avec la schizophrénie et la mortalité qui y est reliée en Chine.

OBJECTIVE: Although higher prevalence of schizophrenia in Chinese urban areas was observed, studies focused on the association between schizophrenia and urbanicity were less in China. Using a national representative population-based data set, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between urbanicity and schizophrenia and its related mortality among adults aged 18 years old and above in China. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Second China National Sample Survey on Disability in 2006 and follow-up studies from 2007 to 2010 each year. We restricted our analysis to 1,909,205 participants aged 18 years or older and the 2,071 schizophrenia patients with information of survival and all-caused mortality of the follow-up surveys from 2007 to 2010.Schizophrenia was ascertained according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. The degree of urbanicity and the region of residence were used to be the proxies of urbanicity. Of these, the degree of urbanicity measured by the ratio of nonagricultural population to total population and the region of residence measured by six categorical variables (first-tier cities, first-tier city suburbs, second-tier cities, second-tier city suburbs, other city areas, and rural areas). Logistics regression models and restricted polynomial splines were used to examine the linear/nonlinear relationship between urbanicity and the risk of schizophrenia. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to test the role of urbanicity on mortality risk of schizophrenia patients. RESULTS: 10% increase in the degree of urbanicity was associated with increased risk of schizophrenia (OR = 1.44; 95% CI, 1.32 to 1.57). The nonlinear model further confirmed the association between the degree of urbanicity and the risk of schizophrenia. This association existed sex difference, as the level of urbanicity increased, schizophrenia risk of males grew faster than the risk of females. The hazard ratio (HR) of mortality in schizophrenia patients decreased with the elevated of urbanicity level, with a HR of 0.42 (95% CI, 0.21 to 0.84). CONCLUSIONS: This research suggested that incremental changes in the degree of urbanicity linked to higher risk of schizophrenia, and as the degree of urbanicity elevated, the risk of schizophrenia increased more for men than for women. Additionally, we found that schizophrenia patients in higher degree of urbanicity areas had lower risk of mortality. These findings contributed to the literature on schizophrenia in developing nations under a non-Western context and indicates that strategies to improve mental health conditions are needed in the progress of urbanicity.

'Turn-off' fluorescence strategy for determination of hexavalent chromium ions based on copper nanoclusters.

Cu nanoclusters (CuNCs) capped by tannic acid (TA) (CuNCs@TA) can be used as a highly sensitive fluorescent probe for Cr(VI) detection. Therefore, a fluorescence detection method for Cr(VI) can be established according to the fluorescence quenching of CuNCs@TA that is caused immediately after the addition of Cr(VI). The fluorescence quenching efficiency of CuNCs@TA was linearly correlated with Cr(VI) concentration within the range 0.03-60 µM, and the detection limit for Cr(VI) was 5 nM. This method was demonstrated to be suitable for detecting Cr(VI) in actual water samples. We found that sodium thiosulfate (ST) can redox with Cr(VI) and therefore restore the fluorescence of CuNCs@TA. The mechanism of CuNCs@TA fluorescence quenching and enhancement by Cr(VI) and ST was investigated in detail. The 'turn-on' fluorescent sensor is of practical significance and has broad application prospects.

[To design an intelligent analysis platform for the disabled population data].

OBJECTIVE: To design demand-oriented intelligent analysis platform framework for the disabled population data from overall management to security. METHODS: DATAI-WebEx, active learning, Browser/Server architecture, role-role-based access control, Bayesian network, GIS analysis technology, cluster analysis, regression analysis and other intelligent technologies were used in this study, which provided the functions of multi-source heterogeneous disabled population data fusion, intelligent analysis, secure access and data sharing. RESULTS: The disability data warehouse and intelligent analysis platform can realize the structured and unstructured information disabled population data alignment and data fusion. Also, it can provide disability risk module clustering, disability risk factor identification, disabled distribution analysis, disability scale dynamic trajectory prediction, early warning, disability grade development. Moreover, it can provide a guarantee for the safe and convenient access of sensitive data with the support of "classified boxes", and realize the safe sharing of data of the disabled population. CONCLUSION: The disability data warehouse and intelligent analysis platform can provide the services of "comprehensive fusion-intelligent mining-safe sharing".

Gender difference in the association between education and schizophrenia in Chinese adults.

BACKGROUND: Improving education level was evidenced to decrease the risk of schizophrenia, but whether this strength of education role depends on gender is not. This study aimed to investigate whether there was gender difference in the association between education and schizophrenia in Chinese adults. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Second China National Sample Survey on Disability in 2006, including 1,909,205 participants aged 18 years or older. Schizophrenia was ascertained according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision. Logistics regression models were fitted to examine the combined effect of gender and education on schizophrenia. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia in female groups was higher than in male groups, with 0.44% (95%CI: 0.42-0.45%) and 0.36% (95%CI: 0.35-0.37%), respectively. Compared with schizophrenia male patients, more females with schizophrenia experienced severe or extreme difficulty in understanding and communicating. However, more males with schizophrenia suffered from severe or extreme difficulty in the function of daily activities. The combined effect of education and schizophrenia was statistically significant, indicating that, as the level of education increased, schizophrenia risk of females decreased faster than the risk of males. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that additional years of education associated with lower risk of schizophrenia, and this association was stronger in females than in males. As education elevated, the risk of schizophrenia decreased more for women than for men. The findings indicate that improving education level may have an effect on reducing the gender disparities in mental health of China. Actions to prevent schizophrenia and address its gender disparities will require attention to the improving educational opportunities.

Schizophrenia and education in Chinese metropolises: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: Schizophrenia is a public concern in metropolises. Increases in city size may strengthen the correlation between prevalence of schizophrenia and indices of socioeconomic status, such as education. This study used population-based data of adults to investigate the association between education and schizophrenia in Chinese metropolises and its differences between inner city areas and outer suburbs. METHODS: Data was obtained from the Second China National Sample Survey on Disability in 2006, and analysis was restricted to 189,143 participants aged 18 years or older in all counties (districts) of Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin. Schizophrenia diagnoses were ascertained according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. Logistic regression models were fitted to examine the association between education and schizophrenia. RESULTS: An inverse U-shaped pattern between education and schizophrenia was found in inner city areas of Chinese metropolises. Compared with the primary school or below group, the odds ratios of junior high school group and senior high school or above group was 2.79 (95% CI 1.96, 3.96) and 1.45(95% CI 0.99, 2.13), respectively. In outer suburbs, junior high school (OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.63, 1.19) and senior high school or above groups (0.58, 95% CI 0.38, 0.87) were less likely to develop schizophrenia than the primary school or below group. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed an association between education and schizophrenia in Chinese metropolises. In inner city areas, the association was an inverse U-shaped pattern between education and schizophrenia, whereas in suburban areas, the association was a negative linear pattern. Our findings can help identify high-risk populations of schizophrenia in Chinese metropolises. Programs for prevention and early intervention of schizophrenia will need to consider the socioeconomic disparities between inner city and outer suburban areas. Public policies can help improve mental health by developing social security for migrants in inner city areas and promoting regional equality.

Bioinspired Peptoid Nanotubes for Targeted Tumor Cell Imaging and Chemo-Photodynamic Therapy.

Substantial progress has been made in applying nanotubes in biomedical applications such as bioimaging and drug delivery due to their unique architecture, characterized by very large internal surface areas and high aspect ratios. However, the biomedical applications of organic nanotubes, especially for those assembled from sequence-defined molecules, are very uncommon. In this paper, the synthesis of two new peptoid nanotubes (PepTs1 and PepTs2) is reported by using sequence-defined and ligand-tagged peptoids as building blocks. These nanotubes are highly robust due to sharing a similar structure to those of nontagged ones, and offer great potential to hold guest molecules for biomedical applications. The findings indicate that peptoid nanotubes loaded with doxorubicin drugs are promising candidates for targeted tumor cell imaging and chemo-photodynamic therapy.

Prenatal war exposure and schizophrenia in adulthood: evidence from the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the long-term effect of prenatal exposure to the Sino-Japanese War during 1937-1945 on risk of schizophrenia in adulthood among Chinese wartime survivors. METHODS: We obtained data from the Second National Sample Survey on Disability conducted in 31 provinces in 2006. We restricted our analysis to 369,469 adults born between 1931 and 1950. Schizophrenia was ascertained by psychiatrists based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases 10th Revision. War intensity was assessed by the ratio of war-caused civilian casualties to the pre-war population. The effect of prenatal exposure to war on schizophrenia was estimated by difference-in-difference models, established by examining the variation of war across birth cohorts. RESULTS: In the male population, war cohorts of 1937-1946 had no significant higher odds of schizophrenia compared with the pre-war cohorts of 1931-1936. In the female population, war cohorts were 1.16 (95% CI 1.01, 1.33) times more likely than pre-war cohorts to have schizophrenia. Sensitive analyses show that our estimates of war effect on schizophrenia were robust and valid. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposure to the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945 had long-run detrimental effect on risk of schizophrenia in the female adults. Further investigations are warranted to extend the enduring wartime impact on other health outcomes in China.

Hearing Aid Acquisition in Chinese Older Adults With Hearing Loss.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence and associated factors of hearing aid acquisition in Chinese older adults. METHODS: We obtained data from a population-based survey on ear and hearing disorders, which was conducted in 4 provinces of China in 2014 to 2015. Trained examiners conducted pure tone audiometry and audiologists further ascertained for hearing loss. We relied on hearing conditions and audiologists' recommendations to identify 1503 participants who needed to wear hearing aids. RESULTS: Among those 1503 participants, the estimated prevalence of hearing aid acquisition was 6.5% (95% confidence interval = 5.3%, 7.8%). Urban residency, having severe hearing loss, understanding hearing aid function, and receiving a hearing test in the past 12 months were associated with elevated prevalence of hearing aid acquisition. The top-3 reported reasons for not acquiring a hearing aid were not understanding its function (25.4%), not needing it (22.3%), and not being able to afford it (21.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Hearing aid use, as a widespread rehabilitation and treatment of hearing loss, remains a big challenge in China. Apart from providing low-cost hearing aids, more efforts should focus on improving hearing knowledge and disseminating information about hearing aid function among older adults.

Copper nanoclusters as fluorescence-quenching probes for the quantitative analysis of total iodine.

Tannic acid-coated copper nanoclusters (CuNCs@TA) were synthesized and used quantitatively to analyze iodine in kelp. Compared with other methods for iodine detection, the proposed method showed excellent performance. The iodine-induced linear decrease in the fluorescence intensity of CuNCs@TA allowed the quantitative detection of iodine in the range 20-100 µM, and the limit of detection for iodine was 18 nM. The probe can be used for the determination of iodine in real samples with reliable and accurate results. Modified Stern-Volmer equation and thermodynamic calculation studies were used to discuss the quenching mechanism.

Trends in Rehabilitation Services Use in Chinese Children and Adolescents With Intellectual Disabilities: 2007-2013.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate trends in rehabilitation services use in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities, and to explore factors potentially contributing to the trends. DESIGN: A population-based study using a multistage, randomized cluster-sampling process to ascertain participants in 2006. A subsample was selected for follow-up surveys from 2007 to 2013. SETTING: Thirty-one provinces of China. PARTICIPANTS: Children (N=5432) aged 0 to 17 years with intellectual disabilities were followed up for 7 years. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The outcome variable was whether individuals received at least 1 of the following rehabilitation services in the past 12 months: occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech or communication therapy. RESULTS: Overall, the utilization rates of rehabilitation services significantly increased from 14.4% in 2007 to 37.1% in 2013. The trends were also significant in children aged 0 to 10 and 11 to 17 years, in boys and girls, and in rural participants. From 2007 to 2013, rehabilitation services utilization increased at an annual rate of 22.39% (95% confidence interval, 18.11%-26.82%) in the total sample. The rise was only significant in rural rather than urban individuals, resulting in the urban-rural gap in rehabilitation services use being narrowed. However, minority populations and those without health insurance still received fewer rehabilitation services than their respective counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: There were upward trends in rehabilitation services use in participants over time, and the urban-rural gap was narrowed. However, there were still socioeconomic differences on rehabilitation services use among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities.