Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia associated with injected new psychoactive substances.

Injecting drug use is often associated with deep-seated infection. In Lothian in Scotland there has been a recent increase in the use of injected new psychoactive substances (NPS). Patients who have injected NPS have presented with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB) with life-threatening complications. We describe a unique case-series of 14 episodes of SAB in ten patients. Users of injected NPS had a significantly higher incidence of endocarditis and cavitating pulmonary lesions (P < 0·05) compared to those who inject only opiates. Cases of SAB in people who inject NPS have contributed to a significant rise in the overall incidence of SAB in people who inject drugs (P < 0·05) which has in turn impacted on the ability of Lothian to meet national targets for reducing the incidence of SAB.

Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) for bone and joint infections: experience from a UK teaching hospital-based service.

OBJECTIVES: We describe failure rates of 198 patients with bone and joint infection (BJI), including prosthetic joint infection and diabetic foot osteomyelitis, managed through the Glasgow centre for outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) over a period of 4 years. Outcomes following initial intravenous antimicrobial therapy and a median follow-up time of 60 weeks are described. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospectively maintained registry of all patients attending OPAT was examined for cases of BJI. Once identified, patient case records were reviewed and data extracted. Diagnosis, demographics, microbiology and treatment were recorded, and case records were examined for evidence of failing initial prescribed OPAT therapy and up to 24 months of follow-up. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-eight cases of BJI were identified. The overall success rate following initial OPAT was 86.4%, with a range from 71.8% success rate for diabetic foot or stump infection (DFI) to 100% for metalwork-related infection. The failure rate over the follow-up period was 29.8%. Factors associated with poor initial outcome included older age, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection and DFI, factors that continued to explain failure up to 24 months in multivariate survival analysis. CONCLUSIONS: For the majority of conditions, BJI can be successfully managed through OPAT. Identification of those likely to respond less well, including older patients, those with DFI and those with infections by resistant organisms, may encourage enhanced vigilance and consideration of newer or more aggressive treatments in these subgroups of patients.

Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis associated with injecting new psychoactive substances.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis (IE) associated with injection of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in Edinburgh from 2014 to 2016 was observed. We compared these infections with a series of S. aureus IE cases in a non-injecting population within Edinburgh. METHODS: NPS-associated S. aureus IE diagnosed between 1 January 2014 and 31 May 2016 in persons who inject drugs (PWID) were compared with a series of S. aureus IE cases from non-PWID. RESULTS: There was a fourfold increase in the annual incidence of S. aureus IE, mainly due to NPS use in PWID. A larger vegetation diameter was seen on echocardiogram in PWID vs non-PWID (median 1.7 cm vs 0.65 cm; p = 0.009) with more embolic complications in PWID (15 PWID vs 1 non-PWID; p = 2.1 x 10-7) but no difference in 90-day mortality (2 PWID vs 4 non-PWID; p = 0.39). CONCLUSIONS: NPS-associated S. aureus IE correlated with complications, such as deep organ embolic abscesses, that were different from non-PWID S. aureus IE. The alarming increase in incidence resolved with targeted public health and legislative measures.

Diagnosis and features of hospital-acquired pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is defined as radiologically confirmed pneumonia occurring ≥48h after hospitalization, in non-intubated patients. Empirical treatment regimens use broad-spectrum antimicrobials. AIM: To evaluate the accuracy of the diagnosis of HAP and to describe the demographic and microbiological features of patients with HAP. METHODS: Medical and surgical inpatients receiving intravenous antimicrobials for a clinical diagnosis of HAP at a UK tertiary care hospital between April 2013 and 2014 were identified. Demographic and clinical details were recorded. FINDINGS: A total of 166 adult patients with a clinical diagnosis of HAP were identified. Broad-spectrum antimicrobials were prescribed, primarily piperacillin-tazobactam (57.2%) and co-amoxiclav (12.5%). Sputum from 24.7% of patients was obtained for culture. Sixty-five percent of patients had radiological evidence of new/progressive infiltrate at the time of HAP treatment, therefore meeting HAP diagnostic criteria (2005 American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines). Radiologically confirmed HAP was associated with higher levels of inflammatory markers and sputum culture positivity. Previous surgery and/or endotracheal intubation were associated with radiologically confirmed HAP. A bacterial pathogen was identified from 17/35 sputum samples from radiologically confirmed HAP patients. These were Gram-negative bacilli (N = 11) or Staphylococcus aureus (N = 6). Gram-negative bacteria tended to be resistant to co-amoxiclav, but susceptible to ciprofloxacin, piperacillin-tazobactam and meropenem. Five of the six S. aureus isolates were meticillin susceptible and all were susceptible to doxycycline. CONCLUSION: In ward-level hospital practice 'HAP' is an over-used diagnosis that may be inaccurate in 35% of cases when objective radiological criteria are applied. Radiologically confirmed HAP represents a distinct clinical and microbiological phenotype. Potential risk factors were identified that could represent targets for preventive interventions.

Improving antimicrobial prescribing: implementation of an antimicrobial i.v.-to-oral switch policy.

Antimicrobial stewardship programmes reduce the risk of hospital associated infections (HAI) and antimicrobial resistance, and include early intravenous-to-oral switch (IVOS) as a key stewardship measure. We audited the number of patients on intravenous antimicrobials suitable for oral switch, assessed whether prescribing guidelines were followed and reviewed prescribing documentation in three clinical areas in the Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, in late 2012. Following this, the first cycle results and local guidelines were presented at a local level and at the hospital grand rounds, posters with recommendations were distributed, joint infection consult and antimicrobial rounds commenced and an alert antimicrobial policy was introduced before re-auditing in early 2013. We demonstrate suboptimal prescribing of intravenous antimicrobials, with 43.9% (43/98) of patients eligible for IVOS at the time of auditing. Only 56.1% (55/98) followed empiric prescribing recommendations. Documentation of antimicrobial prescribing was poor with stop dates recorded in 14.3%, indication on prescription charts in 18.4% and in the notes in 90.8%. The commonest reason for deferring IVOS was deteriorating clinical condition or severe sepsis. Further work to encourage prudent antimicrobial prescribing and earlier consideration of IVOS is required.

Failure to respond to the surface of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes predicts susceptibility to clinical malaria amongst African children.

Following infection with Plasmodium falciparum malaria, children in endemic areas develop antibodies specific to antigens on the parasite-infected red cell surface of the infecting isolate, antibodies associated with protection against subsequent infection with that isolate. In some circumstances induction of antibodies to heterologous parasite isolates also occurs and this has been suggested as evidence for cross-reactivity of responses against the erythrocyte surface. The role of these relatively cross-reactive antibodies in protection from clinical malaria is currently unknown. We studied the incidence of clinical malaria amongst children living on the coast of Kenya through one high transmission season. By categorising individuals according to their pre-season parasite status and antibody response to the surface of erythrocytes infected with four parasite isolates we were able to identify a group of children, those who failed to make a concomitant antibody response in the presence of an asymptomatic parasitaemia, at increased susceptibility to clinical malaria in the subsequent 6 months. The fact that this susceptible group was identified regardless of the parasite isolate tested infers a cross-reactive or conserved target is present on the surface of infected erythrocytes. Identification of this target will significantly aid understanding of naturally acquired immunity to clinical malaria amongst children in endemic areas.

Elimination of motor nerve terminals in neonatal mice expressing a gene for slow wallerian degeneration (C57Bl/Wlds).

Degeneration of motor terminals after nerve section occurs much more slowly than normal in young adult mice of the C57Bl/Wlds strain. This observation prompted us to re-examine the possible role of degeneration and intrinsic axon withdrawal during neonatal synapse elimination. Polyneuronal innervation was assayed by two methods: intracellular recording of end-plate potentials in cut-muscle fibre preparations of isolated hemidiaphragm and soleus muscles; and in silver-stained preparations of triangularis sterni and transversus abdominis muscle fibres. No differences in the rate of synapse elimination were detected in unoperated Wlds compared with CBA, C3H/HE and BALB/c mice. At 3 days of age, > 80% of fibres were polyneuronally innervated. By 7 days this declined to approximately 20% of hemidiaphragm, 50% of triangularis sterni and 60% of soleus fibres. Nearly all fibres were mononeuronally innervated by 15 days. The mean number of terminals per triangularis sterni muscle fibre 7 days after birth was 1.55 +/- 0.07 in Wlds and 1.56 +/- 0.09 in wild-type mice. Three to 4 days after sciatic nerve section, near-normal numbers of motor units were evident in isometric tension recordings of the soleus muscle, and intracellular recordings revealed many polyneuronally innervated fibres. Mononeuronally and polyneuronally innervated fibres were also observed in silver-stained preparations of soleus and transversus abdominis muscles made 3-4 days after sciatic or intercostal nerve section. We conclude (i) that the Wlds gene has no direct impact on the normal rate of postnatal synapse elimination, (ii) that Wallerian degeneration and synapse elimination must occur by distinct and different mechanisms, and (iii) that muscle fibres are able to sustain polyneuronal synaptic inputs even after motor axons have become disconnected from their cell bodies.