Porphyromonas gingivalis impairs glucose uptake in skeletal muscle associated with altering gut microbiota.

Skeletal muscles have a high metabolic capacity, which play key roles in glucose metabolism. Although periodontal disease increases the risk of metabolic syndrome, the relationship between periodontal bacterial infection and skeletal muscle metabolic dysfunction is unclear. We found that anti-Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) antibody titers positively correlated with intramuscular adipose tissue content (IMAC), fasting blood glucose, and HOMA-IR in metabolic syndrome patients. In C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet, recipients of oral Pg (HFPg) had impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and higher IMAC compared to recipients of saline (HFco). The soleus muscle in HFPg mice exhibited fat infiltration and lower glucose uptake with higher Tnfa expression and lower insulin signaling than in HFco mice. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that TNFα signaling via NFκB gene set was enriched in the soleus muscle of HFPg mice. Moreover, TNF-α also decreased glucose uptake in C2C12 myoblast cells in vitro. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing, Pg administration altered the gut microbiome, particularly by decreasing the abundance of genus Turicibacter. Microbial network of the gut microbiome was dramatically changed by Pg administration. Our findings suggest that infection with Pg is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome and skeletal muscle metabolic dysfunction via gut microbiome alteration.

High-frequency pulsed diode laser irradiation inhibits bone resorption in mice with ligature-induced periodontitis.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the suppressive effect of high-frequency pulsed diode laser irradiation on bone resorption and its biological effects on gene expression and microbiome composition on the gingival tissue in ligature-induced periodontitis in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ligating ligature around the teeth and/or laser irradiation was performed on the gingival tissue in mice as follows: Co (no ligature and no laser irradiation), Li (ligation without laser irradiation), La (no ligature but with laser irradiation), and LiLa (ligation with laser irradiation). Bone resorption was evaluated using micro-computed tomography. RNA-seq analysis was performed on gingival tissues of all four groups at 3 days after ligation. The differences in microbial composition between Li and LiLa were evaluated based on the number of 16S rRNA gene sequences. RESULTS: Bone resorption caused by ligation was significantly suppressed by laser irradiation. RNA-seq in Co and La gingival tissue revealed many differentially expressed genes, suggesting diode laser irradiation altered gene expression. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed mTORC1 signalling and E2F target gene sets were enriched in gingival tissues both in La and LiLa compared with that in Co and Li, respectively. The amount of extracted DNA from ligatures was reduced by laser irradiation, and bacterial network structure was altered between the Li and LiLa. CONCLUSIONS: High-frequency pulsed diode laser irradiation showed biological effects and suppressed bone resorption in ligature-induced periodontitis.

Accuracy of cone beam computed tomography in evaluation of palatal mucosa thickness.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of the measurement of palatal mucosa thickness using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to create a conversion formula to evaluate palatal mucosa thickness more accurately. We then evaluated the palatal mucosa thickness in a Japanese population using CBCT and the conversion formula. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated palatal mucosa thickness in 10 healthy subjects at 15 sites using CBCT, digital impression, and K file. Multiple regression analysis was performed to create a conversion formula to measure thickness accurately. We then obtained CBCT data from 174 patients retrospectively, applied the conversion formula, and evaluated palatal mucosa thickness. RESULTS: Sites of measurement affected measurement error. Measurement using CBCT was 0.34 ± 0.04 mm smaller than actual measurement; therefore, a conversion formula was created. Male, age ≥60 years, and probing pocket depth ≥4 mm had significant and positive associations with palatal mucosa thickness; however, no association was observed between bleeding on probing and palatal mucosa thickness. CONCLUSION: CBCT is useful for the noninvasive and accurate measurement of palatal mucosa thickness.

Influence of Porphyromonas gingivalis in gut microbiota of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.

OBJECTIVES: Increasing evidence suggests that periodontitis can exacerbate diabetes, and gut bacterial dysbiosis appears to be linked with the diabetic condition. The present study examined the effects of oral administration of the periodontopathic bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis, on the gut microbiota and systemic conditions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection in C57BL/6J male mice (STZ). STZ and wild-type (WT) mice were orally administered P. gingivalis (STZPg, WTPg) or saline (STZco, WTco). Feces were collected, and the gut microbiome was examined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The expression of genes related to inflammation, epithelial tight junctions, and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in the ileum or liver were examined by quantitative PCR. RESULTS: The relative abundance of several genera, including Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, and Facklamia, was significantly increased in STZco mice compared to WTco mice. The relative abundances of Staphylococcus and Turicibacter in the gut microbiome were altered by oral administration of P. gingivalis in STZ mice. STZPg mice showed higher concentrations of fasting blood glucose and inflammatory genes levels in the ileum, compared to STZco mice. CONCLUSIONS: Oral administration of P. gingivalis altered the gut microbiota and aggravated glycemic control in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.

Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in the placenta and umbilical cord in pregnant mice with low birth weight.

OBJECTIVE: Growing evidence indicates an association between periodontitis and delivery outcome; however, the mechanism is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the influence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) infection on delivery outcome in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bacteremia was induced in pregnant Slc:ICR mice (8 weeks old) by intravenous injection of Pg. Mice were randomly divided into a control group (CO), and those receiving Pg injection at gestational day 1 (GD1), gestational day 15 (GD15) or every day (ED). Delivery outcome, Pg infection, and gene expression in the placenta and umbilical cord were evaluated. RESULTS: Birth weight was lower in the ED and GD15 groups than in the CO group. A remarkable increase in anti-Pg IgG antibody was observed in the ED and GD1 groups, although Pg was not detected in the placenta or umbilical cord. mRNA expression of Tnfα and Il6 in the placenta, and Hif1α in the umbilical cord, was significantly increased in the ED group. Microarray analysis of the umbilical cord revealed increased expression of several genes including Orm1, Mgl2, Rps6ka3 and Trim15 in the ED group. CONCLUSIONS: Pg infection during the third trimester caused low birth weight and inflammation in the placenta and umbilical cord.

Microscopic in-situ analysis of the mucosal healing around implants treated by protease activated receptor 4-agonist peptide or perpendicularly protruded type I collagen in rats.

Enhanced mucosal sealing around titanium implants can reduce complications such as peri-implantitis. The present study aims to investigate the mucosal healing at the early stage around the protease activated receptor 4-agonist peptide (PAR4-AP)- or perpendicularly protruded type I collagen (pCol)-treated titanium implants. A total of 72 implants were placed in 36 rats in the study. Following extractions, two tissue-level implants among the following three different surfaces, PAR4-AP-coated (PAR4 group, n = 24), pCol-treated (pCol group, n = 24) and non-treated (control group, n = 24) ones, were placed in the maxillae of each rat based on a split-mouth design. The specimens retrieved at 8 h (n = 8 per group), 3 days (n = 8 per group), and 2 weeks (n = 8 per group), were immunostained and tissue-cleared, and the signals of laminin-5 and collagen fibers were observed under multiphoton microscopy. Statistical analyses were performed using linear mixed model with post hoc tests to compare differences between the groups. While there was no intergroup difference at 8 h, the laminin-5 at 3 days was more abundant near the PAR4-group-surface, and its area was significantly larger in the PAR4 group (0.0204 ± 0.0194 mm2 ) than the control (0.0019 ± 0.0025 mm2 , p = .001) and pCol (0.0023 ± 0.0022 mm2 , p < .001) groups. The pCol group showed a significantly larger area of collagen fibers (0.0230 ± 0.0148 mm2 ) compared to the control (0.0035 ± 0.0051 mm2 , p = .002) and PAR4 (0.0031 ± 0.0057 mm2 , p < .001) groups at 3 days. At 3 days and 2 weeks, the collagen fiber orientation of the pCol group showed a more perpendicular manner compared to the control and PAR4 groups. The signal of basal lamina and collagen fibers were stronger around the PAR4-AP- and pCol-treated titanium surfaces, respectively during the early healing stage. This could have implications for improved mucosal sealing around dental implants, potentially reducing complications such as peri-implantitis.

Healing sequelae following tooth extraction and dental implant placement in an aged, ovariectomy model.

At present, a lack of consensus exists regarding the clinical impact of osteoporosis on alveolar bone metabolism during implant osseointegration. While limited preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrates a negative influence of osteoporosis on dental extraction socket healing, no preclinical studies offer data on the results of implant placement in 6-mo-old, ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague-Dawley rats. This study aimed to investigate the outcomes of dental tooth extraction socket healing and implant placement in a rodent model of osteoporosis following daily vehicle (VEH) or abaloparatide (ABL) administration. Micro-CT and histologic analysis demonstrated signs of delayed wound healing, consistent with alveolar osteitis in extraction sockets following 42 d of healing in both the VEH and ABL groups. In a semiquantitative histological analysis, the OVX-ABL group demonstrated a tendency for improved socket regeneration with a 3-fold greater rate for moderate socket healing when compared to the OVX-VEH group (43% vs 14%), however, this finding was not statistically significant (p=.11). No significant differences were observed between vehicle and test groups in terms of implant outcomes (BMD and bone volume/total volume) at 14- and 21-d post-implant placement. Abaloparatide (ABL) significantly increased BMD of the femoral shaft and intact maxillary alveolar bone sites in OVX animals, demonstrating the therapeutic potential for oral hard tissue regeneration. The present model involving estrogen-deficiency-induced bone loss demonstrated an impaired healing response to dental extraction and implant installation.

Novel Flowchart Guiding the Non-Surgical and Surgical Management of Peri-Implant Complications: A Narrative Review.

Peri-implant diseases, such as peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, are induced by dysbiotic microbiota resulting in the inflammatory destruction of peri-implant tissue. Nonetheless, there has yet to be an established protocol for the treatment of these diseases in a predictable manner, although many clinicians and researchers have proposed various treatment modalities for their management. With the increase in the number of reports evaluating the efficacy of various treatment modalities and new materials, the use of multiple decontamination methods to clean infected implant surfaces is recommended; moreover, the use of hard tissue laser and/or air abrasion techniques may prove advantageous in the future. Limited evidence supports additional effects on clinical improvement in antimicrobial administration for treating peri-implantitis. Implantoplasty may be justified for decontaminating the implant surfaces in the supracrestal area. Surgical treatment is employed for advanced peri-implantitis, and appropriate surgical methods, such as resection therapy or combination therapy, should be selected based on bone defect configuration. This review presents recent clinical advances in debridement methods for contaminated implant surfaces and regenerative materials for treating peri-implant bone defects. It also proposes a new flowchart to guide the treatment decisions for peri-implant disease.

Supra-Alveolar Periodontal Tissue Reconstruction in a Case with Severe Periodontitis: Case Report with a 2-Year Follow-up.

Periodontal regeneration therapy has developed tremendously since its inception, becoming a clinical tool to preserve the periodontally compromised natural dentition. More challenging esthetic defects can often benefit from the combination of bone and soft tissue regeneration, such as the application of connective tissue grafts (CTGs) and techniques that approach the bone defect without interdental papillae incisions. However, periodontal tissue regeneration vertical to the alveolar bone crest in cases of severe periodontitis, with loss of both soft and hard tissues, has not been predictably established. This case report describes a patient with severe periodontitis that was treated with in supra-alveolar periodontal tissue reconstruction. This innovative surgical technique requires both horizontal buccal incisions and several vertical palatal incisions, avoiding the interdental papillae on the periodontal defect. Then, a space is created by suspending and fixating the flap coronally, and CTG and regenerative materials (such as recombinant human fibroblast growth factor-2) and bone graft material are applied. This technique has the potential to gain clinical attachment, achieve supra-/intraperiodontal regeneration, and enhance esthetic outcomes, including a reduced gingival recession and interdental papillae reconstruction. The clinical results of the present case were well maintained over the 2-year follow-up. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2023;43:213-221. doi: 10.11607/prd.6241.

Vacuolar Protein-Sorting Proteins Are Reduced Even Before Cognitive Decline in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Currently, interventions from the preclinical stage are considered necessary for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies have reported that vacuolar protein-sorting protein (VPS), a retromer construct, is involved in the pathogenic mechanisms of AD and Parkinson's disease. This study evaluated VPS26, VPS29, and VPS35 before and after the onset of cognitive decline in an App knock-in mouse model of AD that more closely resembles the human pathology than previous AD models. The results showed that the expression of VPS26 and VPS35 decreased before the onset of cognitive decline, suggesting the possibility of anti-amyloid-ß disease-modifying treatment targeting these proteins.

Bromelain inhibits the inflammation and senescence effect in diabetic periodontitis: A preliminary in vitro study.

Background/purpose: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. A growing evidence suggests that hyperglycemia in DM causes a pre-aging and pro-inflammatory condition known as inflammaging, which increases periodontitis susceptibility. Bromelain has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and anti-aging properties in variety of tissues, but its effects on diabetic periodontitis remain unclear. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the its Bromelain's impact in diabetic periodontitis in terms of inflammation and senescence activity. Materials and methods: We assessed the wound healing capacity, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 and senescence marker p16 in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in response to Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) stimulant, with or without Bromelain treatment. The expression of p65, p-ERK, and p-p38 were also examined to elucidate whether Bromelain's anti-inflammaging activity is mediated through NF-κB and MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Results: Bromelain concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 20 g/mL had no adverse effect on HGF cell proliferation. Bromelain improved wound healing in HGFs with AGEs stimulation. In addition, Bromelain suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 in HGFs elicited by AGEs. Meanwhile, Bromelain treatment also inhibited the senescence activity and expression of p16 in AGEs-stimulated HGFs. Western blot analysis indicated that the upregulation of p-ERK, p-p38 and p65 induced by AGEs were inhibited by Bromelain in HGFs. Conclusion: These data suggest that excessive AGEs in the gingiva may lead to the accumulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and marked senescence activity. Bromelain application may be helpful in enhancing wound healing by suppressing inflammaging via downregulation of NF-κB and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways in DM individuals with periodontal disease.

BMP Gene-Immobilization to Dental Implants Enhances Bone Regeneration.

For individuals who have experienced tooth loss, dental implants are an important treatment option for oral reconstruction. For these patients, alveolar bone augmentation and acceleration of osseointegration optimize implant stability. Traditional oral surgery often requires invasive procedures, which can result in prolonged treatment time and associated morbidity. It has been previously shown that chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization of functionalized [2.2]paracyclophanes can be used to anchor gene encoding vectors onto biomaterial surfaces and local delivery of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-encoding vector can increase alveolar bone volume and density in vivo. This study is the first to combine the use of CVD technology and BMP gene delivery on titanium for the promotion of bone regeneration and bone to implant contact in vivo. BMP-7 tethered to titanium surface enhances osteoblast cell differentiation and alkaline phosphatase activity in vitro and increases alveolar bone regeneration and % bone to implant contact similar to using high doses of exogenously applied BMP-7 in vivo. The use of this innovative gene delivery strategy on implant surfaces offers an alternative treatment option for targeted alveolar bone reconstruction.

Changes in salivary biomarkers associated with periodontitis and diabetic neuropathy in individuals with type 1 diabetes.

The objective of this pilot clinical study was to identify salivary biomarkers that are associated with periodontal disease and measures of diabetic autonomic dysfunction. Saliva samples from 32 participants were obtained from 3 groups: healthy (H), type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), and type 1 diabetes mellitus with neuropathy (DMN). Based on the periodontal examination, individuals' mean Periodontal Screening and Recording scores were categorized into two groups (periodontally healthy and gingivitis), and correlated to specific salivary inflammatory biomarkers assessed by a customized protein array and enzyme assay. The mean salivary IgA level in DM was 9211.5 ± 4776.4 pg/ml, which was significantly lower than H (17,182.2 ± 8899.3 pg/ml). IgA in DMN with healthy periodontium was significantly lower (5905.5 ± 3124.8 pg/ml) compared to H, although IgA levels in DMN patients with gingivitis (16,894. 6 ± 7084.3) were not. According to the result of a logistic regression model, IgA and periodontal condition were the indicators of the binary response given by H versus DM, and H versus DMN, respectively. These data suggest that selected salivary biomarkers, such as IgA, combined with a periodontal examination prior to obtaining salivary samples can offer a non-invasive method to assess risk for developing diabetic neuropathy.

Regenerative Medicine Technologies to Treat Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial Defects.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is the automated production of three-dimensional (3D) structures through successive layer-by-layer deposition of materials directed by computer-aided-design (CAD) software. While current clinical procedures that aim to reconstruct hard and soft tissue defects resulting from periodontal disease, congenital or acquired pathology, and maxillofacial trauma often utilize mass-produced biomaterials created for a variety of surgical indications, AM represents a paradigm shift in manufacturing at the individual patient level. Computer-aided systems employ algorithms to design customized, image-based scaffolds with high external shape complexity and spatial patterning of internal architecture guided by topology optimization. 3D bioprinting and surface modification techniques further enhance scaffold functionalization and osteogenic potential through the incorporation of viable cells, bioactive molecules, biomimetic materials and vectors for transgene expression within the layered architecture. These computational design features enable fabrication of tissue engineering constructs with highly tailored mechanical, structural, and biochemical properties for bone. This review examines key properties of scaffold design, bioresorbable bone scaffolds produced by AM processes, and clinical applications of these regenerative technologies. AM is transforming the field of personalized dental medicine and has great potential to improve regenerative outcomes in patient care.

Association between periodontal bacteria and degenerative aortic stenosis: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: Although several reports have described the relationship between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease, information about the association between periodontal disease and the progression of degenerative aortic stenosis (AS) is lacking. Therefore, we performed a retrospective, single-center, pilot study to provide insight into this potential association. METHODS: Data from 45 consecutive patients (19 men; median age, 83 years) with mild or moderate degenerative aortic stenosis were analyzed for a mean observation period of 3.3±1.9 years. The total amount of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis and titers of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) against periodontal bacteria and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were evaluated. Aortic valve area (AVA), maximal velocity (Vmax), mean pressure gradient (mean PG), and the Doppler velocity index (DVI) were evaluated. The change in each parameter per year ([ParameterLATEST-ParameterBASELINE]/Follow-up Years) was calculated from the retrospective follow-up echocardiographic data (baseline vs. the most recently collected data [latest]). RESULTS: No correlation was found between the concentration of periodontopathic bacteria in the saliva and AS status/progression. The anti-P. gingivalis antibody titer in the serum showed a significant positive correlation with AVA and DVI. Additionally, there was a negative correlation between the anti-P. gingivalis IgG antibody titer and mean PG. The hs-CRP concentration showed positive correlations with Vmax and mean PG. Meanwhile, a negative correlation was observed between the anti-P. gingivalis IgG antibody titer and ΔAVA/year and Δmean PG/year. The hs-CRP concentration showed positive correlations with Vmax and mean PG, and it was significantly higher in patients with rapid aortic stenosis progression (ΔAVA/year <-0.1) than in their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that periodontopathic bacteria such as A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis are not directly related to the status/progression of degenerative AS. However, inflammation and a lower immune response may be associated with disease progression.

Porphyromonas gingivalis Administration Induces Gestational Obesity, Alters Gene Expression in the Liver and Brown Adipose Tissue in Pregnant Mice, and Causes Underweight in Fetuses.

Preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes is crucial for maternal and child health. Periodontal disease is a risk factor for many systemic diseases including adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth and low birth weight. In addition, the administration of the periodontopathic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis exacerbates obesity, glucose tolerance, and hepatic steatosis and alters endocrine function in the brown adipose tissue (BAT). However, the effects of having periodontal disease during pregnancy remain unclear. Thus, this study investigates the effect of P. gingivalis administration on obesity, liver, and BAT during pregnancy. Sonicated P. gingivalis (Pg) or saline (Co) was injected intravenously and administered orally to pregnant C57BL/6J mice three times per week. Maternal body weight and fetal body weight on embryonic day (ED) 18 were evaluated. Microarray analysis and qPCR in the liver and BAT and hepatic and plasma triglyceride quantification were performed on dams at ED 18. The body weight of Pg dams was heavier than that of Co dams; however, the fetal body weight was decreased in the offspring of Pg dams. Microarray analysis revealed 254 and 53 differentially expressed genes in the liver and BAT, respectively. Gene set enrichment analysis exhibited the downregulation of fatty acid metabolism gene set in the liver and estrogen response early/late gene sets in the BAT, whereas inflammatory response and IL6/JAK/STAT3 signaling gene sets were upregulated both in the liver and BAT. The downregulation of expression levels of Lpin1, Lpin2, and Lxra in the liver, which are associated with triglyceride synthesis, and a decreasing trend in hepatic triglyceride of Pg dams were observed. P. gingivalis administration may alter lipid metabolism in the liver. Overall, the intravenous and oral administration of sonicated P. gingivalis-induced obesity and modified gene expression in the liver and BAT in pregnant mice and caused fetuses to be underweight.

Biosensor and Lab-on-a-chip Biomarker-identifying Technologies for Oral and Periodontal Diseases.

Periodontitis is a complex multifactorial disease that can lead to destruction of tooth supporting tissues and subsequent tooth loss. The most recent global burden of disease studies highlight that severe periodontitis is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory conditions affecting humans. Periodontitis risk is attributed to genetics, host-microbiome and environmental factors. Empirical diagnostic and prognostic systems have yet to be validated in the field of periodontics. Early diagnosis and intervention prevents periodontitis progression in most patients. Increased susceptibility and suboptimal control of modifiable risk factors can result in poor response to therapy, and relapse. The chronic immune-inflammatory response to microbial biofilms at the tooth or dental implant surface is associated with systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes or gastrointestinal diseases. Oral fluid-based biomarkers have demonstrated easy accessibility and potential as diagnostics for oral and systemic diseases, including the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. Advances in biotechnology have led to innovations in lab-on-a-chip and biosensors to interface with oral-based biomarker assessment. This review highlights new developments in oral biomarker discovery and their validation for clinical application to advance precision oral medicine through improved diagnosis, prognosis and patient stratification. Their potential to improve clinical outcomes of periodontitis and associated chronic conditions will benefit the dental and overall public health.

An unusual anatomical variation of the inferior alveolar nerve.

A number of studies have previously shown variations of inferior alveolar, however, only a few reports focused on nearby the foramen ovale. In a formalin fixed cadaver, we identified three minor branches (anterior, middle, and posterior branches) arising from the main trunk of the mandibular nerve adjacent to the foramen ovale, passing lateral to the maxillary artery (MA), and joining the inferior alveolar nerve. The diameter of the branches was 0.68 mm, 1.43 mm, and 0.40 mm, respectively. The branches traveled inside the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) or between the LPM and tensor/levator veli palatini. Moreover, all of the branches were superficial to MA. Knowledge of such a variation might be helpful to dentists during, for example, anesthetic blockade and various oral surgeries.

Detection of hepatocyte growth factor in oral rinses using water for possible periodontal diagnosis.

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) levels in oral rinses using water and clinical parameters of periodontitis; and furthermore, to evaluate the potential of a prototype HGF immunochromatographic paper test strip (HGF-TS) for screening of periodontitis, in comparison with a commercially-available occult blood (hemoglobin) test strip (Hb-TS). Clinical periodontal parameters were recorded, and oral rinses were collected, from 125 subjects. Then, the presence of HGF, and hemoglobin (Hb), in each sample was detected using a prototype HGF-TS and an Hb-TS. In addition, the concentrations of HGF and Hb were also determined in each sample is necessary HGF concentrations in oral rinses showed significant correlations with clinical parameters of periodontitis. The positive rate and read value on HGF-TS showed significantly high values in cases of severe periodontitis compared to healthy subjects. Hb-TS showed generally higher positive rates than HGF-TS; however, it showed false positive results in healthy subjects. The concentration of HGF in oral rinses showed close association with the severity of periodontitis, suggesting that the prototype HGF-TS has potential for use in the diagnosis of periodontitis, although further refinement of the test strip is required to increase the sensitivity.

Endotoxemia by Porphyromonas gingivalis Alters Endocrine Functions in Brown Adipose Tissue.

Improvement of obesity is important for increasing longevity. The characteristics, size, and function of adipocytes are altered in patients with obesity. Adipose tissue is not only an energy storage but also an endocrine organ. Alteration of endocrine activities in adipose tissue, among them the functional decline of brown adipose tissue (BAT), is associated with obesity. Periodontal disease is a risk factor for systemic diseases since endotoxemia is caused by periodontal bacteria. However, the effect of periodontal disease on obesity remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of endotoxemia due to Porphyromonas gingivalis, a prominent cause of periodontal disease, on the BAT. Herein, endotoxemia was induced in 12-week-old C57BL/6J mice through intravenous injection of sonicated 108 CFU of P. gingivalis (Pg) or saline (control [Co]) once. Eighteen hours later, despite no inflammatory M1 macrophage infiltration, inflammation-related genes were upregulated exclusively in the BAT of Pg mice compared with Co mice. Although no marked histological changes were observed in adipose tissues, expressions of genes related to lipolysis, Lipe and Pnpla2 were downregulated after P. gingivalis injection in BAT. Furthermore, expression of Pparg and Adipoq was downregulated only in the BAT but not in the white adipose tissues, along with downregulation of Ucp1 and Cidea expression, which are BAT-specific markers, in Pg mice. Microarray analysis of the BAT showed 106 differentially expressed genes between Co and Pg mice. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the cholesterol homeostasis gene set and PI3/Akt/mTOR signaling gene set in BAT were downregulated, whereas the TGF-ß signaling gene set was enriched in Pg mice. Overall, intravenous injection of sonicated P. gingivalis altered the endocrine functions of the BAT in mice. This study indicates that endotoxemia by P. gingivalis potentially affects obesity by disrupting BAT function.