Current use and future perspectives of contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM): a survey by the European Society of Breast Imaging (EUSOBI).

OBJECTIVES: To perform a survey among members of the European Society of Breast Imaging (EUSOBI) regarding the use of contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM). METHODS: A panel of nine board-certified radiologists developed a 29-item online questionnaire, distributed to all EUSOBI members (inside and outside Europe) from January 25 to March 10, 2023. CEM implementation, examination protocols, reporting strategies, and current and future CEM indications were investigated. Replies were exploratively analyzed with descriptive and non-parametric statistics. RESULTS: Among 434 respondents (74.9% from Europe), 50% (217/434) declared to use CEM, 155/217 (71.4%) seeing less than 200 CEMs per year. CEM use was associated with academic settings and high breast imaging workload (p < 0.001). The lack of CEM adoption was most commonly due to the perceived absence of a clinical need (65.0%) and the lack of resources to acquire CEM-capable systems (37.3%). CEM protocols varied widely, but most respondents (61.3%) had already adopted the 2022 ACR CEM BI-RADS® lexicon. CEM use in patients with contraindications to MRI was the most common current indication (80.6%), followed by preoperative staging (68.7%). Patients with MRI contraindications also represented the most commonly foreseen CEM indication (88.0%), followed by the work-up of inconclusive findings at non-contrast examinations (61.5%) and supplemental imaging in dense breasts (53.0%). Respondents declaring CEM use and higher CEM experience gave significantly more current (p = 0.004) and future indications (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a trend towards academic high-workload settings and its prevalent use in patients with MRI contraindications, CEM use and progressive experience were associated with increased confidence in the technique. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: In this first survey on contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) use and perspectives among the European Society of Breast Imaging (EUSOBI) members, the perceived absence of a clinical need chiefly drove the 50% CEM adoption rate. CEM adoption and progressive experience were associated with more extended current and future indications. KEY POINTS: • Among the 434 members of the European Society of Breast Imaging who completed this survey, 50% declared to use contrast-enhanced mammography in clinical practice. • Due to the perceived absence of a clinical need, contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) is still prevalently used as a replacement for MRI in patients with MRI contraindications. • The number of current and future CEM indications marked by respondents was associated with their degree of CEM experience.

Virtual monoenergetic dual-layer dual-energy CT images in colorectal cancer: CT diagnosis could be improved?

PURPOSE: To compare conventional CT images and virtual monoenergetic images (VMI) at dual-layer dual-energy CT (dlDECT) in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) through quantitative analysis and to investigate the added value of VMI. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-six consecutive patients with histologically documented CRC and available VMI reconstructions were retrospectively investigated. Subsequently, forty-two patients, without any colonic disease at colonoscopy, were selected as control group. Conventional CT images and VMI reconstructions at energy levels ranging from 40 (VMI40) to 100 keV (VMI100) in 10 keV increments, were obtained from the late arterial phase. First, signal-to-noise (SNR) and contrast-to-noise (CNR) ratios were obtained to select the best VMI reconstruction. Finally, the diagnostic accuracy of conventional CT and VMI40 in late arterial phase was evaluated. RESULTS: On quantitative analysis, SNR and CNR were higher for VMI40 (19.5 ± 7.7 and 11.8 ± 6.2, respectively) with statistically significant differences compared to conventional CT (P < 0.05) and all the other VMI reconstructions (P < 0.05), except for VMI50 (P > 0.05). The addition of VMI40 to conventional CT images significantly improved the area under the curve (AUC) for the diagnosis of CRC, increasing it from 0.875 to 0.943 for reader 1 (P < 0.05) and from 0.916 to 0.954 for reader 2 (P < 0.05). The improvement was greater in the less experienced radiologist (0.068) compared to the more experienced one (0.037). CONCLUSION: VMI40 has showed the highest quantitative image parameters. Furthermore, the use of VMI40 can lead to a significant improvement in the diagnostic performance for detecting CRC.

Structured reporting of x-ray mammography in the first diagnosis of breast cancer: a Delphi consensus proposal.

BACKGROUND: Radiology is an essential tool in the management of a patient. The aim of this manuscript was to build structured report (SR) Mammography based in Breast Cancer. METHODS: A working team of 16 experts (group A) was composed to create a SR for Mammography Breast Cancer. A further working group of 4 experts (group B), blinded to the activities of the group A, was composed to assess the quality and clinical usefulness of the SR final draft. Modified Delphi process was used to assess level of agreement for all report sections. Cronbach's alpha (Cα) correlation coefficient was used to assess internal consistency and to measure quality analysis according to the average inter-item correlation. RESULTS: The final SR version was built by including n = 2 items in Personal Data, n = 4 items in Setting, n = 2 items in Comparison with previous breast examination, n = 19 items in Anamnesis and clinical context; n = 10 items in Technique; n = 1 item in Radiation dose; n = 5 items Parenchymal pattern; n = 28 items in Description of the finding; n = 12 items in Diagnostic categories and Report and n = 1 item in Conclusions. The overall mean score of the experts and the sum of score for structured report were 4.9 and 807 in the second round. The Cronbach's alpha (Cα) correlation coefficient was 0.82 in the second round. About the quality evaluation, the overall mean score of the experts was 3.3. The Cronbach's alpha (Cα) correlation coefficient was 0.90. CONCLUSIONS: Structured reporting improves the quality, clarity and reproducibility of reports across departments, cities, countries and internationally and will assist patient management and improve breast health care and facilitate research.

Can Follow-up be Avoided for Probably Benign US Masses with No Enhancement on MRI?

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether no enhancement on pre-treatment MRI can rule out malignancy of additional US mass(es) initially assessed as BI-RADS 3 or 4 in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. METHODS: This retrospective study included consecutive women from 2010-2018 with newly diagnosed breast cancer; at least one additional breast mass (distinct from index cancer) assigned a BI-RADS 3 or 4 on US; and a bilateral contrast-enhanced breast MRI performed within 90 days of US. All malignant masses were pathologically proven; benign masses were pathologically proven or defined as showing at least 2 years of imaging stability. Incidence of malignant masses and NPV were calculated on a per-patient level using proportions and exact 95% CIs. RESULTS: In 230 patients with 309 additional masses, 140/309 (45%) masses did not enhance while 169/309 (55%) enhanced on MRI. Of the 140 masses seen in 105 women (mean age, 54 years; range 28-82) with no enhancement on MRI, all had adequate follow-up and 140/140 (100%) were benign, of which 89/140 (63.6%) were pathologically proven and 51/140 (36.4%) demonstrated at least 2 years of imaging stability. Pre-treatment MRI demonstrating no enhancement of US mass correlate(s) had an NPV of 100% (95% CI 96.7-100.0). CONCLUSIONS: All BI-RADS 3 and 4 US masses with a non-enhancing correlate on pre-treatment MRI were benign. The incorporation of MRI, when ordered by the referring physician, may decrease unnecessary follow-up imaging and/or biopsy if the initial US BI-RADS assessment and management recommendation were to be retrospectively updated. KEY POINTS: • Of 309 BI-RADS 3 or 4 US masses with a corresponding mass on MRI, 140/309 (45%) demonstrated no enhancement whereas 169/309 (55%) demonstrated enhancement • All masses classified as BI-RADS 3 or 4 on US without enhancement on MRI were benign • MRI can rule out malignancy in non-enhancing US masses with an NPV of 100.

Contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography in the assessment of vesical-ureteral reflux: the time has come.

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a pathological condition contradistinguished by monolateral or bilateral retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the ureter and to the kidney. If not properly recognized and treated, VUR can potentially be associated to several complications such as recurrent infections and possible secondary scars with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Furthermore, it represents an important risk factor for nephrovascular hypertension. During the last 20 years, the diagnostic approach to this entity has passed through several, drastic changes: indeed, since its introduction in 1994 contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (ceVUS) has gradually accompanied the voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) as alternative imaging technique for the diagnosis and staging of VUR. Despite a large number of papers has strongly encouraged its use in clinical practice, due to the lack of ionizing radiations and its high sensitivity rate, to date almost all the guidelines only include the VCUG for VUR diagnosis. The introduction of technologically advanced US software and the approval of the intravesical administration of ultrasound contrast agents by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and by the European Medicine Agency (EMA) have to induce the Scientific Community to a deep revaluation of the role of ceVUS in the diagnosis and follow-up of VUR: urosonography might extensively replace VCUG as the reference method, reserving to cystourethrography a role in the most complex anatomic settings for pre-surgical evaluation.

Lymph Node Imaging in Patients with Primary Breast Cancer: Concurrent Diagnostic Tools.

The detection of lymph node metastasis affects the management of patients with primary breast cancer significantly in terms of staging, treatment, and prognosis. The main goal for the radiologist is to determine and detect the presence of metastatic disease in nonpalpable axillary lymph nodes with a positive predictive value that is high enough to initially select patients for upfront axillary lymph node dissection. Features that are suggestive of axillary adenopathy may be seen with different imaging modalities, but ultrasound is the method of choice for evaluating axillary lymph nodes and for performing image-guided lymph node interventions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the available imaging modalities for lymph node assessment in patients diagnosed with primary breast cancer. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The detection of lymph node metastasis affects the management of patients with primary breast cancer. The main goal for the radiologist is to detect lymph node metastasis in patients to allow for the selection of patients who should undergo upfront axillary lymph node dissection. Features that are suggestive of axillary adenopathy may be seen with mammography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, but ultrasonography is the imaging modality of choice for evaluating axillary lymph nodes. A normal axillary lymph node is characterized by a reniform shape, a maximal cortical thickness of 3 mm without focal bulging, smooth margins, and, depending on size, a discernable central fatty hilum.

Dual-source dual-energy CT in the evaluation of hepatic fractional extracellular space in cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: One of the main features of liver fibrosis is the expansion of the interstitial space. All water-soluble CT contrast agents remain confined in the vascular and interstitial space constituting the fractional extracellular space (fECS). Indirect measure of its expansion can be quantified during equilibrium phase with CT. The goal of this prospective study was to assess the feasibility of dual-energy CT (DECT) with iodine quantification at equilibrium phase in the evaluation of significant fibrosis or cirrhosis. METHODS: Thirty-eight cirrhotic patients (according to Child-Pugh and MELD scores), scheduled for liver CT, were enrolled in the study group. Twenty-four patients undergoing CT urography with a 10-min excretory phase were included in the control group. fECS was calculated as the ratio of the iodine concentration of liver parenchyma to that of the aorta, multiplied by 1 minus hematocrit. RESULTS: Final study and control group were, respectively, composed of 22 and 20 patients. Mean hepatic fECS value was statistically greater in study group (P < 0.05). Positive correlation was observed between hepatic fECS value and MELD score (r = 0.64, P < 0.05). Analysis of variance showed statistical differences between control group and the Child-Pugh grades and between Child-Pugh A and B patients and Child-Pugh C patients (P < 0.05). ROC curves analysis yielded an optimum fECS cutoff value of 26.3% for differentiation of control group and cirrhotic patients (AUC 0.88; 86% sensitivity, 85% specificity). CONCLUSIONS: Dual-source DECT is a feasible, noninvasive method for the assessment of significant liver fibrosis or cirrhosis.

Radiomic signatures with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of breast cancer receptor status and molecular subtypes: initial results.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of radiomic signatures extracted from contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) for the assessment of breast cancer receptor status and molecular subtypes. METHODS: One hundred and forty-three patients with biopsy-proven breast cancer who underwent CE-MRI at 3 T were included in this IRB-approved HIPAA-compliant retrospective study. The training dataset comprised 91 patients (luminal A, n = 49; luminal B, n = 8; HER2-enriched, n = 11; triple negative, n = 23), while the validation dataset comprised 52 patients from a second institution (luminal A, n = 17; luminal B, n = 17; triple negative, n = 18). Radiomic analysis of manually segmented tumors included calculation of features derived from the first-order histogram (HIS), co-occurrence matrix (COM), run-length matrix (RLM), absolute gradient (GRA), autoregressive model (ARM), discrete Haar wavelet transform (WAV), and lesion geometry (GEO). Fisher, probability of error and average correlation (POE + ACC), and mutual information coefficients were used for feature selection. Linear discriminant analysis followed by k-nearest neighbor classification (with leave-one-out cross-validation) was used for pairwise radiomic-based separation of receptor status and molecular subtypes. Histopathology served as the standard of reference. RESULTS: In the training dataset, radiomic signatures yielded the following accuracies > 80%: luminal B vs. luminal A, 84.2% (mainly based on COM features); luminal B vs. triple negative, 83.9% (mainly based on GEO features); luminal B vs. all others, 89% (mainly based on COM features); and HER2-enriched vs. all others, 81.3% (mainly based on COM features). Radiomic signatures were successfully validated in the separate validation dataset for luminal A vs. luminal B (79.4%) and luminal B vs. triple negative (77.1%). CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary study, radiomic signatures with CE-MRI enable the assessment of breast cancer receptor status and molecular subtypes with high diagnostic accuracy. These results need to be confirmed in future larger studies.

Limited role of DWI with apparent diffusion coefficient mapping in breast lesions presenting as non-mass enhancement on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.

BACKGROUND: Available data proving the value of DWI for breast cancer diagnosis is mainly for enhancing masses; DWI may be less sensitive and specific in non-mass enhancement (NME) lesions. The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of DWI using different ROI measurement approaches and ADC metrics in breast lesions presenting as NME lesions on dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 95 patients who underwent multiparametric MRI with DCE and DWI from September 2007 to July 2013 and who were diagnosed with a suspicious NME (BI-RADS 4/5) were included. Twenty-nine patients were excluded for lesion non-visibility on DWI (n = 24: 12 benign and 12 malignant) and poor DWI quality (n = 5: 1 benign and 4 malignant). Two readers independently assessed DWI and DCE-MRI findings in two separate randomized readings using different ADC metrics and ROI approaches. NME lesions were classified as either benign (> 1.3 × 10-3 mm2/s) or malignant (≤ 1.3 × 10-3 mm2/s). Histopathology was the standard of reference. ROC curves were plotted, and AUCs were determined. Concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was measured. RESULTS: There were 39 malignant (59%) and 27 benign (41%) lesions in 66 (65 women, 1 man) patients (mean age, 51.8 years). The mean ADC value of the darkest part of the tumor (Dptu) achieved the highest diagnostic accuracy, with AUCs of up to 0.71. Inter-reader agreement was highest with Dptu ADC max (CCC 0.42) and lowest with the point tumor (Ptu) ADC min (CCC = - 0.01). Intra-reader agreement was highest with Wtu ADC mean (CCC = 0.44 for reader 1, 0.41 for reader 2), but this was not associated with the highest diagnostic accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic accuracy of DWI with ADC mapping is limited in NME lesions. Thirty-one percent of lesions presenting as NME on DCE-MRI could not be evaluated with DWI, and therefore, DCE-MRI remains indispensable. Best results were achieved using Dptu 2D ROI measurement and ADC mean.

Mammographic screening in male patients at high risk for breast cancer: is it worth it?

PURPOSE: To investigate the utility of mammography for breast cancer screening in a population of males at increased risk for breast cancer. METHODS: In this HIPAA-compliant institutional review board-approved single-institution study, mammography records and clinical data of 827 male patients who underwent digital mammography from September 2011-July 2018 were analyzed via the electronic medical record. 664 of these men presented with masses, pain, or nipple discharge and were excluded from this study. The remaining 163 asymptomatic men with familial and/or personal history of breast cancer, or with a known germline mutation in BRCA, underwent screening mammography and were included in this analysis. RESULTS: 163 asymptomatic men (age: mean 63 years, range 24-87 years) underwent 806 screening mammograms. 125/163 (77%) had a personal history of breast cancer and 72/163 (44%) had a family history of breast cancer. 24/163 (15%) were known mutation carriers: 4/24 (17%) BRCA1 and 20/24 (83%) BRCA2. 792/806 (98%) of the screening mammograms were negative (BI-RADS 1 or 2); 10/806 (1.2%) were classified as BI-RADS 3, all of which were eventually downgraded to BI-RADS 2 on follow-up. 4/806 (0.4%) mammograms were abnormal (BI-RADS 4/5): all were malignant. The cancer detection rate in this cohort was 4.9 cancers/1000 examinations. CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort, screening mammography yielded a cancer detection rate of 4.9 cancers/1000 examinations which is like the detection rate of screening mammography in a population of women at average risk, indicating that screening mammography is of value in male patients at high risk for breast cancer.

Proton MR spectroscopy in the breast: Technical innovations and clinical applications.

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a promising noninvasive diagnostic technique for investigation of breast cancer metabolism. Spectroscopic imaging data may be obtained following contrast-enhanced MRI by applying the point-resolved spectroscopy sequence (PRESS) or the stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) sequence from the MR voxel encompassing the breast lesion. Total choline signal (tCho) measured in vivo using either a qualitative or quantitative approach has been used as a diagnostic test in the workup of malignant breast lesions. In addition to tCho metabolites, other relevant metabolites, including multiple lipids, can be detected and monitored. MRS has been heavily investigated as an adjunct to morphologic and dynamic MRI to improve diagnostic accuracy in breast cancer, obviating unnecessary benign biopsies. Besides its use in the staging of breast cancer, other promising applications have been recently investigated, including the assessment of treatment response and therapy monitoring. This review provides guidance on spectroscopic acquisition and quantification methods and highlights current and evolving clinical applications of proton MRS. Level of Evidence 5 Technical Efficacy: Stage 5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019.

Multiparametric MRI model with dynamic contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted imaging enables breast cancer diagnosis with high accuracy.

BACKGROUND: The MRI Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) lexicon recommends that a breast MRI protocol contain T2 -weighted and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI sequences. The addition of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) significantly improves diagnostic accuracy. This study aims to clarify which descriptors from DCE-MRI, DWI, and T2 -weighted imaging are most strongly associated with a breast cancer diagnosis. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: To develop a multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) model for breast cancer diagnosis incorporating American College of Radiology (ACR) BI-RADS recommended descriptors for breast MRI with DCE, T2 -weighted imaging, and DWI with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping. STUDY TYPE: Retrospective. SUBJECTS: In all, 188 patients (mean 51.6 years) with 210 breast tumors (136 malignant and 74 benign) who underwent mpMRI from December 2010 to September 2014. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: IR inversion recovert DCE-MRI dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging VIBE Volume-Interpolated-Breathhold-Examination FLASH turbo fast-low-angle-shot TWIST Time-resolved angiography with stochastic Trajectories. ASSESSMENT: Two radiologists in consensus and another radiologist independently evaluated the mpMRI data. Characteristics for mass (n = 182) and nonmass (n = 28) lesions were recorded on DCE and T2 -weighted imaging according to BI-RADS, as well as DWI descriptors. Two separate models were analyzed, using DCE-MRI BI-RADS descriptors, T2 -weighted imagines, and ADCmean as either a continuous or binary form using a previously published ADC cutoff value of ≤1.25 × 10-3 mm2 /sec for differentiation between benign and malignant lesions. Histopathology was the standard of reference. STATISTICAL TESTS: χ2 test, Fisher's exact test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Pearson correlation coefficient, multivariate logistic regression analysis, Hosmer-Lemeshow test of goodness-of-fit, receiver operating characteristics analysis. RESULTS: In Model 1, ADCmean (P = 0.0031), mass margins with DCE (P = 0.0016), and delayed enhancement with DCE (P = 0.0016) were significantly and independently associated with breast cancer diagnosis; Model 2 identified ADCmean (P = 0.0031), mass margins with DCE (P = 0.0012), initial enhancement (P = 0.0422), and delayed enhancement with DCE (P = 0.0065) to be significantly independently associated with breast cancer diagnosis. T2 -weighted imaging variables were not included in the final models. DATA CONCLUSION: mpMRI with DCE-MRI and DWI with ADC mapping enables accurate breast cancer diagnosis. A model using quantitative and qualitative descriptors from DCE-MRI and DWI identifies breast cancer with a high diagnostic accuracy. T2 -weighted imaging does not significantly contribute to breast cancer diagnosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:864-874.

Quantitative in vivo proton MR spectroscopic assessment of lipid metabolism: Value for breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Breast magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) has been largely based on choline metabolites; however, other relevant metabolites can be detected and monitored. PURPOSE: To investigate whether lipid metabolite concentrations detected with 1 H-MRS can be used for the noninvasive differentiation of benign and malignant breast tumors, differentiation among molecular breast cancer subtypes, and prediction of long-term survival outcomes. STUDY TYPE: Retrospective. SUBJECTS: In all, 168 women, aged ≥18 years. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI at 1.5 T: sagittal 3D spoiled gradient recalled sequence with fat saturation, flip angle = 10°, repetition time / echo time (TR/TE) = 7.4/4.2 msec, slice thickness = 3.0 mm, field of view (FOV) = 20 cm, and matrix size = 256 × 192. 1 H-MRS: PRESS with TR/TE = 2000/135 msec, water suppression, and 128 scan averages, in addition to 16 reference scans without water suppression. ASSESSMENT: MRS quantitative analysis of lipid resonances using the LCModel was performed. Histopathology was the reference standard. STATISTICAL TESTS: Categorical data were described using absolute numbers and percentages. For metric data, means (plus 95% confidence interval [CI]) and standard deviations as well as median, minimum, and maximum were calculated. Due to skewed data, the latter were more adequate; unpaired Mann-Whitney U-tests were performed to compare groups without and with Bonferroni correction. ROC analyses were also performed. RESULTS: There were 111 malignant and 57 benign lesions. Mean voxel size was 4.4 ± 4.6 cm3 . Six lipid metabolite peaks were quantified: L09, L13 + L16, L21 + L23, L28, L41 + L43, and L52 + L53. Malignant lesions showed lower L09, L21 + L23, and L52 + L53 than benign lesions (P = 0.022, 0.027, and 0.0006). Similar results were observed for Luminal A or Luminal A/B vs. other molecular subtypes. At follow-up, patients were split into two groups based on median values for the six peaks; recurrence-free survival was significantly different between groups for L09, L21 + L23, and L28 (P = 0.0173, 0.0024, and 0.0045). DATA CONCLUSION: Quantitative in vivo 1 H-MRS assessment of lipid metabolism may provide an additional noninvasive imaging biomarker to guide therapeutic decisions in breast cancer. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:239-249.

Multiparametric MRI of the breast: A review.

During their development, cancers acquire several functional capabilities, which are defined as the hallmarks of cancer. For a deeper understanding of the hallmarks of cancer, and, consequently, improved personalized patient care, diagnostic tests must be multilayered and complex to identify the relevant underlying processes of cancer development and progression. In this context, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as an exceptionally powerful, versatile, and precise imaging technique. MRI of the breast is an essential tool in breast imaging, with multiple indications. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (CE-MRI) is the most sensitive test for breast cancer detection, with a good specificity. CE-MRI provides mainly morphological, and, to some extent, functional information about tumor perfusion and vascularity. Recently, several functional imaging techniques in MRI, such as diffusion-weighted imaging and spectroscopy, have been assessed for breast imaging and this combined application is defined as multiparametric imaging. Furthermore, the application of higher field strengths (≥3T) has demonstrated improved sensitivity and specificity of breast cancer detection. Multiparametric imaging with different functional MRI parameters (mpMRI) visualizes and quantifies the functional processes of cancer development and progression at multiple levels, and provides specific information about the hallmarks of cancer. MpMRI of the breast improves diagnostic accuracy in breast cancer, obviates unnecessary breast biopsies, and enables an improved assessment and prediction of response to neoadjuvant therapy. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the current possibilities and emerging techniques for mpMRI of the breast. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 Technical Efficacy: Stage 5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:301-315.

Organizational and welfare mode of breast centers network: a survey of Sicilian radiologists.

The European Society of Breast Cancer Specialists has created quality indicators for breast units to establish the minimum standards of care for patients. In Italy, each region differs, indeed, in terms of health care and services warranted to patients suffering from breast cancer. Since Sicilian Regional Administration today is still disregarding implementation of the provisions contained in the proposal of the Ministry of Health entitled "Guidelines on Organizational and Health Care Methods of Breast Centers Network" in November 2015 the Sicilian Regional Group of the Italian Society of Radiology (SIRM) decided to carry out a survey to see the position of the Sicilian Healthcare System and define the gap to bridge over. Sicilian breast imaging radiologists were asked to fill in a questionnaire concerning the type of job relationship (public or private sector), qualification (Manager, Department Manager, Freelancer) and years of experience on breast imaging. With regard to technological requirements, were answered the questions about the number, type, age and completeness of accessories of the equipment supplied in the Sicilian healthcare facilities. The data showed that over 64% of breast imagers in Sicilian centers work in breast units, whereas only 18% are involved in screening programs. A majority of radiologists (81%) working in the breast health care system is very experienced (more than 10 years of experience in the field). The result provided concerning the medical and technical staff demonstrates an uneven situation, but overall an inadequate value compared with the required guidelines especially in interventional procedures. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the method used and the results obtained. These data have to be shared with policy makers to enhance quality improvement in Sicilian Breast Center Network.

COLLABORADI: a rule-based diagnostic imaging prescription system to help the general practitioner to choose the most appropriate radiological imaging procedures.

Significant advances in medical imaging have been made in the past decades, enabling physicians to reach high precision in diagnosing patients' diseases by means of sophisticated imaging tools. However, the use of sophisticated tools is limited by the high costs and, in some cases, by the utilization of ionizing radiation, which have both great impact on the economy of a nation and on citizens' health, respectively. Guidelines have been published among countries to provide physicians with structured rules to be followed to suggest the correct imaging technique, suiting better the diagnostic question and avoiding inappropriate imaging requests. The COLLABORADI is a research project that addressed the phenomenon of inappropriate imaging prescriptions in Sicily (Italy) and proposed the design and implementation of a clinical decision support system to help physicians to set up the most appropriate diagnostic route for their patients. The aim of this paper is to describe the characteristics of the COLLABORADI software and its potential impact in diminishing inappropriate imaging.

Influence of fat-water separation and spatial resolution on automated volumetric MRI measurements of fibroglandular breast tissue.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of fat-water separation and spatial resolution in MRI on the results of automated quantitative measurements of fibroglandular breast tissue (FGT). Ten healthy volunteers (age range, 28-71 years; mean, 39.9 years) were included in this Institutional Review Board-approved prospective study. All measurements were performed on a 1.5-T scanner (Siemens, AvantoFit) using an 18-channel breast coil. The protocols included isotropic (Di) [TR/TE1 /TE2 = 6.00 ms/2.45 ms/2.67 ms; flip angle, 6.0°; 256 slices; matrix, 360 × 360; 1 mm isotropic; field of view, 360°; acquisition time (TA) = 3 min 38 s] and anisotropic (Da) (TR/TE1 /TE2 = 10.00 ms/2.39 ms/4.77 ms; flip angle, 24.9°; 80 slices; matrix 360 × 360; voxel size, 0.7 × 0.7 × 2.0 mm(3) ; field of view, 360°; TA = 1 min 25 s) T1 three-dimensional (3D) fast low-angle shot (FLASH) Dixon sequences, and a T1 3D FLASH sequence with the same resolution (T1 ) without (TR/TE = 11.00 ms/4.76 ms; flip angle, 25.0°; 80 slices; matrix, 360 × 360; voxel size, 0.7 × 0.7 × 2.0 mm(3) ; field of view, 360°; TA = 50 s) and with (TR/TE = 29.00 ms/4.76 ms; flip angle, 25.0°; 80 slices; matrix, 360 × 360; voxel size, 0.7 × 0.7 × 2.0 mm(3) ; field of view, 360°; TA = 2 min 35 s) fat saturation. Repeating volunteer measurements after 20 min and repositioning were used to assess reproducibility. An automated and quantitative volumetric breast density measurement system was used for FGT calculation. FGT with Di, Da and T1 measured 4.6-63.0% (mean, 30.6%), 3.2-65.3% (mean, 32.5%) and 1.7-66.5% (mean, 33.7%), respectively. The highest correlation between different MRI sequences was found with the Di and Da sequences (R(2) = 0.976). Coefficients of variation (CVs) for FGT calculation were higher in T1 (CV = 21.5%) compared with Dixon (Di, CV = 5.1%; Da, CV = 4.2%) sequences. Dixon-type sequences worked well for FGT measurements, even at lower resolution, whereas the conventional T1 -weighted sequence was more sensitive to decreasing resolution. The Dixon fat-water separation technique showed superior repeatability of FGT measurements compared with conventional sequences. A standard dynamic protocol using Dixon fat-water separation is best suited for combined diagnostic purposes and prognostic measurements of FGT. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A simple scoring system for breast MRI interpretation: does it compensate for reader experience?

PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of a scoring system (Tree) on inter-reader agreement and diagnostic performance in breast MRI reading. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This IRB-approved, single-centre study included 100 patients with 121 consecutive histopathologically verified lesions (52 malignant, 68 benign). Four breast radiologists with different levels of MRI experience and blinded to histopathology retrospectively evaluated all examinations. Readers independently applied two methods to classify breast lesions: BI-RADS and Tree. BI-RADS provides a reporting lexicon that is empirically translated into likelihoods of malignancy; Tree is a scoring system that results in a diagnostic category. Readings were compared by ROC analysis and kappa statistics. RESULTS: Inter-reader agreement was substantial to almost perfect (kappa: 0.643-0.896) for Tree and moderate (kappa: 0.455-0.657) for BI-RADS. Diagnostic performance using Tree (AUC: 0.889-0.943) was similar to BI-RADS (AUC: 0.872-0.953). Less experienced radiologists achieved AUC: improvements up to 4.7 % using Tree (P-values: 0.042-0.698); an expert's performance did not change (P = 0.526). The least experienced reader improved in specificity using Tree (16 %, P = 0.001). No further sensitivity and specificity differences were found (P > 0.1). CONCLUSION: The Tree scoring system improves inter-reader agreement and achieves a diagnostic performance similar to that of BI-RADS. Less experienced radiologists, in particular, benefit from Tree. KEY POINTS: • The Tree scoring system shows high diagnostic accuracy in mass and non-mass lesions. • The Tree scoring system reduces inter-reader variability related to reader experience. • The Tree scoring system improves diagnostic accuracy in non-expert readers.

Intestinal Perforation in a patient with peritoneal carcinomatosis from colon cancer treated with Regorafenib. Description of a case and review of the literature.

Regorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor approved for treatment of patients with metastatic Colo-Rectal Cancer (mCRC) and Gastro-Intestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) progression after the administration of other tyrosine-kinase inhibitors such as imatinib and sunitinib. Only a handful of severe side effects such as intestinal perforations and fistulas have been described in the literature in patients undergoing multikinase inhibitor treatment. We report a case of a patient with peritoneal mCRC who experienced an intestinal perforation during the administration of Regorafenib and review the literature. A 48-year-old man with previously resected sigmoid colon cancer and peritoneal metastatic disease under Regorafenib treatment presented to our Emergency Department with severe abdominal pain and asthenia. Abdominal X-ray and contrast-enhanced computed tomography examination revealed an intestinal perforation. The patient underwent emergency surgery which demonstrated acute diffuse peritonitis, necrosis, and perforation of a distal ileal loop affected by peritoneal metastatic disease. The necrosis of peritoneal implants on bowel walls could be regarded as a potential factor leading to intestinal perforation in metastatic colorectal cancer patients undergoing Regorafenib treatment complaining of severe abdominal pain and asthenia. Surgeons, radiologists and oncologists should always keep in mind this rare adverse event during Regorafenib administration. Appropriate diagnostic tests and treatments should be carried out.