[S3 guidelines on intensive medical care of cardiac surgery patients : Hemodynamic monitoring and cardiovascular system-an update]. / S3-Leitlinie zur intensivmedizinischen Versorgung herzchirurgischer Patienten : Hämodynamisches Monitoring und Herz-Kreislauf ­ ein Update.

An update of the S3- guidelines for treatment of cardiac surgery patients in the intensive care unit, hemodynamic monitoring and cardiovascular system was published by the Association of Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF) in January 2018. This publication updates the guidelines from 2006 and 2011. The guidelines include nine sections that in addition to different methods of hemodynamic monitoring also reviews the topic of volume therapy as well as vasoactive and inotropic drugs. Furthermore, the guidelines also define the goals for cardiovascular treatment. This article describes the most important innovations of these comprehensive guidelines.

[Recommendations for extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (eCPR) : Consensus statement of DGIIN, DGK, DGTHG, DGfK, DGNI, DGAI, DIVI and GRC]. / Empfehlungen zur extrakorporalen kardiopulmonalen Reanimation (eCPR) : Konsensuspapier der DGIIN, DGK, DGTHG, DGfK, DGNI, DGAI, DIVI und GRC.

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (eCPR) may be considered as a rescue attempt for highly selected patients with refractory cardiac arrest and potentially reversible etiology. Currently there are no randomized, controlled studies on eCPR, and valid predictors of benefit and outcome which might guide the indication for eCPR are lacking. Currently selection criteria and procedures differ across hospitals and standardized algorithms are lacking. Based on expert opinion, the present consensus statement provides a proposal for a standardized treatment algorithm for eCPR.

[Treatment regimen for deep sternal wound infections after cardiac surgical interventions in an interdisciplinary approach]. / Behandlungsregime tiefer sternaler Wundinfektionen nach kardiochirurgischen Eingriffen im interdisziplinären Ansatz.

The aim of this article is to present the importance of a structured and situation-adapted approach based on the diagnostic and therapeutic strategy in the interdisciplinary treatment of 54 patients with deep sternal wound infections (DSWI) after cardiac surgical interventions and the results achieved. The patients were 41 men and 13 women with an average age of 65.1 years, who developed a DSWI after a cardiac surgical intervention during the period 2003-2016. The treatment strategy included a thorough debridement including the removal of indwelling foreign material, the reconstruction with a stable re-osteosynthesis after overcoming the infection and if necessary, situation-related surgical flaps for a defect coverage with a good blood supply and mandatory avoidance of dead spaces. A total of 146 operations were necessary (average 2.7 operations/patient, range 1-7 operations). In 24.1 % of the cases a one-stage approach could be carried out. In 41 patients negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) with programmed sponge changing was used for wound conditioning (mean 5 changes, standard deviation, SD±â€¯5.6 changes over 22 days, SD±â€¯23.9 days, change interval every 3-4 days in 40.7% of the cases). In 33 patients a bilateral myocutaneous pectoralis major flap was used, in 4 patients a vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous (VRAM) flap and in 7 patients both were carried out. A total of 43 osteosynthesis procedures were carried out on the sternum with fixed-angle titanium plates. Of the patients 7 died during intensive care unit treatment (total mortality 13 %, n = 5, 9.3 % ≤ 30 days) or in the later course. Of the patients 47 (87.1 %) could be discharged with a cleansed infection. In 2 patients the implant was removed after 2 years due to loosening.

Surgical management of chest injuries in patients with multiple and/or severe trauma- a systematic review and clinical practice guideline update.

PURPOSE: Our aim was to update evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations for the surgical and interventional management of blunt or penetrating injuries to the chest in patients with multiple and/or severe injuries on the basis of current evidence. This guideline topic is part of the 2022 update of the German Guideline on the Treatment of Patients with Multiple and/or Severe Injuries. METHODS: MEDLINE and Embase were systematically searched to May and June 2021 respectively for the update and new questions. Further literature reports were obtained from clinical experts. Randomised controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, cross-sectional studies and comparative registry studies were included if they compared interventions for the surgical management of injuries to the chest in patients with multiple and/or severe injuries. We considered patient-relevant clinical outcomes such as mortality, length of stay, and diagnostic test accuracy. Risk of bias was assessed using NICE 2012 checklists. The evidence was synthesised narratively, and expert consensus was used to develop recommendations and determine their strength. RESULTS: One study was identified. This study compared wedge resection, lobectomy and pneumonectomy in the management of patients with severe chest trauma that required some form of lung resection. Based on the updated evidence and expert consensus, one recommendation was modified and two additional good practice points were developed. All achieved strong consensus. The recommendation on the amount of blood loss that is used as an indication for surgical intervention in patients with chest injuries was modified to reflect new findings in trauma care and patient stabilisation. The new good clinical practice points (GPPs) on the use of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in patients with initial circulatory stability are also in line with current practice in patient care. CONCLUSION: As has been shown in recent decades, the treatment of chest trauma has become less and less invasive for the patient as diagnostic and technical possibilities have expanded. Examples include interventional stenting of aortic injuries, video-assisted thoracoscopy and parenchyma-sparing treatment of lung injuries. These less invasive treatment concepts reduce morbidity and mortality in the primary surgical phase following a chest trauma.

Clinical impact of the publication of S3 guidelines for intensive care in cardiac surgery patients in Germany: results from a postal survey.

INTRODUCTION: The development and implementation of practice guidelines might be an important tool to evaluate the different practices and to consider different local strategies. METHODS: A postal questionnaire with 37 questions was sent to the leading physicians of 80 intensive care units in Germany, treating patients after cardiothoracic surgery. The survey covered the same core questions on current practice of hemodynamic monitoring, volume replacement, inotropic/vasopressor support, and transfusions before and after the publication of an S3 guideline. RESULTS: A total of 77.5 % of the completed questionnaires were returned. Monitoring changed to increased use of central venous oxygen saturation (S(cv)O(2)) in 55.1% (2005: 20.9%), end-tidal CO(2)-monitoring 36.2% (2005: 24.3%), and decreased use of the left atrial pressure with 12.3% (2005: 23.3%) and pulmonary artery catheter 47.5% (2005: 58.2%). For volume therapy, there is a decreased use of Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) with 38.7% (2005: 63.4%) and an increased use of crystalloids 41.9% (2005: 22.4%). For inotropes, there is a trend to a decreased use of dopamine with 9.7% (2005: 29.1%, P = 0.074). The clinical relevance of the guidelines was judged 'high' by 43.5% and 'medium' by 50% of the responding physicians; however, change of treatments was reported by one quarter of respondents. CONCLUSION: Despite ongoing variability in the use of monitoring devices, volume replacement and vasopressor/inotrope use in cardiac surgery patients, there have been some changes in the therapy of these patients after publication of the guidelines. Because the guideline has been considered as clinically relevant, further interdisciplinary development and implementation support should be considered.

[Reimbursement of intensive care services in the German DRG system : Current problems and possible solutions]. / Vergütung intensivmedizinischer Leistungen im DRG-System : Aktuelle Probleme und Lösungsvorschläge.

The reimbursement of intensive care and nursing services in the German health system is based on the diagnosis-related groups (G-DRG) system. Due to the lack of a central hospital planning, the G­DRG system has become the most important influence on the development of the German health system. Compared to other countries, intensive care in Germany is characterized by a high number of intensive care beds, a low nurse-to-patient ratio, no official definition of the level of care, and a minimal available data set from intensive care units (ICUs). Under the given circumstances, a shortage of qualified intensive care nurses and physicians is currently the largest threat for intensive care in Germany. To address these deficiencies, we suggest the following measures: (1) Integration of ICUs into the levels of care which are currently developed for emergency centers at hospitals. (2) Mandatory collection of structured data sets from all ICUs including quality criteria. (3) A reform of intensive care and nursing reimbursement under consideration of adequate staffing in the individual ICU. (4) Actions to improve ICU staffing and qualification.

Intermediate care units : Recommendations on facilities and structure.

A growing number of patients with increasingly complex or specialized diseases are being treated in hospitals worldwide. The treatment requirements of some of these patients are exceeding the capacity of standard nursing units. However, the severity of these diseases or the treatment requirements for these specific clinical pictures do not always justify admission to an intensive care unit. For this reason, an increasing number of special units (intermediate care units) are being set up to offer highly specialized treatment and close monitoring, in order to fulfil an intermediate role between the standard care unit and the intensive care unit. The recommendations of the German Interdisciplinary Association for Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine (DIVI) on the personnel, capacity, equipment and structure of these units are intended to provide the framework for the setting up and operation of intermediate care units in collaboration with experts on both an evidence-based and an expert-based basis (where scientific evidence is not available). Where only minimal or indirect evidence is available, patient safety is paramount in the formulation of the recommendation.

[Recommendations for extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (eCPR) : Consensus statement of DGIIN, DGK, DGTHG, DGfK, DGNI, DGAI, DIVI and GRC]. / Empfehlungen zur extrakorporalen kardiopulmonalen Reanimation (eCPR) : Konsensuspapier der DGIIN, DGK, DGTHG, DGfK, DGNI, DGAI, DIVI und GRC.

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (eCPR) may be considered as a rescue attempt for highly selected patients with refractory cardiac arrest and potentially reversible etiology. Currently there are no randomized, controlled studies on eCPR, and valid predictors of benefit and outcome which might guide the indication for eCPR are lacking. Currently selection criteria and procedures differ across hospitals and standardized algorithms are lacking. Based on expert opinion, the present consensus statement provides a proposal for a standardized treatment algorithm for eCPR.

Reduction of cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity by cilastatin following clinical heart transplantation.

The objective of this prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blinded study in 28 heart-transplanted patients was to investigate whether the dehydropeptidase inhibitor cilastatin reduces cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity. Cilastatin is available only in combination with imipenem, a beta-lactam antibiotic to which it is added for reduction of nephrotoxic side-effects of the antimicrobial agent. Patients received either 100 ml placebo (n = 12) or 100 ml (500 mg) imipenem/cilastatin (n = 16) twice perioperatively, and 4 times daily for the first 7 postoperative days. Serum creatinine and urea, as well as urine concentrations of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, which is directly correlated with tubular cell damage, were used as markers for renal function. Thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1-alpha serum concentrations were determined to investigate whether there is an imbalance in synthesis of thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin as a possible mechanism for cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity. Two placebo patients and 6 patients receiving imipenem/cilastatin had to be excluded from further analysis. Three of 10 placebo patients required hemofiltration, and 2 of them even required hemodialysis, as compared with none in the imipenem/cilastatin group. Creatinine concentrations increased significantly from the second to the fourth postoperative day in the placebo group, but remained nearly normal in cilastatin patients (P < 0.05 for intergroup comparison on postoperative days 2-4). The same trend was observed in urea and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase concentrations, without the difference reaching statistical significance. For thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1-alpha no differences between the groups could be found. These results suggest that imipenem/cilastatin can counteract acute cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity, which appears to be associated with alterations of tubular cell function. The combined use of cyclosporine and imipenem/cilastatin appears to be advantageous in patients following heart transplantation during the initial postoperative period.

Alterations of cell-mediated immunity following cardiac operations: clinical implications and open questions.

Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is known to induce an immune response whose nature has been increasingly elucidated during the recent decade. Clinically, patients usually show two to three of the four symptoms, which define the so-called systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). In addition, all parameters of the innate, nonspecific immune system, e.g., polymorphonuclear cells, elastase, and complement, are activated. This also applies to the proinflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-1beta, -6, and -8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Within the adaptive, specific immune system, a decrease of T lymphocytes and T helper (TH) cells is observed, whereas suppressor/ cytotoxic T cells and B cells appear to be nearly unaffected. Cytokine measurements provide more detailed information: IL-2 and IL-12, which are important for the activation of the type-1 TH-cell (TH1)-mediated immune response, are depressed following cardiac operation. In contrast, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta essential to TH2-mediated humoral or anti-inflammatory immune response, are upregulated. In vivo tests, e.g., delayed type hypersensitivity skin reaction and tetanus antibody production, confirm the polarization of the adaptive immune response towards the TH2 pathway. However, all these alterations usually do not result in clinical adverse events. Therefore, more information is needed about the immune response of patients at high preoperative risk or with serious perioperative complications to find out whether clinically relevant events are correlated to alterations of immune response. For this purpose, more readily available, standardized methods for immunologic monitoring appear highly desirable.

Pentoxifylline decreases the incidence of multiple organ failure in patients after major cardio-thoracic surgery.

We assessed the safety and efficacy of intravenous pentoxifylline [3,7-dimethyl-1-(5-oxohexyl)-xanthine] in patients at risk for developing multiple organ failure after major cardio-thoracic surgery in a single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Of 816 consecutive patients who underwent major cardio-thoracic surgery, 40 who had Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score values > or = 19 at the first postoperative day after the surgery were included. Patients were randomized to receive either placebo (control; n = 25) or intravenous pentoxifylline treatment (pentoxifylline; n = 15) at a dosage of 1.5 mg/kg/h as an adjunct to standard supportive therapy. Main outcome measurements were duration of required ventilator support, intensive care unit stay, and incidence of renal failure. Thirty-seven patients were eligible for evaluation. No significant adverse events related to pentoxifylline treatment were observed. The duration of mechanical ventilation was significantly greater for control patients (8.3 +/- 3.1 days) compared with pentoxifylline-treated patients (3.1 +/- .9 days; p < .05). Patients treated with pentoxifylline experienced fewer days on hemofiltration (1.2 +/- .8 vs. 6.8 +/- 3.3; p < .05) and a shorter intensive care unit stay (5.2 +/- 1.1 vs. 11.4 +/- 3.1 days). There were no intergroup differences in mortality. Mortality was 33% in the pentoxifylline group and 36% among control group patients. In conclusion, supplemental pentoxifylline treatment may decrease the incidence of multiple organ failure in patients at risk of systemic inflammatory response syndrome after cardiac surgery. Additional studies are required to determine the validity of the observed effects.

Successful restoration of cell-mediated immune response after cardiopulmonary bypass by immunomodulation.

The objectives of this prospective randomized trial were to quantify immunosuppressive effects of cardiopulmonary bypass, to identify mechanisms responsible for postoperative immunosuppression, and to investigate the effects of immunomodulatory intervention on these mechanisms. Sixty patients were studied after cardiopulmonary bypass. Immunomodulatory therapy consisted of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, which blocks the downregulating agent prostaglandin E2, and thymopentin, which enhances T-lymphocytic activity. Twenty patients each received indomethacin either alone or combined with thymopentin. Twenty patients served as the control population. Our in vitro studies showed a decrease of CD4+ helper/inducer T cells and interleukin-2 receptor expression on T lymphocytes, while CD8+ suppressor/cytotoxic T cells and monocytes increased. Additionally, a depression of interleukin-1 and interleukin-2 synthesis as well as concurrent low gamma-interferon serum concentrations could be documented. These results indicate a downregulation of cell-mediated immune response. As an in vivo correlate of the immunomechanistic alterations, patients demonstrated an impaired delayed-type hypersensitivity response to an antigen skin test battery. These changes in immunoreactivity could be successfully counteracted by the combined immunomodulatory regimen, whereas sole indomethacin treatment could only partially restore depressed host defense parameters. With this study we could demonstrate for the first time that human lymphocytic interleukin-2 synthesis, which represents the key event among forward regulatory immune mechanisms, can be protected via in vivo immunoaugmentatory therapy and that this therapy can successfully counteract immunosuppressive effects of cardiopulmonary bypass.

The influence of gastrointestinal agents on resorption and metabolism of cyclosporine after heart transplantation: experimental and clinical results.

The clinical effectiveness of cyclosporine is limited by changes in resorption and metabolism of cyclosporine and by possible drug interactions. This study examined the influence of five gastrointestinal agents on duration and resorption of cyclosporine and dosage/level relations: cimetidine, famotidine, pirenzepine, aluminum hydroxide, and omeprazole. These gastrointestinal agents were studied in 64 rat experiments, in which the impact of each single drug and of drug combinations on cyclosporine resorption and metabolism was tested. A standardized dosage of cyclosporine was given orally, and the duration was calculated for the maximum whole blood level of cyclosporine to be achieved; the dosage/level quotient was calculated. Cimetidine, famotidine, pirenzepine, and combination treatment prolonged duration of cyclosporine resorption. Furthermore, cimetidine, famotidine, and omeprazole lowered the dosage/level quotient, thus leading to higher cyclosporine levels with the same dosage; pirenzepine increased the dosage/level quotient. For clinical comparison, 163 heart transplant patients who had received standard triple-drug immunosuppressive therapy were analyzed. The time interval until a therapeutic cyclosporine level was achieved and the dosage/level quotient were once again calculated. Similar to the results in the animal experiments, cimetidine and famotidine significantly delayed the resorption of cyclosporine; cimetidine, famotidine, and omeprazole lowered the cyclosporine dosage/level quotient, thus leading to higher cyclosporine levels with the same dosage. Aluminum hydroxide did not lead to any changes in the resorption or metabolism of cyclosporine. Most examined gastrointestinal agents, and particularly H2-blocking drugs, led to significant prolongation of cyclosporine resorption and cyclosporine level alterations. The initial prolongation of cyclosporine resorption was successfully avoided by intravenous administration of cyclosporine for the first 4 postoperative days in 40 consecutive patients.

Regulation of acute phase response after cardiopulmonary bypass by immunomodulation.

The object of this prospective, randomized trial was to study the dysregulation effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on the synthesis pattern of interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-6, which have been identified as the key mediators of acute phase response. In addition, the counterregulation achieved by administration of indomethacin, which blocks the downregulating mediator prostaglandin E2, or indomethacin combined with thymopentin, which enhances T-lymphocytic reactivity, was investigated. Sixty patients who had undergone open heart operations were included in the study. These patients were divided into three groups: group A (n = 20) received both indomethacin and thymopentin, and group C (n = 20) served as control. In control patients interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor synthesis were suppressed postoperatively. This effect was significantly counteracted by indomethacin with no further improvement by adding thymopentin. Interleukin-6 synthesis increased in all groups. Although indomethacin treatment alone had little effect on this phenomenon, additional administration of thymopentin significantly reduced elevated interleukin-6 synthesis. Corresponding differences in clinical outcome could not be detected due to small patient numbers. This study was, however, able to demonstrate that an immunomodulatory therapy can influence alterations in immune mechanisms after cardiopulmonary bypass.