A Mutagen Acts as a Potent Reducing Agent of Glycated Hemoglobin: a Combined Ultrafast Electron Transfer and Computational Studies.

Glycated hemoglobin (GHb) found in mammals undergoes irreversible damage when exposed to external redox agents, which is much more vulnerable than its normal counterpart hemoglobin (Hb). Besides the oxygen regulation throughout the body, Hb plays a vital role in balancing immunological health and the redox cycle. Photoinduced ultra-fast electron transfer phenomena actively participate in regulation of various kind of homeostasis involved in such biomacromolecules. In the present study we have shown that a well-known mutagen Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) reduces GHb in femtosecond time scale (efficiently) upon photoexcitation after efficient recognition in the biomolecule. We have performed similar experiment by colocalizing EtBr and Iron (Fe(III)) on the micellar surface as Hb mimic in order to study the excited state EtBr dynamics to rationalize the time scale obtained from EtBr in GHb and Hb. While other experimental techniques including Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Zeta potential, absorbance and emission spectroscopy have been employed for the confirmation of structural perturbation of GHb compared to Hb, a detailed computational studies involving molecular docking and density functional theory (DFT) have been employed for the explanation of the experimental observations.

Mixed species biofilm: Structure, challenge and its intricate involvement in hospital associated infections.

Hospital associated infections or healthcare associated infections (HAIs) are a major threat to healthcare and medical management, mostly because of their recalcitrant nature. The primary cause of these HAIs is bacterial associations, especially the interspecies interactions. In interspecies interactions, more than one species co-exists in a common platform of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), establishing a strong interspecies crosstalk and thereby lead to the formation of mixed species biofilms. In this process, the internal microenvironment and the surrounding EPS matrix of the biofilms ensure the protection of the microorganisms and allow them to survive under antagonistic conditions. The communications between the biofilm members as well as the interactions between the bacterial cells and the matrix polymers, also aid in the rigidity of the biofilm structure and allow the microorganisms to evade both the host immune response and a wide range of anti-microbials. Therefore, to design a treatment protocol for HAIs is difficult and it has become a growing point of concern. This review therefore first aims to discuss the role of microenvironment, molecular structure, cell-cell communication, and metabolism of mixed species biofilms in manifestation of HAIs. In addition, we discuss the electrochemical properties of mixed-species biofilms and their mechanism in developing drug resistance. Then we focus on the most dreaded bacterial HAI including oral and gut multi-species infections, catheter-associated urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Further, we highlight the challenges to eradication of the mixed species biofilms and the current and prospective future strategies for the treatment of mixed species-associated HAI. Together, the review presents a comprehensive understanding of mixed species biofilm-mediated infections in clinical scenario, and summarizes the current challenge and prospect of therapeutic strategies against HAI.

The strategic involvement of IRS in cancer progression.

Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS), an intracellular molecule devoid of an intrinsic kinase activity, is activated upon binding to IR which thereby works as a scaffold, organizing all signaling complexes and initiating the signaling process downstream. The level of IRS proteins and their stability in the cell is mostly maintained through the phosphorylation status of their tyrosine and serine residues. IRS is positively regulated by phosphorylation of its Tyr residues whereas a Ser residue phosphorylation attenuates it, although there exist some exceptions as well. Other post-translational modifications like O-linked glycosylation, N-linked glycosylation and acetylation also play a prominent role in IRS regulation. Since the discovery of the Warburg effect, people have been curious to find out all possible signaling networks and molecules that could lead to cancer and no doubt, the insulin signaling pathway is identified as one such pathway, which is highly deregulated in cancers. Eminent studies reveal that IRS is a pertinent regulator of cancer and is highly overexpressed in the five most commonly occurring cancers namely- Prostate, Ovarian, Breast, Colon and Lung cancers. IRS1 and IRS2 family members are actively involved in the progression, invasion and metastasis of these cancers. Recently, less studied IRS4 has also emerged as a contributor in ovarian, breast, colorectal and lung cancer, but no such studies related to IRS4 are found in Prostate cancer. The involvement of other IRS family members in cancer is still undiscovered and so paves the way for further exploration. This review is a time-lapse study of IRSs in the context of cancer done over the past two decades and it highlights all the major discoveries made till date, in these cancers from the perspective of IRS.

Chemoprevention of bilirubin encephalopathy with a nanoceutical agent.

BACKGROUND: Targeted rapid degradation of bilirubin has the potential to thwart incipient bilirubin encephalopathy. We investigated a novel spinel-structured citrate-functionalized trimanganese tetroxide nanoparticle (C-Mn3O4 NP, the nanodrug) to degrade both systemic and neural bilirubin loads. METHOD: Severe neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (SNH) was induced in neonatal C57BL/6j mice model with phenylhydrazine (PHz) intoxication. Efficiency of the nanodrug on both in vivo bilirubin degradation and amelioration of bilirubin encephalopathy and associated neurobehavioral sequelae were evaluated. RESULTS: Single oral dose (0.25 mg kg-1 bodyweight) of the nanodrug reduced both total serum bilirubin (TSB) and unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) in SNH rodents. Significant (p < 0.0001) UCB and TSB-degradation rates were reported within 4-8 h at 1.84 ± 0.26 and 2.19 ± 0.31 mg dL-1 h-1, respectively. Neural bilirubin load was decreased by 5.6 nmol g-1 (p = 0.0002) along with improved measures of neurobehavior, neuromotor movements, learning, and memory. Histopathological studies confirm that the nanodrug prevented neural cell reduction in Purkinje and substantia nigra regions, eosinophilic neurons, spongiosis, and cell shrinkage in SNH brain parenchyma. Brain oxidative status was maintained in nanodrug-treated SNH cohort. Pharmacokinetic data corroborated the bilirubin degradation rate with plasma nanodrug concentrations. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the in vivo capacity of this novel nanodrug to reduce systemic and neural bilirubin load and reverse bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity. Further compilation of a drug-safety-dossier is warranted to translate this novel therapeutic chemopreventive approach to clinical settings. IMPACT: None of the current pharmacotherapeutics treat severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (SNH) to prevent risks of neurotoxicity. In this preclinical study, a newly investigated nano-formulation, citrate-functionalized Mn3O4 nanoparticles (C-Mn3O4 NPs), exhibits bilirubin reduction properties in rodents. Chemopreventive properties of this nano-formulation demonstrate an efficacious, efficient agent that appears to be safe in these early studies. Translation of C-Mn3O4 NPs to prospective preclinical and clinical trials in appropriate in vivo models should be explored as a potential novel pharmacotherapy for SNH.

Host-Assisted Delivery of a Model Drug to Genomic DNA: Key Information from Ultrafast Spectroscopy and in silico Study.

Drug delivery to a target without adverse effects is one of the major criteria for clinical use. Herein, we have made an attempt to explore the delivery efficacy of SDS surfactant in a monomer and micellar stage during the delivery of the model drug, Toluidine Blue (TB) from the micellar cavity to DNA. Molecular recognition of pre-micellar SDS encapsulated TB with DNA occurs at a rate constant of k1 ∼652 s-1 . However, no significant release of encapsulated TB at micellar concentration was observed within the experimental time frame. This originated from the higher binding affinity of TB towards the nano-cavity of SDS at micellar concentration which does not allow the delivery of TB from the nano-cavity of SDS micelles to DNA. Thus, molecular recognition controls the extent of DNA recognition by TB which in turn modulates the rate of delivery of TB from SDS in a concentration-dependent manner.

Picosecond-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in diffuse reflectance spectroscopy explores biologically relevant hidden molecular contacts in a non-invasive way.

The potentiality of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) for studying molecular interactions inside biological tissues with improved spatial (Angström) and temporal (picosecond) resolution is well established. On the other hand, the efficacy of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) that uses optical radiation in order to determine physiological parameters including haemoglobin, and oxygen saturation is well known. Here we have made an attempt to combine diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) with picosecond-resolved FRET in order to show improvement in the exploration of molecular contacts in biological tissue models. We define the technique as ultrafast time-resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UTRDRS). The illuminated photon of the fluorophore from the surface of the tissue-mimicking layers carries the hidden information of the molecular contact. In order to investigate the validation of the Kubelka-Munk (KM) formulism for the developed UTRDRS technique in tissue phantoms, we have studied the propagation of incandescent and picosecond-laser light through several layers of cellulose membranes. While picosecond-resolved FRET in the diffuse reflected light confirms the hidden nano-contact (4.6 nm) of two different dye layers (8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid and Nile blue), high-resolution optical microscopy on the cross-section of the layers reveals the proximity and contacts of the layers with limited spatial resolution (∼300 nm). We have also investigated two biologically relevant molecules, namely carboxyfluorescein and haemoglobin, in tissue phantom layers in order to show the efficacy of the UTRDRS technique. Overall, our studies based on UTRDRS in tissue mimicking layers may have potential applications in non-invasive biomedical diagnosis for patients suffering from skin diseases.

Connecting signaling and metabolic pathways in EGF receptor-mediated oncogenesis of glioblastoma.

As malignant transformation requires synchronization of growth-driving signaling (S) and metabolic (M) pathways, defining cancer-specific S-M interconnected networks (SMINs) could lead to better understanding of oncogenic processes. In a systems-biology approach, we developed a mathematical model for SMINs in mutated EGF receptor (EGFRvIII) compared to wild-type EGF receptor (EGFRwt) expressing glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Starting with experimentally validated human protein-protein interactome data for S-M pathways, and incorporating proteomic data for EGFRvIII and EGFRwt GBM cells and patient transcriptomic data, we designed a dynamic model for EGFR-driven GBM-specific information flow. Key nodes and paths identified by in silico perturbation were validated experimentally when inhibition of signaling pathway proteins altered expression of metabolic proteins as predicted by the model. This demonstrated capacity of the model to identify unknown connections between signaling and metabolic pathways, explain the robustness of oncogenic SMINs, predict drug escape, and assist identification of drug targets and the development of combination therapies.

Therapeutic targeting of PFKFB3 with a novel glycolytic inhibitor PFK158 promotes lipophagy and chemosensitivity in gynecologic cancers.

Metabolic alterations are increasingly recognized as important novel anti-cancer targets. Among several regulators of metabolic alterations, fructose 2,6 bisphosphate (F2,6BP) is a critical glycolytic regulator. Inhibition of the active form of PFKFB3ser461 using a novel inhibitor, PFK158 resulted in reduced glucose uptake, ATP production, lactate release as well as induction of apoptosis in gynecologic cancer cells. Moreover, we found that PFK158 synergizes with carboplatin (CBPt) and paclitaxel (PTX) in the chemoresistant cell lines, C13 and HeyA8MDR but not in their chemosensitive counterparts, OV2008 and HeyA8, respectively. We determined that PFK158-induced autophagic flux leads to lipophagy resulting in the downregulation of cPLA2, a lipid droplet (LD) associated protein. Immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation revealed colocalization of p62/SQSTM1 with cPLA2 in HeyA8MDR cells uncovering a novel pathway for the breakdown of LDs promoted by PFK158. Interestingly, treating the cells with the autophagic inhibitor bafilomycin A reversed the PFK158-mediated synergy and lipophagy in chemoresistant cells. Finally, in a highly metastatic PTX-resistant in vivo ovarian mouse model, a combination of PFK158 with CBPt significantly reduced tumor weight and ascites and reduced LDs in tumor tissue as seen by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy compared to untreated mice. Since the majority of cancer patients will eventually recur and develop chemoresistance, our results suggest that PFK158 in combination with standard chemotherapy may have a direct clinical role in the treatment of recurrent cancer.

Visible-Light-Induced Regioselective Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of 2 H-Indazoles with Ethers.

A visible-light-promoted regioselective C(sp2)-H/C(sp3)-H cross-dehydrogenative coupling between 2 H-indazoles and ethers has been achieved using a catalytic amount of rose bengal as an organophotoredox-catalyst and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidant at ambient temperature under aerobic conditions. A variety of C-3 oxyalkylated 2 H-indazoles have been synthesized in moderate to good yields. Mechanistic studies suggest a radical pathway of the present reaction.

Metal-Free C-5 Hydroxylation of 8-Aminoquinoline Amide.

Diacetoxyiodobenzene-mediated remote hydroxylation of 8-aminoquinoline amide at the C-5 position has been developed. Various aryl, heteroaryl, and aliphatic carboxamides work well to afford the hydroxylated derivatives in good yields. This protocol is scalable and exhibits high functional group tolerance. Experimental results suggest that the reaction likely proceeds through the single-electron-transfer pathway.

Metal-Free Trifluoromethylation of Indazoles.

A simple and efficient tert-butyl hydroperoxide-mediated direct trifluoromethylation of indazoles using sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate has been developed under metal-free conditions. A library of trifluoromethylated products with broad functionalities has been synthesized with moderate to good yields. A radical mechanistic pathway has been proposed for the present protocol.

Ruthenium(ii)-catalyzed remote C-H addition of 8 aminoquinoline amide to activated aldehyde.

Ruthenium(ii)-catalyzed regioselective remote C-H addition of 8-aminoquinoline amides at C-5 position to ethyl glyoxalate and 2,2,2-trifluoroacetaldehyde have been developed. The transformation affords C-5 functionalized quinolines in moderate to good yields. This method is applicable to various aryl, heteroaryl as well as aliphatic carboxamides. Experimental results suggest that the reaction very likely proceeds through an ionic pathway.

A convergent synthesis of vinyloxyimidazopyridine via Cu(i)-catalyzed three-component coupling.

The synthesis of vinyloxyimidazopyridine with complete regio- and stereoselectivity has been achieved by the Cu(i)-catalyzed three-component coupling of 2-aminopyridine, 2-oxoaldehyde and alkyne. This protocol is operationally very simple and has much potential for the synthesis of heteroarylated vinyl ethers from basic chemicals. Steroidal imidazopyridinyl vinyl ether was obtained successfully from ethynylestradiol.

A Glycomic Approach Towards Identification of Signature Molecules in CD34+ Haematopoietic Stem Cells from Umbilical Cord Blood.

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a powerful storehouse for normal CD34+ haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), often used for allogeneic bone marrow (BM) transplantation in malignant and non-malignant diseases. The glycomic especially the sialoglycomic aspect of these HSCs has been unravelled in this study. Cell surface expression of the glycans with the related enzymatic activities has been compared with the BM of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, a common BM-associated malignancy. An enhanced cell surface expression of α2,3-linked sialic acid, P- and E-selectins, and intercellular adhesion molecule along with reduced expression of L-selectin distinguishes CD34+ HSCs of UCB from leukaemic samples. More importantly, high expression of O-acetylated sialoglycoproteins, a hallmark of lymphoblasts, is drastically reduced in the CD34+ HSCs of UCB and is substantiated by the low activity of sialylate-O-acetyltransferase and high sialidase activity. In contrast, a significant variation is evident in the expression of sialic acid, α2,6-linked sialic acids, and the sialyltransferase activity. Taken together, these studies indicate a few signature molecules, forming a unique glycomic template, which may be a potential indicator, reassuring the normal profile of these stem cells, to be used for future transplantation.

Quinacrine in endometrial cancer: Repurposing an old antimalarial drug.

OBJECTIVE: Generate preclinical data on the effect of quinacrine (QC) in inhibiting tumorigenesis in endometrial cancer (EC) in vitro and explore its role as an adjunct to standard chemotherapy in an EC mouse model. METHODS: Five different EC cell lines (Ishikawa, Hec-1B, KLE, ARK-2, and SPEC-2) representing different histologies, grades of EC, sensitivity to cisplatin and p53 status were used for the in vitro studies. MTT and colony formation assays were used to examine QC's ability to inhibit cell viability in vitro. The Chou-Talalay methodology was used to examine synergism between QC and cisplatin, carboplatin or paclitaxel. A cisplatin-resistant EC subcutaneous mouse model (Hec-1B) was used to examine QC's role as maintenance therapy. RESULTS: QC exhibited strong synergism in vitro when combined with cisplatin, carboplatin or paclitaxel with the highest level of synergism in the most chemo-resistant cell line. Neither QC monotherapy nor carboplatin/paclitaxel significantly delayed tumor growth in xenografts. Combination treatment (QC plus carboplatin/paclitaxel) significantly augmented the antiproliferative ability of these agents and was associated with a 14-week survival prolongation compared to carboplatin/paclitaxel. Maintenance with QC resulted in further delay in tumor progression and survival prolongation compared to carboplatin/paclitaxel. QC was not associated with weight loss and the yellow skin discoloration noted during treatment was reversible upon discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: QC exhibited significant antitumor activity against EC in vitro and was successful as maintenance therapy in chemo-resistant EC mouse xenografts. This preclinical data suggest that QC may be an important adjunct to standard chemotherapy for patients with chemo-resistant EC.

(Diacetoxy)iodobenzene-Mediated Oxidative C-H Amination of Imidazopyridines at Ambient Temperature.

(Diacetoxy)iodobenzene (PIDA)-mediated direct oxidative C-H amination for the synthesis of 3-amino substituted imidazopyridines has been achieved under metal-free conditions at room temperature in short reaction times. This methodology is also applicable for the regioselective amination of indolizines. Experimental results suggest that the reaction likely proceeds through a radical pathway.

Visible Light Organic Photoredox-Catalyzed C-H Alkoxylation of Imidazopyridine with Alcohol.

The visible light-mediated C-3 alkoxylation of imidazopyridines with alcohols has been achieved using rose bengal as an organic photoredox catalyst at room temperature. Widely abundant air acts as the terminal oxidant that avoids the use of a stoichiometric amount of peroxo compounds. A wide range of functional groups could be tolerated under the reaction conditions to produce C(sp2)-H alkoxylated products in high yields.

FeCl3-Catalyzed Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling between Imidazoheterocycles and Oxoaldehydes.

An Fe(III)-catalyzed efficient dicarbonylation of imidazoheterocycles has been developed through cross-dehydrogenative coupling between imidazoheterocycles and oxoaldehydes under ambient air in high yields. The present protocol is also applicable to indolizines. Imidazopyridine produced bisimidazopyridine with arylaldehyde. Experimental results suggest that the reactions proceed through the nonradical pathway.

Copper-catalyzed C-H ethoxycarbonyldifluoromethylation of imidazoheterocycles.

A regioselective copper-catalyzed ethoxycarbonyl-difluoromethylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines has been developed through sp(2) C-H bond functionalization with BrCF2CO2Et under ambient air. A series of ethoxycarbonyldifluoromethylated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines with broad functionalities have been synthesized. This methodology is also applicable to imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole and benzo[d]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole.

Switching the regioselectivity in the copper-catalyzed synthesis of iodoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.

A unique copper-catalyzed binucleophilic switching of 2-aminopyridine has been developed for the regioselective synthesis of 2- and 3-iodoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines using alkenes/alkynes as coupling partners in the presence of molecular iodine under aerobic reaction conditions. This method was also applied to the synthesis of 2-iodo-3-phenylbenzo[d]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles. This protocol offers an easy route towards the synthesis of 2,3-diarylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.