Short- and long-term outcomes in ypT2 rectal cancer patients after neoadjuvant therapy and local excision: a multicentre observational study.

BACKGROUND: Although local excision (LE) after neoadjuvant treatment (NT) has achieved encouraging oncological outcomes in selected patients, radical surgery still remains the rule when unfavorable pathology occurs. However, there is a risk of undertreating patients not eligible for radical surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients with pathological incomplete response (ypT2) in a multicentre cohort of patients undergoing LE after NT and to compare them with ypT0-is-1 rectal cancers. METHODS: From 2010 to 2019, all patients who underwent LE after NT for rectal cancer were identified from five institutional retrospective databases. After excluding 12 patients with ypT3 tumors, patients with ypT2 tumors were compared to patients with ypT0-is-1 tumors). The endpoints of the study were early postoperative and long-term oncological outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 177 patients (132 males, 45 females, median age 70 [IQR 16] years) underwent LE following NT. There were 46 ypT2 patients (39 males, 7 females, median age 72 [IQR 18.25] years) and 119 ypT0-is-1 patients (83 males, 36 females, median age 69 [IQR 15] years). Patients with pathological incomplete response (ypT2) were frailer than the ypT0-is-1 patients (mean Charlson Comorbidity Index 6.15 ± 2.43 vs. 5.29 ± 1.99; p = 0.02) and there was a significant difference in the type of NT used for the two groups (long- course radiotherapy: 100 (84%) vs. 23 (63%), p = 0.006; short-course radiotherapy: 19 (16%) vs. 17 (37%), p = 0.006). The postoperative rectal bleeding rate (13% vs. 1.7%; p = 0.008), readmission rate (10.9% vs. 0.8%; p = 0.008) and R1 resection rate (8.7% vs. 0; p = 0.008) was significantly higher in the ypT2 group. Recurrence rates were comparable between groups (5% vs. 13%; p = 0.15). Five-year overall survival was 91.3% and 94.9% in the ypT2 and ypT0-is-1 groups, respectively (p = 0.39), while 5-year cancer specific survival was 93.4% in the ypT2 group and 94.9% in the ypT0-is-1 group (p = 0.70). No difference was found in terms of 5-year local recurrence free-survival (p = 0.18) and 5-year distant recurrence free-survival (p = 0.37). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ypT2 tumors after NT and LE have a higher risk of late-onset rectal bleeding and positive resection margins than patients with complete or near complete response. However, long-term recurrence rates and survival seem comparable.

Establishment and long-term culture of human cystic fibrosis endothelial cells.

Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction has been reported in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Thus, the availability of CF EC is paramount to uncover mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in CF. Using collagenase digestion, we isolated cells from small fragments of pulmonary artery dissected from non-CF lobes or explanted CF lungs. These cells were a heterogeneous mixture, containing variable percentages of EC. To obtain virtually pure pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC), we developed an easy, inexpensive, and reliable method, based on the differential adhesion time of pulmonary artery cells collected after collagenase digestion. With this method, we obtained up to 95% pure non-CF and CF-PAEC. Moreover, we also succeed at immortalizing both PAEC and CF-PAEC, which remained viable and with unchanged phenotype and proliferation rate over the 30th passage. These cells recapitulated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator expression and functions of the parental cells. Thus, we isolated for the first time endothelial cells from CF patients, providing a valuable tool to define the emerging role of EC in CF lung and vascular disease.

Mechanisms of endothelial cell dysfunction in cystic fibrosis.

Although cystic fibrosis (CF) patients exhibit signs of endothelial perturbation, the functions of the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR) in vascular endothelial cells (EC) are poorly defined. We sought to uncover biological activities of endothelial CFTR, relevant for vascular homeostasis and inflammation. We examined cells from human umbilical cords (HUVEC) and pulmonary artery isolated from non-cystic fibrosis (PAEC) and CF human lungs (CF-PAEC), under static conditions or physiological shear. CFTR activity, clearly detected in HUVEC and PAEC, was markedly reduced in CF-PAEC. CFTR blockade increased endothelial permeability to macromolecules and reduced trans­endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Consistent with this, CF-PAEC displayed lower TEER compared to PAEC. Under shear, CFTR blockade reduced VE-cadherin and p120 catenin membrane expression and triggered the formation of paxillin- and vinculin-enriched membrane blebs that evolved in shrinking of the cell body and disruption of cell-cell contacts. These changes were accompanied by enhanced release of microvesicles, which displayed reduced capability to stimulate proliferation in recipient EC. CFTR blockade also suppressed insulin-induced NO generation by EC, likely by inhibiting eNOS and AKT phosphorylation, whereas it enhanced IL-8 release. Remarkably, phosphodiesterase inhibitors in combination with a ß2 adrenergic receptor agonist corrected functional and morphological changes triggered by CFTR dysfunction in EC. Our results uncover regulatory functions of CFTR in EC, suggesting a physiological role of CFTR in the maintenance EC homeostasis and its involvement in pathogenetic aspects of CF. Moreover, our findings open avenues for novel pharmacology to control endothelial dysfunction and its consequences in CF.

Robotic Hartmann's reversal-feasibility and technical aspects.

Hartmann's reversal as a staged procedure after emergency surgery is a major abdominal operation with undeniable skill-demanding steps. The robotic approach and its advantages seem to be a safe and feasible technique and could overcome necessary technical compromises of laparoscopy, ensuring a significant reduction in restoration failures or conversion.

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With N1 Involvement or Skip Metastases Presents the Same Survival Outcome: Results From a Multicentric Study.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic difference among patients affected by NSCLC with hilar metastases only or mediastinal nodes metastases without hilar involvement (skip metastases) is still unclear. Aim of this study is to analyse if prognostic difference are present or if the two groups present the same survival outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on NSCLC patients from 7 high volume centres (2004-2014) were collected and retrospectively reviewed. Histology different from adenocarcinoma(ADC) or squamous cell carcinoma(SCC), patients without data on lymphadenectomy, who underwent neoadjuvant treatment, with distant metastases or incomplete resection were excluded, selecting patients with hilar involvement or with skip metastases. Different prognostic factors such as Tstage, histology, pathological stage, nodal characteristics and adjuvant therapy administration were correlated to overall survival (OS) by the Kaplan-Meier product-limit method. The log-rank test was used to assess differences between subgroups. A multivariable Cox proportional hazard model was developed using stepwise regression to compare the prognostic power of different factors. RESULTS: The final analysis was conducted on 480 adenocarcinoma/squamous cell carcinoma patients. Five-year OS (5YOS) resulted 53.9%. No significant differences in OS were detected comparing pN1 vs. pN2 patients or stage IIB vs. stage IIIA-B patients. Univariable confirmed as favourable prognostic factors young age (P<.001), T1-2 tumors (P=.030), number of resected nodes≥10 (P=.040), lymph node ratio (P=.026). Multivariable analysis confirmed as independent negative prognostic factors T≥3 (HR:1.385, 95%CI:1.037-1.851, P=.027) and age≥68 years (HR1.637, 95%CI:1.245-2.152). CONCLUSION: Patients with N1 involvement or skip metastases present a similar prognosis, suggesting that N2 involvement in these cases may be related to a direct lymphatic drainage to the mediastinal stations.

Incidence and Clinical Relevance of Incidental Papillary Carcinoma in Thyroidectomy for Multinodular Goiters.

INTRODUCTION: Patients undergoing a total thyroidectomy for multinodular goiter typically have a long clinical history of the disease. They often come to surgery for compression symptoms, with no suspicion of neoplastic disease. For these patients, the incidence of microcarcinomas is high, even though we know that this does not affect subsequent therapies and long-term survival. On the other hand, when a true incidental carcinoma is present, the patient requires specific therapy and long-term follow-up. The purpose of the study was to identify the incidence of incidental carcinomas in the high prevalence region of goiter, the clinical-pathological characteristics of the tumor, and the therapeutic implications. METHOD: This is a retrospective study, from January 2010 to December 2020, on a case series of 1435 total thyroidectomies for goiters. All patients had a preoperative diagnosis of a benign disease. Gender, mean age, and mean duration from the initial diagnosis of goiter were evaluated along with the number and frequency of fine needle aspirations carried out. On the basis of the histological examination, the incidence of incidental carcinoma was then assessed (diameter ≥ 10 mm) as well as the incidence of microcarcinoma (diameter < 10 mm), the pathological characteristics (multifocality, capsular invasion), and the subsequent prescribed therapies. RESULTS: Patients with incidental carcinoma numbered 41 (2.8%%), 34 women and 7 men. The mean age was 53.5 years, while the patients diagnosed with microcarcinoma were 88 (6.1%). The mean duration of the disease from initial diagnosis was 7.8 years. On average, these patients underwent 1.8 fine needle aspirations during the course of the disease, almost exclusively in the first four years. The mean diameter of the tumor was 1.35 cm (±0.3). Multifocality was present in six patients, while only one patient presented capsular invasion. The chi-square test delivered a significant dependence on gender in terms of the incidental diagnosis after Yates correction (chi-stat = 5.064; p = 0.024), highlighting a higher incidence in the female population. All patients underwent subsequent metabolic radiotherapy. The mean follow-up was 6.3 years and in the 35 patients examined, none displayed any recurrence of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: Incidental carcinoma is not uncommon in patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy for goiters. It must be differentiated from microcarcinoma for its therapeutic implications and the follow-up of the patient. Statistical analysis has shown that the only significant variable is gender. In a goiter area, the careful monitoring of patients is required to highlight suspicious clinical-instrumental aspects that may appear even several years after the initial diagnosis.

Microvascular and Macrovascular Endothelial Cell Isolation and Purification from Lung-Derived Samples.

The availability of cells isolated from healthy and diseased tissues and organs represents a key element for personalized medicine approaches. Although biobanks can provide a wide collection of primary and immortalized cells for biomedical research, these do not cover all experimental needs, particularly those related to specific diseases or genotypes. Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are key components of the immune inflammatory reaction and, thus, play a central role in the pathogenesis of a variety of disorders. Notably, ECs from different sites display different biochemical and functional properties, making the availability of specific EC types (i.e., macrovascular, microvascular, arterial, and venous) essential for designing reliable experiments. Here, simple procedures to obtain high-yield, virtually pure human macrovascular and microvascular endothelial cells from the pulmonary artery and lung parenchyma are illustrated in detail. This methodology can be easily reproduced at a relatively low cost by any laboratory to achieve independence from commercial sources and obtain EC phenotypes/genotypes that are not yet available.

Laparoscopic deroofing in large hepatic cyst with alcohol sclerotherapy. Analysis of three cases.

Hepatic cysts have become increasingly frequent findings thanks to the improvement in diagnostic investigations. Distinction has to be made between congenital hepatic cysts (like liver cyst, PLCD) and acquired forms (such as a parasitic cyst and a cyst occurring as part of a neoplastic process) (1). When a simple hepatic cyst becomes symptomatic, when its size is > 4 cm or when there is some radiological suspicion of malignancy (thick wall, peripheral enhancement on CT/MRI) surgical management is indicated and relies on a variety of techniques (2). Presently the two most common techniques are percutaneous aspiration with sclerotherapy and laparoscopic fenestration. The use of laparoscopic approach has achieved, in the last years, some great results, for it shortens hospital stay, involves minimal invasiveness and offers low recurrence rate. We report three cases of symptomatic hepatic cysts successfully treated by using laparoscopic procedure. KEY WORDS: Laparoscopic deroofing, Sclerotherapy, Simple hepatic cysts.

Chest wall reconstruction with implantable cross-linked porcine dermal collagen matrix: Evaluation of clinical outcomes.

Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate clinical applications, safety, and effectiveness of a porcine-derived acellular cross-linked dermal matrix biological mesh in chest wall reconstruction. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a prospective multicenter database of chest wall reconstructions using a biological mesh in adult patients undergoing operation between October 2013 and December 2020. We evaluated preoperative data, type of resection and reconstruction, hospitalization, 30-day morbidity and mortality, and overall survival. Results: A total of 105 patients (36 women [34.2%]; mean age, 57.0 ± 16.1 years; range, 18-90 years) were included, they have admitted for: primary chest wall tumor (n = 52; 49.5%), secondary chest wall tumor (n = 29; 27.6%), lung hernia (n = 12; 11.4%), trauma (n = 10; 9.6%), and infections (n = 2; 1.9%). The surgical sites were preoperatively defined as at high risk of infection in 28 patients (26.7%) or as infected in 16 (15.2%) patients. Thirty-days morbidity was 30.5% (n = 32 patients); 14 patients (13.3%) had postoperative complications directly related to chest wall surgical resection and/or reconstruction. We experienced no 30-day mortality; 1-year and 2-year mortality was 8.4% and 16.8%, respectively. Conclusions: Biological mesh represents a valuable option in chest wall reconstruction even when surgical sites are infected or at high-risk of infections. This mesh shows low early and late postoperative complication rates and excellent long-term stability.

Validation of a prognostic model including the number of harvested lymph-nodes in the setting of non-small cell lung cancer patients undergoing curative resection: a multicenter analysis.

BACKGROUND: The prognostic role of the extension of lymphadenectomy in non-small-cell lung cancer is still a debated and intriguing issue. The aim of this study is to validate a prognostic score including the number of resected lymph-nodes previously reported using a large multicenter dataset. METHODS: From 01/2002 to 12/2012, data on 4858 NSCLC patients undergoing curative-intent surgery in six institutions were retrospectively reviewed. To test the discriminative ability of the model, composed of a panel of high-risk, pathologic stage, nodal status, age, number of Resected Nodes and intermediate risk factors (gender, grading, histology), was determined. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate overall (OS), cancer-specific (CSS) and disease-free survival (DFS) curves, and the log rank test was adopted to evaluate the differences between groups. RESULTS: Pathological stages were: 1) I in 46.5%, II in 24.1%, III in 27.8% and IV in 1.6% of cases. Overall, 5-year OS, CSS and DFS were 54.6%, 76.7% and 44.8%, respectively. Stratifying the sample of 3948 patients with complete data into low-risk (LR, #107), Intermediate-risk (IR, #1268) and High-Risk (HR, #2573) groups, the optimal prognostic discrimination power of this score was confirmed (C-statistics: 0.71, 95%CI 69-73). Specifically in LR, IR and HR, 5-year OS was 83.5%, 66.4% and 46.2% (P<0.0001), 5y-CSS was 95.8%, 89% and 69% (P<0.0001), and 5y-DFS was 74.7%, 59.1% and 35.5% (P<0.0001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms the optimal prognostic discrimination power of the previous prognostic model including the number of harvested nodes.

A fatal case of post endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration endobronchial haemorrhage: a case report and review of the literature.

Notwithstanding life-threatening haemorrhagic complications, endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration represents a cornerstone in the evaluation of NSCLC patients. Due to its low invasiveness and satisfactory tolerability even in high-risk patients, it is usually scheduled in one-day surgery hospital stay. Moreover, EBUS-TBNA offers a viable alternative to other conventional endoscopic procedures such as mediastinoscopy with the addiction to gain access also to hilar nodes. We report an unexpected and rare event of post-bronchoscopy fatal endobronchial haemorrhage in a 67-year-old female patient with a right S1 solitary pulmonary nodule and concomitant multiple bilateral lymphadenopaties. According to clinical staging the patient was unfit for upfront surgery and endoscopic procedure for tissue diagnosis was scheduled. The immediate postoperative period was uneventful as no intraoperative injuries were reported. Twenty-four hours later, the patient claimed respiratory distress and, after admission to the Emergency Department, a massive and uncontrolled bleeding coming from the lower respiratory tract was diagnosed leading to a death. Although one-day surgery EBUS-TBNA is the standard of care in patients undergoing endoscopic exploration, current guidelines seem to be murky about proper case stratification in order to plan an exhaustive observation time especially in high-risk patients.

Strangulated richter's hernia with caecum necrosis. Case report.

AIM: Describe a rare case of Richter's hernia with caecum incarceration into a right femoral hernia and provide a narrative literature review about its surgical management. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 46-year-old woman presented to the Emergency Department and to our surgical unit with a two-days history of worsening abdominal pain in the right lower quadrant without nausea or vomiting, associated with an irreducible lump. Computed tomography of the abdomen described a right inguinal hernia containing small bowel with perivisceral fluid in it without signs of small bowel occlusion nor perforation. RESULTS: A Richter 's femoral hernia with necrotic caecum wall was found but the appendix was not involved. Through a mini-laparotomy, tangential caecal resection and appendectomy were performed. The femoral defect was repaired with a polypropylene mesh-plug placed in the pre-peritoneal space. Postoperative period was uneventful and the patient was discharged on the fifth post-operative day. DISCUSSION: Femoral hernias account for only 2-4% of all groin hernias and occur through a small fascial defect in the femoral canal. Due to its narrowness, it leads to a high risk of incarceration and strangulation thus explaining the increased mortality in the emergency setting (up to 10 fold compared with the elective repair). In some cases, symptoms are no specific and uncommon findings have been reported. Surgical exploration is mandatory in the presence of signs of bowel strangulation or perforation and different approaches (either open or laparoscopically) have been described in literature. CONCLUSIONS: Caecum wall necrosis secondary to an incarcerated Richter's femoral hernia is a rare but dangerous event. Surgical approach is selected on surgeon's expertise. The use of prosthetic mesh is always recommended. KEY WORDS: Bowel necrosis, Emergency surgery, Hernia repair, Richter's hernia.

Outcome after single-site robotic cholecystectomy: An initial single center's experience.

BACKGROUND: Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the gold standard for symptomatic gallbladder disease, a single-incision approach may be a new challenge in order to achieve minimization of surgical trauma. Single-site robotic cholecystectomy (SSRC) is able to offset the ergonomic limitation of laparoscopic single-site cholecystectomy and improves cosmesis. METHODS: We present a single-institution initial experience of SSRC for cholecystolithiasis. Intra-operative and post-operative data of patients were reviewed to assess the technical feasibility and cosmetic outcome. RESULTS: We evaluated a series of 27 consecutive patients retrospectively analyzed and prospectively collected who underwent SSRC. One patient was excluded from the final analysis because they converted to open procedure. The female/male ratio was 17/9, with mean age of 48 ± 12 years. The body mass index mean value was 26.0 ± 4.2. The mean operative time was 99.6 ± 21.5 minutes. No intra- or post-operative complications and readmissions were recorded. At 12 months follow up, every patient received the Body Image Questionnaire (BIQ) and a Photo Series Questionnaire. We recorded three patients (11.5%) with post-operative incisional hernia. Scores of the BIQ subscale for body image perception were 6 ± 1.2, while the scores of scar cosmesis were 21.1 ± 3.0. A statistically significant improvement in scar self-rating from T0 to T1 (P < .01) was found. CONCLUSION: In our initial experience SSRC may be preferred to treat patients with higher needs in terms of cosmesis and body image perception. Lower costs for rent, maintenance and consumables may allow the spread of robotic surgery also for singe site cholecystectomy.

Plates versus struts versus an extracortical rib fixation in flail chest patients: Two-center experience.

PURPOSES: Notwithstanding advances in medical and surgical management of flail chest, its morbidity and mortality rates are still high. Aim of this study is to compare three approaches for parietal thoracic stabilization by analyzing both early and long-term patient outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective study from January 2006 to January 2018 involving sixty-five surgical flail chest (25 plates,11 struts and 29 wires fixations) was conducted. A mean Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) was 2.38±0.82 and a mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 32.02±8.21. RESULTS: Struts and plates stabilizations compared with wires fixation showed an immediate restoring of the partial pressure of oxygen (90.56 mmHg vs 91.90 mmHg vs 89.23 mmHg, p = 0.021), the carbon-dioxide levels (36.00 mmHg vs 35.03 mmHg vs 38.98 mmHg, p = 0.000) and the oxygen-blood saturation (97.71% vs 98.21% vs 92.12%, p = 0.000) in the early postoperative period. Furthermore, struts and plates ensured a better recovery of daily activities up to the 3rdmonth (QoL=1.0: p<0.001 in lateral flail chest and p<0.02 in anterior and antero-lateral flail chest). At the 12thmonth no difference in QoL was found between the different approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Plate and strut fixation revealed a lower rate of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Wires stabilization was characterized for a reduction of operative time.

A Case Report on Gallbladder Agenesis: Not a Novelty but Still a Laparoscopic Surprise.

Gallbladder agenesis (GA) is a rare embryological anomaly that presents acute cholecystitis like-symptoms. It is often an incidental finding diagnosed during surgery. We reported a case of GA in a patient who presented with dyspepsia and acute right upper abdomen pain with ultrasonographic signs of acute lithiasic cholecystitis. The preoperative assessment, according to first-level exams, is oriented to the diagnosis of acute lithiasic cholecystitis with atrophy and sclerosis. During laparoscopy, the proximal transverse colon was found strictly adherent to gallbladder fossa. The gallbladder was found to be absent. The surgical procedure consisted of lysis of multiple colo-hepatic adhesions. The diagnosis of congenital GA was made laparoscopically. The postoperative radiological images, based on CT and MR examinations, documented the diagnosis of GA with a biliary duct anatomical variant. The recovery was uneventful and the patient remained symptom-free for more than four years. GA is a clinical challenge that still poses diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. Although no diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm is accepted worldwide, due to heterogeneity of clinical scenarios and the variability in hospital facilities, surgeons have to be familiar with this rare entity, and conversion in laparotomy or unnecessary operative procedures should be avoided in the same operative setting.

Role of shear-wave and strain elastography to differentiate malignant vs benign subpleural lung lesions.

ABSTRACT: Elastosonography is a non-invasive diagnostic method to evaluate tissue stiffness. The aim of our study was to demonstrate the applicability and efficacy of elastosonography to differentiate benign vs malignant subpleural lung lesions compared to clinical, radiological and histological findings.We performed both strain and shear wave velocity (SWV) elastosonography on subpleural lung lesions. Moreover, we elaborated a composite score called "elasto index".Fourteen patients, 10 males and 4 females were recruited. On strain elastography, 9 lesions showed a hard pattern (type 3), 3 lesions showed an intermediate pattern (type 2), and 2 lesions a soft pattern (type 1). All lesions showed a mean SWV value of 4.46 ±â€Š2.37 m/second. The mean SWV for malignant lesions (n = 6) was 5.92 ±â€Š2.8 m/second. The mean SWV for benign lesions (n = 8) was 3.36 ±â€Š1.20 m/second. SWV shows an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.792, and the Youden index shows a value of 3.6 m/second. The ROC curve elaborated for the diagnosis of malignancy by strain elastography showed an AUC of 0.688. ROC curve for the diagnosis of malignancy by elasto index demonstrated an AUC of 0.802.SWV values obtained by ARFI elastosonographic method are higher in malignant lung lesions (mean SWV: 5.92 m/second) than in benign ones (mean SWV: 3.36); a composite score (elasto index) is characterized by better statistical significance for the differentiation of the lesions.

Intraoperative use of indocyanine green fluorescence imaging in rectal cancer surgery: The state of the art.

Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging is widely used in abdominal surgery. The implementation of minimally invasive rectal surgery using new methods like robotics or a transanal approach required improvement of optical systems. In that setting, ICG fluorescence optimizes intraoperative vision of anatomical structures by improving blood and lymphatic flow. The purpose of this review was to summarize all potential applications of this upcoming technology in rectal cancer surgery. Each type of use has been separately addressed and the evidence was investigated. During rectal resection, ICG fluorescence angiography is mainly used to evaluate the perfusion of the colonic stump in order to reduce the risk of anastomotic leaks. In addition, ICG fluorescence imaging allows easy visualization of organs such as the ureter or urethra to protect them from injury. This intraoperative technology is a valuable tool for conducting lymph node dissection along the iliac lymphatic chain or to better identifying the rectal dissection planes when a transanal approach is performed. This is an overview of the applications of ICG fluorescence imaging in current surgical practice and a synthesis of the results obtained from the literature. Although further studies are need to investigate the real clinical benefits, these findings may enhance use of ICG fluorescence in current clinical practice and stimulate future research on new applications.

Survival Analysis in Single N2 Station Lung Adenocarcinoma: The Prognostic Role of Involved Lymph Nodes and Adjuvant Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Prognostic factors in patients with single mediastinal station (sN2) involvement continues to be a debated issue. METHODS: Data on 213 adenocarcinoma patients with sN2 involvement and who had undergone complete anatomical lung resection and lymphadenectomy, were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical and pathological characteristics together with adjuvant therapy (AD) and node (N) status classifications (number of resected nodes (#RN), number of metastatic nodes (#MN), and node ratio (#MN/#RN = NR) were analyzed. RESULTS: Univariable analysis confirmed that age (0.009), #MN (0.009), NR (0.003), #N1 involved stations (p = 0.003), and skip metastases (p = 0.005) were related to overall survival (OS). Multivariable analysis confirmed, as independent prognostic factors, age <66 years and NR with a three-year OS (3YOS) of 78.7% in NR < 10% vs. 46.6% in NR > 10%. In skip metastases, NR (HR 2.734, 95% CI 1.417-5.277, p = 0.003) and pT stage (HR2.136, 95% CI 1.001-4.557, p = 0.050) were confirmed as independent prognostic factors. AD did not influence the OS of patients with singular positive lymph nodes (p = 0.41), while in patients with multiple lymph nodes and AD, a significantly better 3YOS was demonstrated, i.e., 49.1% vs. 30% (p = 0.004). In patients with N2 + N1 involvement, age (p = 0.002) and AD (p = 0.022) were favorable prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Adenocarcinoma patients with single N2 station involvement had a favorable outcome in the case of skip metastases and low NR. Adjuvant therapy improves survival with multiple nodal involvement, while its role in single node involvement should be clarified.

Clinical impact of the lung tissue transcriptome in a teenager with multifocal invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma-a case report.

The transcriptional profiling of cancer and normal tissues harboring cancer can be a clinical and discovery tool, especially for the study of rare tumors. Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA) is a rare lung cancer histotype, which mostly affects the elderly and commonly has a poor prognosis. We investigated the exceptional case of a teenager, exposed to passive smoke and chemical carcinogens, who developed a multifocal IMA with bilateral involvement. The malignancy was asymptomatic and was diagnosed occasionally during hospitalization for acute abdominal pain due to adnexitis. The young patient underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and lung samples were analysed by RNA-Sequencing. The transcriptome of patient's normal and neoplastic lung tissues was compared with matched healthy controls and IMA signature cases, using Gene Set Enrichment Analyses, Gene Ontology and Genotype Tissue Expression database. Compared to healthy controls, the patient's lung tissue lacked the expression of lymphocyte and humoral-mediated immune response genes, whereas genes driving the response to stimulus, chemical and organic substances, primarily, CXCL8, ACKR1, RAB7B, HOXC9, HOXD9, KLF5 and NKX2-8 were overexpressed. Genes driving extracellular structure organization, cell adhesion, cell movement, metabolic and apoptotic processes were down-modulated in patient's lung tissue. When compared to IMA signature cases, the patient's IMA revealed a prevalent expression of genes regulating the response to stimulus, myeloid and neutrophil activation and immune system processes, primarily CD1a and CXCL13/BCA1, whereas stemness genes and proto-oncogenes, such as SOX4, HES1, IER3 and SERPINH1 were downmodulated. These transcriptional signature associated with a favorable clinical course, since the patient was healthy five years after initial diagnosis. The transcriptome of the normal tissues bearing tumor provides meaningful information on the gene pathways driving tumor histogenesis, with a prospective impact on early diagnosis. Unlike the tumor histotype-related transcriptional signature, the individual patient's signature enables tailored treatment and accurate prognosis.

Erratum to clinical impact of the lung tissue transcriptome in a teenager with multifocal invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma-a case report.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-177.].