Neonatal administration of zingerone prevents the subsequent development of high dietary fructose-induced early features of nephropathy in rats.

Excessive consumption of fructose-rich diets in early life stages increases the risk for developing nephropathy in adulthood. We investigated the potential preventive effects of neonatally administered zingerone on the development of dietary fructose-induced nephropathy. Four-day-old suckling male and female rat pups were orally gavaged (10 ml/kg) with: distilled water (Con group), 20% fructose solution (Fru group), 20% fructose solution + 40 mg/kg zingerone in distilled water (ZFru group), or 40 mg/kg of zingerone (Zgr group) for 14 days. Thereafter, Con and Zgr groups continued on plain drinking water while Fru and ZFru groups drank 20% fructose solution ad libitum for 10 weeks. The Fru group had significantly increased plasma concentration of the renal injury marker kidney injury molecule one (KIM-1) and decreased glomerular urinary space area compared to the controls in both sexes (p < 0.05). These alterations were prevented by neonatally administered zingerone. Zingerone administration neonatally is a potential prophylaxis for longterm high-fructose diet-induced nephropathy.

Progress towards the elimination of trachoma in Nigeria.

Trachoma is targeted for elimination as a public health problem worldwide by 2030. In Nigeria, elimination activities are implemented at the local government area (LGA) level. They started in 2002 by conducting baseline population-based prevalence surveys (PBPSs), which continued in a systematic manner with engagement from the Global Trachoma Mapping Project in 2013, and subsequently Tropical Data. The results led to the development of Nigeria's first trachoma action plan and its subsequent revision with additional information. Following 449 baseline PBPSs, 122 LGAs had an active trachoma prevalence above the elimination threshold, requiring interventions, while 231 LGAs required community-based interventions for trichiasis management. By 2021, >34 million antibiotic treatments had been provided in 104 LGAs, with 89 LGAs eliminating active trachoma. Nationally, water and sanitation coverages increased by 3% and 18%, respectively, in 7 y. Systematic trichiasis case finding and management were carried out in 231 LGAs, resulting in the management of 102 527 people. Fifty-four LGAs decreased trichiasis prevalence unknown to the health system to <0.2% in persons ≥15 y of age. Where this elimination prevalence threshold was reached, trichiasis services were transitioned to routine eye/healthcare systems. Such progress relied on strong leadership and coordination from the national trachoma program and tremendous support provided by partners. Attaining elimination of trachoma as a public health problem in Nigeria by 2030 is feasible if funding support is sustained.

Aicardi syndrome in a Nigerian female child: A case report and literature review of a rare neuro-developmental disorder from North-Western Nigeria.

Aicardi syndrome is a very rare neurodevelopmental disorder, inherited as an X-linked dominant condition with a triad of infantile spasm, partial or complete agenesis of the corpus callosum, and chorio-retinal "lacunae." We report a case of a female infant with the classical triad of Aicardi syndrome. A female infant presented to the Paediatric Neurology Clinic of the Federal Medical Centre Birnin-Kebbi, North-western Nigeria, at the age of two months with complaints of recurrent afebrile convulsions typical for infantile spasms. The patient was delivered at term with normal Apgar scores and anthropometry. Examination revealed an infant with no dysmorphic features and normal systemic examination. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain however, showed complete agenesis of the corpus callosum and dilatation of the posterior horn of the lateral and third ventricles. Fundoscopy showed multiple yellowish spots along the vascular arcades in the right eye. The left eye had a one-disc diameter lacuna in the superior nasal quadrant adjacent to the optic disc with multiple yellowish spots. A diagnosis of Aicardi syndrome was made. The child was placed on oral phenobarbital and followed up. At the age of 18 months, the child can only sit without support, hold an object in each hand, smile socially, and babble. The frequency of the seizures had also reduced from >100 episodes per day to 2-3 episodes per day, but the child had developed right-sided spastic hemiparesis. The patient was commenced on physiotherapy and the anti-epileptic drugs were maintained. We recommend clinicians consider Aicardi syndrome in the differential diagnosis of any child presenting with infantile spasms.

Baseline Prevalence of Trachoma in 13 Local Government Areas of Borno State, Nigeria.

PURPOSE: We set out to determine the baseline prevalence of trachoma in 13 Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Borno State, Nigeria. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in each of 13 LGAs from 2017 to 2019, with the support of Tropical Data (TD). World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended protocols were used. With a probability-proportional-to-size systematic sampling method, 25 villages were selected per LGA in 2017 and 30 villages per LGA in 2019; in each village, 25 households were enrolled for 2017 surveys, while 30 were enrolled for 2019 surveys. All present, consenting residents aged ≥1 year were examined by TD-certified graders for trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) using the WHO simplified grading scheme. Additionally, we collected data on household-level access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities. RESULTS: One LGA (Magumeri) had TF prevalence in 1-9-year-olds ≥10%; two other LGAs (Monguno and Kaga) had TF prevalence between 5.0% and 9.9%. The prevalence of TT unknown to the health system was ≥0.2% in six LGAs. The proportion of households with access to improved water sources ranged from 30% (Kwaya Kusar) to 95% (Monguno); household-level access to improved latrines was lowest in Shani (7%) and highest in Maiduguri (95%). CONCLUSION: Active TT case finding and strengthening of TT surgical services are needed in six LGAs. Mass drug administration (MDA) of antibiotics is needed in three LGAs to reduce the prevalence of active trachoma to below elimination thresholds. The trachoma elimination programme should engage WASH agencies to augment access to improved WASH facilities.

Prevalence of Trachoma following Implementation of the SAFE Strategy in Three Local Government Areas of Taraba State, North Eastern Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION: In 2019-2020, one round of antibiotic mass drug administration (MDA) was implemented for trachoma elimination purposes in Donga, Gashaka, and Ussa local government areas (LGAs) of Taraba State, Nigeria, following baseline surveys in 2009 (Donga and Gashaka) and 2013-2014 (Ussa). Here, trachoma prevalence post-MDA in these three LGAs is reported. METHODS: In 2019 (Gashaka and Ussa) and 2020 (Donga), population-based, cross-sectional surveys were conducted following World Health Organization (WHO) guidance. A two-stage cluster sampling strategy was used. All residents of selected households aged ≥1 year were examined by Tropical Data-certified graders for trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) using the WHO simplified trachoma grading scheme. Data on water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) access were also collected. RESULTS: A total of 1,883 households participated. From these households, 4,885 children aged 1-9 years were enumerated, and 4,866 (99.6%) examined. There were 5,050 eligible adults (aged ≥15 years) enumerated in the same households, of whom 4,888 (96.8%) were examined. Age-adjusted TF prevalence in children aged 1-9 years was 0.22% (95% CI: 0.00-0.65) in Donga, 0.0% in Gashaka, and 0.19% (95% CI: 0.00-0.44) in Ussa. The age- and gender-adjusted TT prevalence unknown to the health system in adults aged ≥15 years was 0.08% (95% CI: 0.00-0.19) in Donga, 0.02% (95% CI: 0.00-0.06) in Gashaka, and 0.10% (95% CI: 0.01-0.18) in Ussa. In Donga, Gashaka, and Ussa, respectively, 66%, 49% and 63% of households had access to an improved drinking water source, and 68%, 56% and 29% had access to an improved latrine. CONCLUSION: In all LGAs, the elimination thresholds for TF and TT unknown to the health system have been attained in the target age groups. These LGAs should be re-surveyed after 2 years to show that reductions in TF prevalence have been sustained in the absence of MDA. Health authorities should continue to improve WASH facilities to reduce the risk of later recrudescence.

Baseline Prevalence of Trachoma in 21 Local Government Areas of Adamawa State, North East Nigeria.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of trachoma in each of the 21 local government areas (LGAs) of Adamawa State, Nigeria. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in each of the 21 LGAs of Adamawa State between 2017 and 2019. With the support of Tropical Data (TD), surveys were planned and implemented in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. A two-stage cluster sampling technique was used in each LGA, 25 or 30 clusters were selected with a probability of selection proportionate to cluster size, and in each of these clusters, 25 or 30 households were enrolled for the survey. All residents aged 1 year and older within selected households were examined by TD-certified graders for trachomatous inflammation - follicular (TF) and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) using the WHO simplified grading scheme. Additionally, data were collected on household water and sanitation access. RESULTS: All 21 LGAs had TF prevalence in 1-9-year-olds below 5%. The prevalence of TT unknown to the health system in people aged ≥15 years was ≥0.2% in three of the 21 LGAs. Access to improved water and sanitation facilities was <80% in the majority of the surveyed LGAs. Only 12 of the 21 LGAs had ≥50% household-level improved latrine access, and only Yola North had ≥80% household-level improved latrine access. CONCLUSION: There is no need for mass treatment with antibiotics for trachoma elimination purposes in any of these LGAs. There is a need for active TT case finding and provision of community-based TT surgical services in three LGAs. Furthermore, engagement with water and sanitation agencies is needed to augment access to improved water and sanitation facilities across the State; this will help to avoid the recrudescence of active trachoma in the State.

Childhood traumatic cataract in Nigeria; a multicentre study: 2017-2021.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency, demography, aetiology and mechanisms of ocular injuries associated with childhood traumatic cataract in Nigeria. METHODS: A retrospective multicentre study conducted across ten child eye health tertiary facilities in Nigeria between January 2017 and December 2021. Clinic records of all children aged 0-17 years who had been diagnosed with cataract at the various participating centres were reviewed. Information collected include: biodata, mechanism of injury; laterality, place of injury; object responsible; person responsible; duration before presentation and surgical intervention. RESULTS: A total of 636 out of 1656 children (38.4%) had traumatic cataracts during the study period. Their mean age was 109.4 ± 45.2 months with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1. Most injuries were unilateral, two (0.3%) children had bilateral involvement. Only 78 (15.3%) children presented within 4 weeks of the injury. Closed globe injuries were responsible for the traumatic cataract in 475 (74.7%) children, while open globe injuries were more likely to present within 24 h (P < 0.001). The commonest objects of injury were cane, sticks, plant, wood and play materials. Self-inflicted injuries occurred in about 82 (13%) children while 407 (64.0%) were caused by close relatives and contacts. The location where trauma occurred was home in 375 (59.8%) and school in 107 (16.8%) children. CONCLUSION: This multicentre study demonstrates that more than one-third of all childhood cataracts in Nigeria are trauma-related and majority are due to closed globe injuries. Public health interventions to reduce the occurrence of ocular trauma and to encourage early presentation after trauma are advocated.

Childhood Blindness and Visual Impairment in a Local Government Area in North-Central Nigeria: A Key Informant Survey.

Background: To use the Key Informant survey to estimate the magnitude and to identify the major causes of blindness and severe visual impairment in children of Nassarawa Eggon Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Methodology: Twenty-eight trained Key Informants traced and referred children believed to be blind or visually impaired. Biodata record, history and eye examination were based on the operational definitions in the WHO/PBL coding instruction manual for childhood blindness. Data were entered and analyzed in the WHO/PBL Childhood Blindness Software (CBS) V 1.2.75 by an ophthalmologist and a statistician. Result: The Key Informants identified 51 children of which 50 (98%) were examined. Eight (16%) of the children examined were blind, another 8 (16%) had severe visual impairment, 16 (32%) were visually impaired, 7 (14%) had monocular blindness and 11 (22%) were normal. The estimated crude prevalence of childhood blindness was 0.01% and of moderate-severe visual impairment was 0.03%. The major causes of blindness and severe visual impairment were cataract, corneal opacity, and refractive errors. Ninety-four percent of the causes of blindness and moderate-severe visual impairment in children were avoidable. It was estimated that some 415 children in Nasarawa state are blind or have moderate to severe visual impairment. Conclusion: The estimated magnitude of blindness and visual impairment in Nassarawa Eggon LGA is 8 and 24 children respectively with a crude blindness prevalence of 0.01% (1 per 10,000). Cataract was the commonest cause of childhood blindness and severe visual impairment in Nassarawa Eggon local government area with 93.8% of the causes of blindness and visual impairment being avoidable.

Pattern of Ametropia, Presbyopia, and Barriers to the Uptake of Spectacles in Adult Patients Attending a General Hospital in Kaduna State.

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the pattern of ametropia, presbyopia, and the barriers to the uptake of spectacles among adult patients attending Hajiya Gambo Sawaba General Hospital (HGSGH), Zaria, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive hospital-based study. The study population was selected by systematic sampling over a 3-month period (July-September, 2016). A questionnaire was administered for sociodemographic data, patients' history, and refraction. Patients with visual acuity less than 6/12 or who required at least +1.00DS to read N8 were given spectacle prescriptions and assessed after 2 months to confirm if they purchased the spectacles. Results: Two hundred and nine patients were assessed: 124 (59.3%) females and 85 (40.7%) males. The age ranged from 18 to 75 years with a mean of 45.5. One hundred and seventy-five (83.7%) had ametropia, 100 (47.8%) had presbyopia, and patients having both were 66 (31.6%). Astigmatism was the most common ametropia, 118 (67.4%), followed by hypermetropic astigmatism 33 (18.9%) and myopia 24 (13.7%). Only 97 (46.6%) patients purchased their spectacles, and 92 of them were using their spectacles. One hundred and twelve (52.2%) patients did not buy their spectacles, with cost being most common barrier to the uptake of spectacles. Conclusion: There is a high burden of ametropia and presbyopia among patients attending HGSGH, Zaria. Cost of spectacles and 'no felt need' were found to affect spectacle uptake. Health information and availability of low-cost spectacles are important strategies in reducing the burden of uncorrected ametropia and presbyopia in Kaduna State.

The future of data management for pediatric cataract.

Cataract is a leading cause of blindness in children worldwide. Blindness can be treated with effective surgery, but in low-resource settings this treatment can be difficult to access. In addition, positive outcomes of the surgery are heavily dependent on comprehensive postoperative care. To date in Nigeria and many other low-resource countries, robust electronic data-management systems that help facility teams to manage their patient data, especially when it comes to tracking children for follow-up visits after surgery, have either yet to be put into place or are in place but have yet to be refined to respond to the specific needs of eye care programs. Sightsavers has worked with multiple state ministries in Nigeria to set up and test a system that responds to those needs.

Effect of Escherichia coli endotoxin on Archachatina marginata hemolymph coagulation system.

CONTEXT: Archachatina marginata Swainson (Achatinidae) is found in Nigeria, West Africa. Its hemolymph is applied as a disinfectant to blades and fresh cuts of circumcision in Yorubaland. The hemolymph is also used in traditional medicine practice. Investigation into its anti-endotoxin response is being studied for the first time. OBJECTIVE: This study determined whether endotoxin causes measurable and concentration-dependent protein coagulation in the separate hemolymph fractions and in hemocyte lysate (HL)/plasma mixtures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Endotoxin was prepared by inoculating 5% w/v dextrose with locally isolated Escherichia coli cells and incubated for 48 h before sterilization. Pyrogenicity was determined by rabbit test method and use the of LAL kit. Hemolymph fractions were exposed to endotoxin while controls were exposed to endotoxin-free water (0.025 EU/ml). HL/plasma (1:1 v/v) was exposed to varied endotoxin concentrations. RESULTS: Data indicated significantly higher protein coagulates induced by endotoxin in all the hemolymph fractions (P < 0.05). Maximum protein coagulation in mixture of HL/plasma 1:1 was recorded. Exposure of HL/plasma at optimal ratio to varied endotoxin caused linear protein coagulation up to 1.0 EU/ml, beyond which it dropped significantly and unresponsive to further increase in endotoxin doses. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There was endotoxin-induced protein coagulation, which is endotoxin concentration-dependent. The optimal coagulation observed for 1:1 HL/plasma mixture suggests stronger interaction between the hemocytes and the plasma in response to endotoxin. There are LPS-binding proteins in the plasma and hemocytes of A. marginata. This finding may be employed in detection and quantification of endotoxin in future.

Zingerone Administered Neonatally Prevents the Subsequent Development of High Dietary Fructose-Induced Fatty Liver in Sprague Dawley Rats.

Consumption of high-fructose diets early in life increases the risk of developing metabolic disorders, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Zingerone, an alkaloid isolated from Zingiber officinale, has been demonstrated to reverse obesity and fatty liver in adult male rats. We investigated the potential preventive effects of neonatally administered zingerone on the development of fructose-induced NAFLD in male and female rats. Four-day-old male (n = 35) and female (n = 44) rat pups were randomized and gavaged with: 10 mL/kg body weight (bwt) of distilled water (C), 10 mL/kg bwt of 20% fructose solution (Fr), 10 mL/kg bwt of 20% fructose solution +40 mg/kg bwt of zingerone (ZFr), and 40 mg/kg bwt of zingerone (Z) daily for 14 days. After weaning, all groups continued on unlimited standard rat feed; however, groups C and Z had plain drinking water, whereas groups Fr and ZFr had unlimited 20% fructose solution to drink for 10 weeks. Rats on the high-fructose diet (Fr) compared with the negative controls (C) had significantly increased hepatic lipid content (in %, males: P = .0002; females: P < .0001, analysis of variance [ANOVA]) and hepatic steatosis score (in %, males: P = .0018; females: P < .0022, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA). Zingerone prevented (P < .05) the fructose-induced increase in hepatic steatosis in both sexes. The plasma alanine aminotransferase activity, levels of uric acid, TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), IL-6 (interleukin-6), and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) were not different (P > .05, ANOVA) across the different treatment groups in both sexes. No difference (P > .05, ANOVA) was observed between the two sexes for treatment, sex and interaction effects with regard to hepatic lipid content, and measured blood parameters. The use of zingerone neonatally should be further investigated as a strategic prophylactic intervention for the prevention of long-term high-fructose diet-induced NAFLD.

Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Retinopathy in Persons 50 Years and Above in Katsina State Nigeria: A Population-based Cross-sectional Survey.

PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence and magnitude of diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy among people with diabetes mellitus in Katsina State. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study of persons aged 50 years and over in Katsina State Nigeria based on the rapid assessment of avoidable blindness survey plus diabetic retinopathy methodology. The study was conducted in November and December 2018. RESULTS: A total of 2,653 of the 2,807 (94.5%) enrolled persons were examined. The unadjusted prevalence of diabetes was 3.3% (95% CI: 2.7-4.1) with females having higher risk of having diabetes than males (OR 1.04; (95% CI 1.00-1.07; P = .03). The age-sex adjusted magnitude of diabetes mellitus is 15,492 persons in the study population, but 60% of the people are unaware of their disease status. The proportion of people with diabetes mellitus and any retinopathy is 26.2% (95%CI: 14.4-31.6); 15.8% in males and 35.7% in females. The proportion of people with diabetes mellitus with any maculopathy is 12.5% (95% CI: 6.9 - 21.5). The proportion of people with diabetes mellitus having any retinopathy and/or maculopathy is 26.2% while that of a sight-threatening lesion is 7.5%. CONCLUSION: The burden of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in the population is lower than national average and elsewhere. However, there is still need to establish a simple cost-effective diabetic retinopathy service for the population as the burden of the problem will only increase with time.

Prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment; and cataract surgical services in Katsina state of Nigeria.

AIM: To generate data on blindness and visual impairment for planning and monitoring a comprehensive eye care programme in Katsina state of Nigeria. METHOD: A rapid assessment of avoidable blindness (RAAB) survey methodology was used to select 3120 persons aged 50 years and over. The sample was selected using a multistage cluster randomised sampling. Each participant had visual acuity and lens assessment. Persons with vision less than 6/12 in any eye were assessed for the cause of visual impairment. Persons with cataract were asked why they had not had surgery. Data were captured electronically with the mRAAB Android-based software and analysed with STATA V.14 software. RESULTS: A response rate of 90.1% was achieved. The age-sex adjusted blindness prevalence was 5.3% (95% CI 5.2% to 5.3%). Women were 30% more likely to be blind (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.3). The principal causes of blindness were cataract (70%), other posterior segment (12%) and glaucoma (7%); 86.7% of blindness was avoidable. The prevalence of cataract blindness is 2.6% (95% CI 2.5% to 2.6%) with higher odds in women (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.3, p<0.005). The cataract surgical coverage <6/60 for persons was 28.2% and women were 45% less likely to have had cataract surgery (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.78, p<0.005). The major barriers to cataract surgery are lack of felt need and the cost of services. CONCLUSION: Katsina state of Nigeria has high burden of avoidable blindness affecting more women. The state eye care programme should have cataract services that are more accessible, affordable and gender sensitive.

Impact of a 10-Year Eye Care Program in Sokoto, Nigeria: Changing Pattern of Prevalence and Causes of Blindness and Visual Impairment.

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to ascertain the current magnitude and causes of blindness and visual impairment in persons aged 50 years and over and to assess the impact of a 10-year eye care program in Sokoto State, Nigeria. METHODS: A rapid assessment of avoidable blindness (RAAB) survey (in persons 50 years and over) was conducted in 2016. Participants were selected in Wurno health zone using a two-stage cluster randomized sampling with probability proportional to size. Operational definitions were based on RAAB and World Health Organization eye examination record definitions. Eye care program documents were reviewed and data from a baseline survey undertaken in 2005 were reanalyzed. RESULTS: A response of 89.1% (2405 of 2700 participants) was obtained in the 2016 survey. With available correction, the unadjusted prevalence of blindness was 7.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.4, 8.9). The odds of blindness were 1.8 times higher in females than males (95% CI: 1.3, 2.4; P < 0.001). Major causes of blindness were cataract (48.9%) corneal disease (20.1%), glaucoma (10.3%), and uncorrected refractive error/aphakia (8.7%). The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of blindness has declined from 11.6% (95% CI: 7.4, 17.0) in 2005 to 6.8% (95% CI: 5.6, 8.0%) in 2016. CONCLUSION: The blindness prevalence is high, and the major causes are avoidable in the health zone. The findings suggest that investments in the program over the last 10 years might have led to almost a halving in the prevalence of blindness in th e population. However, the small sample size of persons 50+ years from Wurno zone in the 2005 survey necessitate caution when comparing the 2005 and the 2016 surveys.

Prevalence of Trachoma in Four Local Government Areas of Jigawa State, Nigeria.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of trachoma and water and sanitation coverage in four local government areas (LGAs) of Jigawa State, Nigeria: Birnin Kudu, Buji, Dutse and Kiyawa. METHODOLOGY: A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in each LGA using Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP) protocols. From each LGA, 25 villages were selected using probability-proportional-to-population size sampling; in each village, 25 households were selected using the random walk technique. All residents aged ≥1 year in selected households were examined by GTMP-certified graders for trachomatous inflammation - follicular (TF) and trichiasis, defined according to the WHO simplified trachoma grading scheme definitions. Water, sanitation and hygiene data were also collected through questioning and direct observation. RESULTS: In 2458 households of four LGAs, 10,669 residents were enumerated. A total of 9779 people (92% of residents) were examined, with slightly more females examined (5012; 51%) than men. In children aged 1-9 years, the age-adjusted prevalence of TF ranged from 5.1% (95% CI 2.5-9.0%) in Birnin Kudu to 12.8% (95% CI 7.6-19.4%) in Kiyawa, while the age- and gender-adjusted trichiasis prevalence in persons aged ≥15 years ranged from 1.9% (95% CI 1.4-2.5%) in Birnin Kudu to 3.1% (95% CI 2.2-4.0) in Dutse. Access to improved water sources was above 80% in all LGAs surveyed but access to improved sanitation facilities was low, ranging from 23% in Buji to 50% in Kiyawa. CONCLUSION: Trachoma is a public health problem in all four LGAs surveyed. The full SAFE strategy needs to be implemented to achieve trachoma elimination.

Prevalence of trachoma in 13 Local Government Areas of Taraba State, Nigeria.

PURPOSE: The purpose of these surveys was to determine the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) in children aged 1-9 years and trichiasis prevalence in persons aged ≥15 years, in 13 Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Taraba State, Nigeria. METHODS: The surveys followed Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP) protocols. Twenty-five households were selected from each of 25 clusters in each LGA, using two-stage cluster sampling providing probability of selection proportional to cluster size. Survey teams examined all the residents of selected households aged ≥1 year for the clinical signs TF, trachomatous inflammation-intense (TI) and trichiasis. RESULTS: The prevalence of TF in children aged 1-9 years in the 13 LGAs ranged from 0.0-5.0%; Ussa LGA had the highest prevalence of 5% (95%CI: 3.4-7.2). Trichiasis prevalence ranged from 0.0-0.8%; seven LGAs had trichiasis prevalences above the threshold for elimination. The backlog of trichiasis in the 13 LGAs (estimated combined population 1,959,375) was 3,185 people. There is need to perform surgery for at least 1,835 people to attain a trichiasis prevalence in each LGA of <0.2% in persons aged ≥15 years. In six of the 13 LGAs, 80% of households could access washing water within 1 km of the household, but only one LGA had >80% of households with access to improved latrines. CONCLUSION: One of 13 LGAs requires antibiotic mass drug administration for active trachoma. Community-based trichiasis surgery needs to be provided in seven LGAs. There is a need to increase household-level access to improved washing water and latrines across the State.

Prevalence of Trachoma and Access to Water and Sanitation in Benue State, Nigeria: Results of 23 Population-Based Prevalence Surveys.

PURPOSE: We sought to determine the prevalence of trachoma in each local government area (LGA) of Benue State, Nigeria. METHODS: Two-stage cluster sampling was used to conduct a series of 23 population-based prevalence surveys. LGAs were the evaluation units surveyed. In each LGA, 25 households were selected in each of 25 clusters, and individuals aged 1 year and above resident in those households were invited to be examined for trachoma. Data on access to water and sanitation were also collected at household level. RESULTS: A total of 91,888 people were examined from among 93,636 registered residents across the 23 LGAs. The LGA-level prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) in 1-9 year olds ranged from 0.3% to 5.3%. Two LGAs had TF prevalences of 5.0-9.9%. The LGA-level prevalence of trichiasis in ≥15-year-olds ranged from 0.0% to 0.35%. Access to improved drinking water sources ranged from 0% in Gwer West to 99% in Tarka, while access to improved sanitation ranged from 1% in Gwer West to 92% in Oturkpo. CONCLUSION: There is a need for public health-level interventions against trachoma in three LGAs of Benue State.

Prevalence of Trachoma in Kogi State, Nigeria: Results of four Local Government Area-Level Surveys from the Global Trachoma Mapping Project.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of trachoma in four Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Kogi State, Nigeria. METHODS: In June 2014, we conducted population-based, cross-sectional surveys according to Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP) protocols in selected LGAs of Kogi State. In each LGA, 25 clusters were selected with probability proportional to size. In each of these clusters, 25 households were enrolled for the survey. All residents of selected households aged ≥1 year were examined by GTMP-certified graders for trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) and trichiasis using the simplified trachoma grading scheme. Data on sources of household water and types of sanitation facilities were collected through questioning and direct observation. RESULTS: The age-adjusted TF prevalence in 1-9-year-olds ranged from 0.4% (95% CI 0.1-0.8%) in Bassa to 1.0% (95% CI 0.3-1.9%) in Omala. Across all four LGAs, only one case of trichiasis was found; this individual was in Omala, giving that LGA a trichiasis prevalence in individuals aged ≥15 years of 0.02% (95% CI 0.00-0.07%). Between 77 and 88% of households had access to water for hygiene purposes, while only 10-30% had access to improved sanitation facilities. CONCLUSION: Trachoma is not a public health problem in any of the 4 LGAs surveyed. There is, however, the need to increase access to adequate water and sanitation services to contribute to the health and social and economic well-being of these communities.