A comparative cohort study of surgical approaches for adult spinal deformity at a minimum 2-year follow-up.

STUDY DESIGN: This study was a retrospective multi-center comparative cohort study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective institutional database of operative adult spinal deformity patients was utilized. All fusions > 5 vertebral levels and including the sacrum/pelvis were eligible for inclusion. Revisions, 3 column osteotomies, and patients with < 2-year clinical follow-up were excluded. Patients were separated into 3 groups based on surgical approach: 1) posterior spinal fusion without interbody (PSF), 2) PSF with interbody (PSF-IB), and 3) anteroposterior (AP) fusion (anterior lumbar interbody fusion or lateral lumbar interbody fusion with posterior screw fixation). Intraoperative, radiographic, and clinical outcomes, as well as complications, were compared between groups with ANOVA and χ2 tests. RESULTS: One-hundred and thirty-eight patients were included for study (PSF, n = 37; PSF-IB, n = 44; AP, n = 57). Intraoperatively, estimated blood loss was similar between groups (p = 0.171). However, the AP group had longer operative times (547.5 min) compared to PSF (385.1) and PSF-IB (370.7) (p < 0.001). Additionally, fusion length was shorter in PSF-IB (11.4) compared to AP (13.6) and PSF (12.9) (p = 0.004). There were no differences between the groups in terms of change in alignment from preoperative to 2 years postoperative. There were no differences in clinical outcomes. While postoperative complications were largely similar between groups, operative complications were higher in the AP group (31.6%) compared to the PSF (5.4%) and PSF-IB (9.1) groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: While there were differences in intraoperative outcomes (operative time and fusion length), there were no differences in postoperative clinical or radiographic outcomes. AP fusion was associated with a higher rate of operative complications.

Assessing the Reproducibility of the Structured Abstracts Generated by ChatGPT and Bard Compared to Human-Written Abstracts in the Field of Spine Surgery: Comparative Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Due to recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), language model applications can generate logical text output that is difficult to distinguish from human writing. ChatGPT (OpenAI) and Bard (subsequently rebranded as "Gemini"; Google AI) were developed using distinct approaches, but little has been studied about the difference in their capability to generate the abstract. The use of AI to write scientific abstracts in the field of spine surgery is the center of much debate and controversy. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to assess the reproducibility of the structured abstracts generated by ChatGPT and Bard compared to human-written abstracts in the field of spine surgery. METHODS: In total, 60 abstracts dealing with spine sections were randomly selected from 7 reputable journals and used as ChatGPT and Bard input statements to generate abstracts based on supplied paper titles. A total of 174 abstracts, divided into human-written abstracts, ChatGPT-generated abstracts, and Bard-generated abstracts, were evaluated for compliance with the structured format of journal guidelines and consistency of content. The likelihood of plagiarism and AI output was assessed using the iThenticate and ZeroGPT programs, respectively. A total of 8 reviewers in the spinal field evaluated 30 randomly extracted abstracts to determine whether they were produced by AI or human authors. RESULTS: The proportion of abstracts that met journal formatting guidelines was greater among ChatGPT abstracts (34/60, 56.6%) compared with those generated by Bard (6/54, 11.1%; P<.001). However, a higher proportion of Bard abstracts (49/54, 90.7%) had word counts that met journal guidelines compared with ChatGPT abstracts (30/60, 50%; P<.001). The similarity index was significantly lower among ChatGPT-generated abstracts (20.7%) compared with Bard-generated abstracts (32.1%; P<.001). The AI-detection program predicted that 21.7% (13/60) of the human group, 63.3% (38/60) of the ChatGPT group, and 87% (47/54) of the Bard group were possibly generated by AI, with an area under the curve value of 0.863 (P<.001). The mean detection rate by human reviewers was 53.8% (SD 11.2%), achieving a sensitivity of 56.3% and a specificity of 48.4%. A total of 56.3% (63/112) of the actual human-written abstracts and 55.9% (62/128) of AI-generated abstracts were recognized as human-written and AI-generated by human reviewers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Both ChatGPT and Bard can be used to help write abstracts, but most AI-generated abstracts are currently considered unethical due to high plagiarism and AI-detection rates. ChatGPT-generated abstracts appear to be superior to Bard-generated abstracts in meeting journal formatting guidelines. Because humans are unable to accurately distinguish abstracts written by humans from those produced by AI programs, it is crucial to exercise special caution and examine the ethical boundaries of using AI programs, including ChatGPT and Bard.

Distal junctional kyphosis in adult cervical deformity patients: where does it occur?

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of the lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) on Distal Junctional kyphosis (DJK) incidence in adult cervical deformity (ACD) surgery. METHODS: Prospectively collected data from ACD patients undergoing posterior or anterior-posterior reconstruction at 13 US sites was reviewed up to 2-years postoperatively (n = 140). Data was stratified into five groups by level of LIV: C6-C7, T1-T2, T3-Apex, Apex-T10, and T11-L2. DJK was defined as a kyphotic increase > 10° in Cobb angle from LIV to LIV-1. Analysis included DJK-free survival, covariate-controlled cox regression, and DJK incidence at 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: 25/27 cases of DJK developed within 1-year post-op. In patients with a minimum follow-up of 1-year (n = 102), the incidence of DJK by level of LIV was: C6-7 (3/12, 25.00%), T1-T2 (3/29, 10.34%), T3-Apex (7/41, 17.07%), Apex-T10 (8/11, 72.73%), and T11-L2 (4/8, 50.00%) (p < 0.001). DJK incidence was significantly lower in the T1-T2 LIV group (adjusted residual = -2.13), and significantly higher in the Apex-T10 LIV group (adjusted residual = 3.91). In covariate-controlled regression using the T11-L2 LIV group as reference, LIV selected at the T1-T2 level (HR = 0.054, p = 0.008) or T3-Apex level (HR = 0.081, p = 0.010) was associated with significantly lower risk of DJK. However, there was no difference in DJK risk when LIV was selected at the C6-C7 level (HR = 0.239, p = 0.214). CONCLUSION: DJK risk is lower when the LIV is at the upper thoracic segment than the lower cervical segment. DJK incidence is highest with LIV level in the lower thoracic or thoracolumbar junction.

Establishing a Standardized Clinical Consensus for Reporting Complications Following Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion.

Background and Objectives: Mitigating post-operative complications is a key metric of success following interbody fusion. LLIF is associated with a unique complication profile when compared to other approaches, and while numerous studies have attempted to report the incidence of post-operative complications, there is currently no consensus regarding their definitions or reporting structure. The aim of this study was to standardize the classification of complications specific to lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF). Materials and Methods: A search algorithm was employed to identify all the articles that described complications following LLIF. A modified Delphi technique was then used to perform three rounds of consensus among twenty-six anonymized experts across seven countries. Published complications were classified as major, minor, or non-complications using a 60% agreement threshold for consensus. Results: A total of 23 articles were extracted, describing 52 individual complications associated with LLIF. In Round 1, forty-one of the fifty-two events were identified as a complication, while seven were considered to be approach-related occurrences. In Round 2, 36 of the 41 events with complication consensus were classified as major or minor. In Round 3, forty-nine of the fifty-two events were ultimately classified into major or minor complications with consensus, while three events remained without agreement. Vascular injuries, long-term neurologic deficits, and return to the operating room for various etiologies were identified as important consensus complications following LLIF. Non-union did not reach significance and was not classified as a complication. Conclusions: These data provide the first, systematic classification scheme of complications following LLIF. These findings may improve the consistency in the future reporting and analysis of surgical outcomes following LLIF.

Kickstand rods and correction of coronal malalignment in patients with adult spinal deformity.

PURPOSE: Coronal malalignment (CM) is a challenging spinal deformity to treat. The kickstand rod (KR) technique is powerful for correcting truncal shift. This study tested the hypothesis that the KR technique provides superior coronal alignment correction in adult deformity compared with traditional rod techniques. METHODS: A retrospective evaluation of a prospectively collected multicenter database was performed. A 2:1 matched cohort of non-KR accessory rod and KR patients was planned based on preoperative coronal balance distance (CBD) and a vector of global shift. Patients were subgrouped according to CM classification with a 30-mm CBD threshold defining CM, and comparisons of surgical and clinical outcomes among groups was performed. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients with preoperative CM treated with a KR were matched to 36 controls. KR-treated patients had improved CBD compared with controls (18 vs. 35 mm, P < 0.01). The postoperative CBD did not result in clinical differences between groups in patient-reported outcomes (P ≥ 0.09). Eight (38%) of 21 KR patients and 12 (33%) of 36 control patients with preoperative CM had persistent postoperative CM (P = 0.72). CM class did not significantly affect the likelihood of treatment failure (postoperative CBD > 30 mm) in the KR cohort (P = 0.70), the control cohort (P = 0.35), or the overall population (P = 0.31). CONCLUSIONS: Application of the KR technique to coronal spinal deformity in adults allows for successful treatment of CM. Compared to traditional rod techniques, the use of KRs did not improve clinical outcome measures 1 year after spinal deformity surgery but was associated with better postoperative coronal alignment.

Artificial intelligence clustering of adult spinal deformity sagittal plane morphology predicts surgical characteristics, alignment, and outcomes.

PURPOSE: AI algorithms have shown promise in medical image analysis. Previous studies of ASD clusters have analyzed alignment metrics-this study sought to complement these efforts by analyzing images of sagittal anatomical spinopelvic landmarks. We hypothesized that an AI algorithm would cluster preoperative lateral radiographs into groups with distinct morphology. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of a multicenter, prospectively collected database of adult spinal deformity. A total of 915 patients with adult spinal deformity and preoperative lateral radiographs were included. A 2 × 3, self-organizing map-a form of artificial neural network frequently employed in unsupervised classification tasks-was developed. The mean spine shape was plotted for each of the six clusters. Alignment, surgical characteristics, and outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Qualitatively, clusters C and D exhibited only mild sagittal plane deformity. Clusters B, E, and F, however, exhibited marked positive sagittal balance and loss of lumbar lordosis. Cluster A had mixed characteristics, likely representing compensated deformity. Patients in clusters B, E, and F disproportionately underwent 3-CO. PJK and PJF were particularly prevalent among clusters A and E. Among clusters B and F, patients who experienced PJK had significantly greater positive sagittal balance than those who did not. CONCLUSIONS: This study clustered preoperative lateral radiographs of ASD patients into groups with highly distinct overall spinal morphology and association with sagittal alignment parameters, baseline HRQOL, and surgical characteristics. The relationship between SVA and PJK differed by cluster. This study represents significant progress toward incorporation of computer vision into clinically relevant classification systems in adult spinal deformity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: Diagnostic: individual cross-sectional studies with the consistently applied reference standard and blinding.

Use of rhBMP-2 for adult spinal deformity surgery: patterns of usage and changes over the past decade.

OBJECTIVE: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) has been shown to increase fusion rates; however, cost, limited FDA approval, and possible complications impact its use. Decisions regarding rhBMP-2 use and changes over time have not been well defined. In this study, the authors aimed to assess changes in rhBMP-2 use for adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery over the past decade. METHODS: A retrospective review of the International Spine Study Group prospective multicenter database was performed to identify ASD patients treated surgically from 2008 to 2018. For assessment of rhBMP-2 use over time, 3 periods were created: 2008-2011, 2012-2015, and 2016-2018. RESULTS: Of the patients identified, 1180 met inclusion criteria, with a mean age 60 years and 30% of patients requiring revision surgery; rhBMP-2 was used in 73.9% of patients overall. The mean rhBMP-2 dose per patient was 23.6 mg. Patients receiving rhBMP-2 were older (61 vs 58 years, p < 0.001) and had more comorbidities (Charlson Comorbidity Index 1.9 vs 1.4, p < 0.001), a higher rate of the Scoliosis Research Society-Schwab pelvic tilt modifier (> 0; 68% vs 62%, p = 0.026), a greater deformity correction (change in pelvic incidence minus lumbar lordosis 15° vs 12°, p = 0.01), and more levels fused (8.9 vs 7.9, p = 0.003). Over the 3 time periods, the overall rate of rhBMP-2 use increased and then stabilized (62.5% vs 79% vs 77%). Stratified analysis showed that after an overall increase in rhBMP-2 use, only patients who were younger than 50 years, those who were smokers, those who received a three-column osteotomy (3CO), and patients who underwent revision sustained an increased rate of rhBMP-2 use between the later two periods. No similar increases were noted for older patients, nonsmokers, primary surgery patients, and patients without a 3CO. The total rhBMP-2 dose decreased over time (26.6 mg vs 24.8 mg vs 20.7 mg, p < 0.001). After matching patients by preoperative alignment, 215 patients were included, and a significantly lower rate of complications leading to revision surgery was observed within the 2012-2015 period compared with the 2008-2011 (21.4% vs 13.0%, p = 0.029) period, while rhBMP-2 was increasingly used (80.5% vs 66.0%, p = 0.001). There was a trend toward a lower rate of pseudarthrosis for patients in the 2012-2015 period, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (7% vs 4.2%, p = 0.283). CONCLUSIONS: The authors found that rhBMP-2 was used in the majority of ASD patients and was more commonly used in those with greater deformity correction. Additionally, over the last 10 years, rhBMP-2 was increasingly used for ASD patients, but the dose has decreased.

Effect of race, age, and gender on lumbar muscle volume and fat infiltration in the degenerative spine.

BACKGROUND: The quantity and quality of spinal muscles in patients with degenerative spinal diseases and various backgrounds such as age, gender, or race is unclear. We quantitatively evaluated the cross-sectional area (CSA) and fatty degeneration of the muscles around the spine, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with degenerative spinal disease, and studied the effects of age, gender, and race in multicenter retrospective study. METHODS: The subjects were Caucasian and Asian patients with degenerative lumbar disease who underwent L4-5 single level spinal fusion surgery at centers in the United States and Japan. Using preoperative axial T2 MRI at the L4-5 disc level, the cross-sectional areas of the psoas and paraspinal muscles were measured. Fat infiltration was measured using the threshold method, and percent fat area (%FA) was calculated for each muscle. The muscle/disc area ratio (MDAR) was used to control for size differences per patient. T-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, partial correlation, and multiple linear regression were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: In total, 140 patients (53 men; 87 women; mean age, 69.2 years) were analyzed. Age was similar in Caucasians (n = 64) and Asians (n = 76). MDARs were larger in Caucasians for paraspinal and psoas muscles (p < 0.005). Percent FA of psoas was similar in Caucasians and Asians, but greater in the paraspinal muscles of Asians (p < 0.05). After controlling for race and gender, age was correlated negatively with MDAR (p < 0.001) and positively with %FA (p < 0.001). In the multiple linear regression analysis, age, gender, and race were independently affected by MDAR and %FA. CONCLUSIONS: Lumbar muscle mass and quality were affected by age, gender, and race, independently, in patients with degenerative lumbar disease.

Intermediate-term clinical and radiographic outcomes with less invasive adult spinal deformity surgery: patients with a minimum follow-up of 4 years.

BACKGROUND: Little information exists regarding longer-term outcomes with minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS), particularly regarding long-segment and deformity procedures. We aimed to evaluate intermediate-term outcomes of MISS for adult spinal deformity (ASD). METHODS: This retrospective review of a prospectively collected multicenter database examined outcomes at 4 or more years following circumferential MIS (cMIS) or hybrid (HYB) surgery for ASD. A total of 53 patients at 8 academic centers satisfied the following inclusion criteria: age > 18 years and coronal Cobb > 20°, pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis (PI-LL) > 10°, or sagittal vertical axis (SVA) > 5 cm. RESULTS: Radiographic outcomes demonstrated improvements of PI-LL from 16.8° preoperatively to 10.8° and coronal Cobb angle from 38° preoperatively to 18.2° at 4 years. The incidence of complications over the follow-up period was 56.6%. A total of 21 (39.6%) patients underwent reoperation in the thoracolumbar spine, most commonly for adjacent level disease or proximal junctional kyphosis, which occurred in 11 (20.8%) patients. Mean Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) at baseline and years 1 through 4 were 49.9, 33.1, 30.2, 32.7, and 35.0, respectively. The percentage of patients meeting minimal clinically important difference (MCID) (defined as 12% or more from baseline) decreased over time, with leg pain reduction more durable than back pain reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Intermediate-term clinical and radiographic improvement following MISS for ASD is sustained, but extent of improvement lessens over time. Outcome variability exists within a subset of patients not meeting MCID, which increases over time after year two. Loss of improvement over time was more notable in back than leg pain. However, average ODI improvement meets MCID at 4 years after MIS ASD surgery.

New Paradigms in the Continuum of Spine Care: From Newborns to Elderly Patients.

The evaluation and management of spinal disorders is complex and constantly evolving. Back pain and spinal deformity are substantial contributors to hospital and outpatient physician visits even for young patients. With new insights into the etiology, clinical presentation, and evaluation, children can be more accurately diagnosed and treated. Patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis may undergo selective fusion to preserve motion segments, and in some cases, vertebral body tethering or other growth-modification techniques may provide correction with motion preservation in this rapidly changing specialty. The understanding of spinopelvic parameters (pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt, sacral slope) and sagittal balance as they relate to clinical health status has provided surgeons with valuable guidance when managing pediatric and adult spinal deformity. An evidence-based approach to the management of spinal disorders across the continuum of ages has the goal of improving the value of care through optimization of outcomes and limitation of costs and complications. There are new paradigms in the management of spinal disorders and evidence-based approaches to the evaluation and management of patients across the ages.

An in vitro evaluation of sagittal alignment in the cervical spine after insertion of supraphysiologic lordotic implants.

PURPOSE: Cervical spine malalignment can develop as a consequence of degenerative disc disease or following spinal surgery. When normal sagittal alignment of the spine is disrupted, further degeneration may occur adjacent to the deformity. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in lordosis and sagittal alignment in the cervical spine after insertion of supraphysiologic lordotic implants. METHODS: Eight cadaveric cervical spines (Occiput-T1) were tested. The occiput was free to translate horizontally and vertically but constrained from angular rotation. The T1 vertebra was rigidly fixed with a T1 tilt of 23°. Implants with varying degrees of lordosis were inserted starting with single-level constructs (C5-C6), followed by two (C5-C7), and three-level (C4-C7) constructs. Changes in sagittal alignment, Occ-C2 angle, cervical lordosis (C2-7), and segmental lordosis were measured. RESULTS: Increasing cage lordosis led to global increases in cervical lordosis. As implanted segmental lordosis increased, the axial levels compensated by decreasing in lordosis to maintain horizontal gaze. An increase in cage lordosis also corresponded with larger changes in SVA. CONCLUSION: Reciprocal compensation was observed in the axial and sub-axial cervical spine, with the Occ-C2 segment undergoing the largest compensation. Adding more implant lordosis led to larger reciprocal changes and changes in SVA. Implants with supraphysiologic lordosis may allow for additional capabilities in correcting cervical sagittal plane deformity, following further clinical evaluation.

Xipho-pubic angle (XPA) correlates with patient's reported outcomes in a population of adult spinal deformity: results from a multi-center cohort study.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective multi-center cohort study. PURPOSE: Sagittal misalignment causes changes in the abdominal shape. Xipho-pubic angle (XPA) has been previously described to radiographically evaluate the shape of the abdominal cavity in patients with spine deformity. The aims of this study are to evaluate the correlation of XPA-to-spinopelvic sagittal parameters and to patients' health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) scores. METHODS: 278 patients from a multi-center database with diagnosis adult spinal deformity (ASD) (one or more of: coronal Cobb angle > 20°, sagittal vertical axis (SVA) > 50 mm, pelvic tilt (PT) > 25°, and thoracic kyphosis > 60°) were included. Cut-off values for moderate and severe disability (ODI-Oswestry Disability Index-20 and 40%) were calculated. Pearson's correlation was tested between XPA and spinopelvic parameters and between XPA and HRQoL scores. RESULTS: The cut-off value of XPA to identify ODI severe disability (40/100) was identified with XPA smaller than 103°; minimal (20/100) disability was identified by XPA greater than 113°. XPA showed strong correlation to sagittal spinopelvic parameters-PT, SVA, lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI) minus LL-and to HRQoL scores-ODI, SF-36 PCS and SRS-22 activity and pain. XPA was the parameter with the strongest correlation to HRQoL scores. CONCLUSIONS: Xipho-pubic angle reflects changes in spinal changes and has strong correlation to HRQoL and spinopelvic parameters. It can discriminate between patients with minimal, moderate, and severe disability as measured by ODI scores. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.

Prospective multi-centric evaluation of upper cervical and infra-cervical sagittal compensatory alignment in patients with adult cervical deformity.

PURPOSE: Reciprocal mechanisms for standing alignment have been described in thoraco-lumbar deformity but have not been studied in patients with primary cervical deformity (CD). The purpose of this study is to report upper- and infra-cervical sagittal compensatory mechanisms in patients with CD and evaluate their changes post-operatively. METHODS: Global spinal alignment was studied in a prospective database of operative CD patients. Inclusion criteria were any of the following: cervical kyphosis (CK) > 10°, cervical scoliosis > 10°, cSVA (C2-C7 Sagittal vertical axis) > 4 cm or CBVA (Chin Brow Vertical Angle) > 25°. For this study, patients who had previous fusion outside C2 to T4 segments were excluded. Patients were sub-classified by increasing severity of cervical kyphosis [CL (cervical lordosis): < 0°, CK-low 0°-10°, CK-high > 10°] and cSVA (cSVA-low 0-4 cm, cSVA-mid 4-6 cm, cSVA-high > 6 cm) and were compared for pre- and 3-month post-operative regional and global sagittal alignment to determine compensatory recruitment. RESULTS: 75 CD patients (mean age 61.3 years, 56% women) were included. Patients with progressively larger CK had a progressive increase in C0-C2 (CL = 34°, CK-low = 37°, CK-high = 44°, p = 0.004), C2Slope and T1Slope-CL (p < 0.05). As the cSVA increased, there was progressive increase in C2Slope, T1Slope and TS-CL (p < 0.05) and patients compensated through increasing C0-C2 (cSVA-low = 33°, cSVA-mid = 40°, cSVA-high = 43°, p = 0.007) and pelvic tilt (cSVA-low = 14.9°, cSVA-mid = 24.1°, cSVA-high = 24.9°, p = 0.02). At 3 months post-op, with significant improvement in cervical alignment, there was relaxation of C0-C2 (39°-35°, p = 0.01) which positively correlated with magnitude of deformity correction. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with cervical malalignment compensate with upper cervical hyper-lordosis, presumably for the maintenance of horizontal gaze. As cSVA increases, patients also tend to exhibit increased pelvic retroversion. Following surgical treatment, there was relaxation of upper cervical compensation.

Comprehensive Assessment of Outcomes From Patients With Severe Early-onset Scoliosis Treated With a Vertebral Column Resection: Results From an SRS Global Outreach Site (FOCOS) in Ghana.

BACKGROUND: Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) remains a challenging pediatric spine condition to manage. Some severe deformities can be managed with a vertebral column resection (VCR), which is fraught with high complication rates and the outcomes have not been well reported. The purpose of this study is to provide an assessment of operative, radiographic, and clinical outcomes from children diagnosed with severe EOS treated with a VCR. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Basic demographic data was collected along with the diagnosis, procedure performed, FOCOS risk score, blood loss (estimated blood loss), operative time, neuromonitoring events, intraoperative complications, and clinical follow-up. Coronal and sagittal radiographic parameters were measured by the first author. RESULTS: We identified 14 patients with posttuberculosis deformity (n=7) or congenital deformity (n=7) that underwent VCR between 2013 and 2016 (5 female; age, 7.7±3 y; body mass index, 17.7±2.8). There was significant improvement in coronal radiographic parameters (primary curve: 55 to 21 degrees, secondary: 37 to 13 degrees, T1-12 length: 137 to 151 mm, T1-S1 length: 219 to 271 mm, P<0.05) and sagittal parameters (kyphosis: 85 to 41 degrees, compensatory lordosis 56 to 39 degrees, P<0.001). There was no change in chest width, sagittal vertical axis, or pelvic tilt. Mean proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) angle was 12±9 degrees and distal junctional kyphosis angle was 9±17 degrees. Estimated blood loss was 860±520 mL and operative time was 200±66 minutes. Seven cases had neuromonitoring changes that improved with corrective maneuvers and blood pressure elevation. Three patients required reoperation for junctional breakdown with 1 having a third operation for an infection, while 2 additional patients had evidence of radiographic PJK. CONCLUSIONS: VCR in the setting of EOS has excellent radiographic outcomes but a high complication profile. Half of these cases had neuromonitoring changes intraoperatively that improved without lasting neurological deficit. Three patients had PJK and 1 had an infection requiring reoperation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV-case series.

Three-column osteotomy for correction of cervical and cervicothoracic deformities: alignment changes and early complications in a multicenter prospective series of 23 patients.

PURPOSE: Three-column osteotomy (3CO), including pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) and vertebral column resection (VCR), can provide powerful alignment correction for adult cervical deformity (ACD). Our objective was to assess alignment changes and early complications associated with 3CO for ACD. METHODS: ACD patients treated with 3CO with minimum 90-day follow-up were identified from a prospectively collected multicenter ACD database. Complications within 90-days of surgery and pre- and postoperative radiographs were collected. RESULTS: All 23 ACD patients treated with 3CO (14 PSO/9 VCR) had minimum 90-day follow-up (mean age 62.3 years, previous cervical/cervicothoracic instrumentation in 52.2% and thoracic/thoracolumbar instrumentation in 47.8%). The primary diagnosis was kyphosis in 91.3% and coronal deformity in 8.7%. The mean number of fusion levels was 12 (range 6-18). The most common 3CO levels were T1 (39.1%), T2 (30.4%) and T3 (21.7%). Eighteen (12 major/6 minor) complications affected 13 (56.5%) patients. The most common complications were neurologic deficit (17.4%), wound infection (8.7%), distal junctional kyphosis (DJK 8.7%), and cardiorespiratory failure (8.7%). Three (13.0%) patients required re-operation within 90-days (1 each for nerve root motor deficit, DJK, and implant pain/prominence). Cervical alignment improved significantly following 3CO, including cervical lordosis (-2.8° to -12.9°, p = 0.036), C2-7 sagittal vertical axis (64.6-42.3 mm, p < 0.001), and T1 slope minus cervical lordosis (46.4°-27.0°, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Among 23 ACD patients treated with 3CO, cervical alignment improved significantly following surgery. Thirteen (56.5%) patients had at least one complication. The most common complications were neurologic deficit, infection, DJK, and cardiorespiratory failure.

Cervical sagittal deformity develops after PJK in adult thoracolumbar deformity correction: radiographic analysis utilizing a novel global sagittal angular parameter, the CTPA.

PURPOSE: To describe reciprocal changes in cervical alignment after adult spinal deformity (ASD) correction and subsequent development of proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK). This study also investigated these changes using two novel global sagittal angular parameters, cervical-thoracic pelvic angle (CTPA) and the T1 pelvic angle (TPA). METHODS: Multicenter, retrospective consecutive case series of ASD patients undergoing thoracolumbar three-column osteotomy (3CO) with fusion to the pelvis. Radiographs were analyzed at baseline and 1 year post-operatively. Patients were substratified into upper thoracic (UT; UIV T6 and above) and lower thoracic (LT; UIV below T6). PJK was defined by >10° angle between UIV and UIV + 2 and >10° change in the angle from baseline to post-op. RESULTS: PJK developed in 29 % (78 of 267) of patients. CTPA was linearly correlated with cervical plumbline (CPL) as a measure of cervical sagittal alignment (R = 0.826, p < 0.001). PJK patients had significantly greater post-operative CTPA and SVA than patients without PJK (NPJK) (p = 0.042; p = 0.021). For UT (n = 141) but not LT (n = 136), PJK patients at 1 year had larger CTPA (4.9° vs. 3.7°, p = 0.015) and CPL (5.1 vs. 3.8 cm, p = 0.022) than NPJK patients, despite similar corrections in PT and PI-LL. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of PJK was 29 % at 1 year follow-up. CTPA, which correlates with CPL as a global analog of cervical sagittal balance, and TPA describe relative proportions of cervical and thoracolumbar deformities. Patients who develop PJK in the upper thoracic spine after thoracolumbar 3CO also develop concomitant cervical sagittal deformity, with increases in CPL and CTPA.

Preliminary results of anterior lumbar interbody fusion, anterior column realignment for the treatment of sagittal malalignment.

OBJECTIVE Sagittal malalignment decreases patients' quality of life and may require surgical correction to achieve realignment goals. High-risk posterior-based osteotomy techniques are the current standard treatment for addressing sagittal malalignment. More recently, anterior lumbar interbody fusion, anterior column realignment (ALIF ACR) has been introduced as an alternative for correction of sagittal deformity. The objective of this paper was to report clinical and radiographic results for patients treated using the ALIF-ACR technique. METHODS A retrospective study of 39 patients treated with ALIF ACR was performed. Patient demographics, operative details, radiographic parameters, neurological assessments, outcome measures, and preoperative, postoperative, and mean 1-year follow-up complications were studied. RESULTS The patient population comprised 39 patients (27 females and 12 males) with a mean follow-up of 13.3 ± 4.7 months, mean age of 66.1 ± 11.6 years, and mean body mass index of 27.3 ± 6.2 kg/m2. The mean number of ALIF levels treated was 1.5 ± 0.5. Thirty-three (84.6%) of 39 patients underwent posterior spinal fixation and 33 (84.6%) of 39 underwent posterior column osteotomy, of which 20 (60.6%) of 33 procedures were performed at the level of the ALIF ACR. Pelvic tilt, sacral slope, and pelvic incidence were not statistically significantly different between the preoperative and postoperative periods and between the preoperative and 1-year follow-up periods (except for PT between the preoperative and 1-year follow-up, p = 0.018). Sagittal vertical axis, T-1 spinopelvic inclination, lumbar lordosis, pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis mismatch, intradiscal angle, and motion segment angle all improved from the preoperative to postoperative period and the preoperative to 1-year follow-up (p < 0.05). The changes in motion segment angle and intradiscal angle achieved in the ALIF-ACR group without osteotomy compared with the ALIF-ACR group with osteotomy at the level of ACR were not statistically significant. Total visual analog score, Oswestry Disability Index, and Scoliosis Research Society-22 scores all improved from preoperative to postoperative and preoperative to 1-year follow-up. Fourteen patients (35.9%) experienced 26 complications (15 major and 11 minor). Eleven patients required reoperation. The most common complication was proximal junctional kyphosis (6/26 complications, 23%) followed by vertebral body/endplate fracture (3/26, 12%). CONCLUSIONS This study showed satisfactory radiographic and clinical outcomes at the 1-year follow-up. Proximal junctional kyphosis was the most common complication followed by fracture, complications that are commonly associated with sagittal realignment surgery and may not be mitigated by the anterior approach.

Complication rates associated with open versus percutaneous pedicle screw instrumentation among patients undergoing minimally invasive interbody fusion for adult spinal deformity.

OBJECTIVE High-quality studies that compare outcomes of open and minimally invasively placed pedicle screws for adult spinal deformity are needed. Therefore, the authors compared differences in complications from a circumferential minimally invasive spine (MIS) surgery and those from a hybrid surgery. METHODS A retrospective review of a multicenter database of patients with spinal deformity who were treated with an MIS surgery was performed. Database inclusion criteria included an age of ≥ 18 years and at least 1 of the following: a coronal Cobb angle of > 20°, a sagittal vertical axis of > 5 cm, a pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis angle of > 10°, and/or a pelvic tilt of > 20°. Patients were propensity matched according to the levels instrumented. RESULTS In this database, a complete data set was available for 165 patients, and after those who underwent 3-column osteotomy were excluded, 137 patients were available for analysis; 76 patients remained after propensity matching (MIS surgery group 38 patients, hybrid surgery group 38 patients). The authors found no difference in demographics, number of levels instrumented, or preoperative and postoperative radiographic results. At least 1 complication was suffered by 55.3% of patients in the hybrid surgery group and 44.7% of those in the MIS surgery group (p = 0.359). Patients in the MIS surgery group had significantly fewer neurological, operative, and minor complications than those in the hybrid surgery group. The reoperation rates in both groups were similar. The most common complication category for the MIS surgery group was radiographic and for the hybrid surgery group was neurological. Patients in both groups experienced postoperative improvement in their Oswestry Disability Index and visual analog scale (VAS) back and leg pain scores (all p < 0.05); however, MIS surgery provided a greater reduction in leg pain according to VAS scores. CONCLUSIONS Overall complication rates in the MIS and hybrid surgery groups were similar. MIS surgery resulted in significantly fewer neurological, operative, and minor complications. Reoperation rates in the 2 groups were similar, and despite complications, the patients reported significant improvement in their pain and function.

Impact of case type, length of stay, institution type, and comorbidities on Medicare diagnosis-related group reimbursement for adult spinal deformity surgery.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to educate medical professionals about potential financial impacts of improper diagnosis-related group (DRG) coding in adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery. METHODS Medicare's Inpatient Prospective Payment System PC Pricer database was used to collect 2015 reimbursement data for ASD procedures from 12 hospitals. Case type, hospital type/location, number of operative levels, proper coding, length of stay, and complications/comorbidities (CCs) were analyzed for effects on reimbursement. DRGs were used to categorize cases into 3 types: 1) anterior or posterior only fusion, 2) anterior fusion with posterior percutaneous fixation with no dorsal fusion, and 3) combined anterior and posterior fixation and fusion. RESULTS Pooling institutions, cases were reimbursed the same for single-level and multilevel ASD surgery. Longer stay, from 3 to 8 days, resulted in an additional $1400 per stay. Posterior fusion was an additional $6588, while CCs increased reimbursement by approximately $13,000. Academic institutions received higher reimbursement than private institutions, i.e., approximately $14,000 (Case Types 1 and 2) and approximately $16,000 (Case Type 3). Urban institutions received higher reimbursement than suburban institutions, i.e., approximately $3000 (Case Types 1 and 2) and approximately $3500 (Case Type 3). Longer stay, from 3 to 8 days, increased reimbursement between $208 and $494 for private institutions and between $1397 and $1879 for academic institutions per stay. CONCLUSIONS Reimbursement is based on many factors not controlled by surgeons or hospitals, but proper DRG coding can significantly impact the financial health of hospitals and availability of quality patient care.

Male sex may not be associated with worse outcomes in primary all-posterior adult spinal deformity surgery: a multicenter analysis.

OBJECTIVE Adolescent spine deformity studies have shown that male patients require longer surgery and have greater estimated blood loss (EBL) and complications compared with female patients. No studies exist to support this relationship in adult spinal deformity (ASD). The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between sex and complications, deformity correction, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with ASD. It was hypothesized that male ASD patients would have greater EBL, longer surgery, and more complications than female ASD patients. METHODS A multicenter ASD cohort was retrospectively queried for patients who underwent primary posterior-only instrumented fusions with a minimum of 5 levels fused. The minimum follow-up was 2 years. Primary outcomes were EBL, operative time, intra-, peri-, and postoperative complications, radiographic correction, and HRQOL outcomes (Oswestry Disability Index, SF-36, and Scoliosis Research Society-22r Questionnaire). Poisson multivariate regression was used to control for age, comorbidities, and levels fused. RESULTS Ninety male and 319 female patients met the inclusion criteria. Male patients had significantly greater mean EBL (2373 ml vs 1829 ml, p = 0.01). The mean operative time, transfusion requirements, and final radiographic measurements did not differ between sexes. Similarly, changes in HRQOL showed no significant differences. Finally, there were no sex differences in the incidence of complications (total, major, or minor) at any time point after controlling for age, body mass index, comorbidities, and levels fused. CONCLUSIONS Despite higher EBL, male ASD patients did not experience more complications or require less deformity correction at the 2-year follow-up. HRQOL scores similarly showed no sex differences. These findings differ from adolescent deformity studies, and surgeons can counsel patients that sex is unlikely to influence the outcomes and complication rates of primary all-posterior ASD surgery.