ABSTRACT
Any technology requires precise benchmarking of its components, and the quantum technologies are no exception. Randomized benchmarking allows for the relatively resource economical estimation of the average gate fidelity of quantum gates from the Clifford group, assuming identical noise levels for all gates, making use of suitable sequences of randomly chosen gates. In this work, we report significant progress on randomized benchmarking, by showing that it can be applied individually on a broad class of quantum gates outside the Clifford group, even for varying noise levels per quantum gate. This is possible at little overhead of quantum resources, but at the expense of a significant classical computational cost. At the heart of our analysis is a representation-theoretic framework which we bring into contact with classical estimation techniques based on bootstrapping and matrix pencils. We demonstrate the functioning of the scheme at hand of benchmarking tensor powers of T gates. Apart from its practical relevance, we expect this insight to be relevant as it highlights the role of assumptions made on unknown noise processes when characterizing quantum gates at high precision.
ABSTRACT
With quantum computing devices increasing in scale and complexity, there is a growing need for tools that obtain precise diagnostic information about quantum operations. However, current quantum devices are only capable of short unstructured gate sequences followed by native measurements. We accept this limitation and turn it into a new paradigm for characterizing quantum gate-sets. A single experiment-random sequence estimation-solves a wealth of estimation problems, with all complexity moved to classical post-processing. We derive robust channel variants of shadow estimation with close-to-optimal performance guarantees and use these as a primitive for partial, compressive and full process tomography as well as the learning of Pauli noise. We discuss applications to the quantum gate engineering cycle, and propose novel methods for the optimization of quantum gates and diagnosing cross-talk.
ABSTRACT
Anthropologically childbirth is an enigma because every woman experiences an identical physiological and biological process, wherever the event takes place: from a hut in the jungle to a modern hospital in the United States. Differences are due to the way that pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period are treated. For most women in developing countries, being a woman means being a mother: a female is not a woman until she has given birth to a child. Therefore during pregnancy she has to follow precise rules and regulations with ritual meanings for her protection and that help her get into the role of a mother. Medicine offers important technological resources for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of pathology during pregnancy, but with a lack of attention to emotional support. Modern society must try to give pregnant women the trust in their bodies in order to reach the harmony necessary to give birth "willingly" and "with joy".
Subject(s)
Cross-Cultural Comparison , Parturition/psychology , Pregnancy/physiology , Adaptation, Physiological , Adaptation, Psychological , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy/psychology , Pregnancy Outcome , Prenatal CareABSTRACT
Contraception in adolescence is an issue which, due to its clinical and medico-legal implications, requires an in depth and clear knowledge of the general principles that govern contraception in minors, as stated in a broad body of laws. The position of the physician is complex, since he/she must comply with the law whilst protecting the minor. The physician has to provide answers to many questions: Can health care facilities and guidance centers administer to the minor, by medical prescription, the means necessary for her to make free choices in the area of responsible procreation without parental authorization? How must the gynecologist go about prescribing the morning after pill ? Emergency contraception, that is the morning after pill , has proven to be extremely helpful for adolescents whose physical and psychic health could be undermined by an unwanted pregnancy, so that it is the physicians duty to protect it. In our legislation there are principles that guarantee the right of minors to conscious and responsible motherhood; however, there are no provisions that allow for such principles to be easily enforced. Consequently, only the health worker can actually interpret the law provisions and translate them into concrete action. Laws are therefore the only point of reference for the physician, who is then responsible for enforcing them in clinical practice, always fully respecting the rights of the minor. The aim of paper is to provide experts with a correct legislative framework on contraception in adolescents, in order to facilitate his/her work in prescribing treatment while at the same time protecting the health of the minor.