Outcomes in diabetic patients treated with SGLT2-Inhibitors with acute myocardial infarction undergoing PCI: The SGLT2-I AMI PROTECT Registry.

AIMS: To investigate in-hospital and long-term prognosis in T2DM patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated with SGLT2-I versus other oral anti-diabetic agents (non-SGLT2-I users). METHODS: In this multicenter international registry all consecutive diabetic AMI patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention between 2018 and 2021 were enrolled and, based on the admission anti-diabetic therapy, divided into SGLT-I users versus non-SGLT2-I users. The primary endpoint was defined as a composite of cardiovascular death, recurrent AMI, and hospitalization for HF (MACE). Secondary outcomes included i) in-hospital cardiovascular death, recurrent AMI, occurrence of arrhythmias, and contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI); ii) long-term cardiovascular mortality, recurrent AMI, heart failure (HF) hospitalization. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 646 AMI patients (with or without ST-segment elevation): 111 SGLT2-I users and 535 non-SGLT-I users. The use of SGLT2-I was associated with a significantly lower in-hospital cardiovascular death, arrhythmic burden, and occurrence of CI-AKI (all p < 0.05). During a median follow-up of 24 ± 13 months, the primary composite endpoint, as well as cardiovascular mortality and HF hospitalization were lower for SGLT2-I users compared to non-SGLT2-I patients (p < 0.04 for all). After adjusting for confounding factors, the use of SGLT2-I was identified as independent predictor of reduced MACE occurrence (HR=0.57; 95%CI:0.33-0.99; p = 0.039) and HF hospitalization (HR=0.46; 95%CI:0.21-0.98; p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: In T2DM AMI patients, the use of SGLT2-I was associated with a lower risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes during index hospitalization and long-term follow-up. Our findings provide new insights into the cardioprotective effects of SGLT2-I in the setting of AMI. REGISTRATION: Data are part of the observational international registry: SGLT2-I AMI PROTECT. CLINICALTRIALS: gov Identifier: NCT05261867.

Standardized pre-procedural clinical workup for protected percutaneous coronary intervention.

In addition to appropriate patient screening, pre-procedural preparation is essential to optimize both technical success and patient outcome for protected percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A critical component of optimization is the identification and preparation of a suitable femoral access site. Here, we describe several options for both imaging and image-guided access to optimize the approach.

Handling high-risk patients in the catheterization laboratory.

Protected percutaneous coronary intervention is considered a life-saving procedure for high-risk patients. Therefore it is important that the interventional cardiology team is prepared, the procedure is planned, and potential complications, as well as bail out strategies are considered. Throughout the procedure, it is critical to monitor the patient to identify any early signs of deterioration or changes in patient well-being to avoid any potential complications.

Management and outcomes of coronary artery perforations treated with the block and deliver technique.

OBJECTIVES AND BACKGROUND: Coronary artery perforation (CAP) is a potentially life-threatening complication during percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and the best strategy for its management is yet to be proved. We aimed to analyze the safety, efficacy, and long-term clinical outcomes of the block and deliver (BAD) technique, as only anecdotal cases are reported in literature. METHODS: From January 2016 to January 2020, all consecutive patients treated with the BAD technique at five high-volume centers in Italy were retrospectively identified. RESULTS: 25 CAPs treated with the BAD technique were included. The most frequently perforated artery was the left anterior descending artery (32%) and spring-coil wires with a hydrophilic coating were the most common culprit wires (68%). Mean sealing time was 46.9 ± 60.1 min, with no significant differences between CTO-PCIs and non-CTO PCIs (p = .921). Acute successful sealing of the CAP was achieved in 96% of the cases. Immediate cardiac tamponade occurred in 28% of patients, four during CTO PCI and three during non-CTO PCI (p = .55). Two patients required pericardiocentesis during hospitalization, one patient developed acute kidney injury, and one patient underwent cardiac surgery due to severe mitral regurgitation. At 1-year follow-up no significant differences were observed between groups in terms of POCE (25 vs 25%, p = .628) and its individual components. CONCLUSION: The BAD technique proved to be effective for the management of CAP, showing high successful sealing rates. Rates of in-hospital events and at 1-year follow-up did not significantly differ between patients suffering CAP during CTO revascularization or during non-CTO PCI.

Uric acid in chronic coronary syndromes: Relationship with coronary artery disease severity and left ventricular diastolic parameter.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Uric Acid (UA) has been related to the development of Cardio-Vascular (CV) events in patients affected by Chronic Coronary Syndromes (CCS). Among various hypothesis, two arise: UA may negatively act on coronary artery determining a higher degree of atherosclerotic disease, and/or on heart determining a higher prevalence of diastolic dysfunction. Both the above hypothesized effects are object of our investigation. METHODS AND RESULTS: 231 patients who were admitted to the cardiological department of the Niguarda Hospital (Milan, Italy) for CCS from January 2017 to June 2018 were enrolled. Coronary atherosclerotic burden was evaluated from coronary angiography as the number and type of involved vessels, as well as with both Gensini and Syntax scores. All subjects underwent a complete echocardiogram. At unadjusted and adjusted/multivariable analysis, UA levels were not significantly associated with variables analysed from the coronary angiography (number and type of vessels involved, neither the Gensini and Syntax scores) as well as with echocardiographic parameters regarding systolic and diastolic function. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the main finding of our work is the absence of a role for UA in determining coronary arteries disease as well as LV diastolic dysfunction in CCS subjects. Taking together the results of previous studies with ours, we hypothesize that UA could act on heart (both on coronary arteries and on LV function) in an early phase of the disease, whereas while in the advanced stages other factors (previous myocardial infarction, previous myocardial revascularization and so on) may overshadow its effects.

Emergency cardiac imaging for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in practice: a case of takotsubo stress cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular complications of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) are known to be associated with poor outcome. A small number of case series and reports have described cases of myocarditis and ischaemic events, however, knowledge on the aetiology of acute cardiac failure in SARS-CoV2 remains limited. We describe the occurrence and risk stratification imaging correlates of 'takotsubo' stress cardiomyopathy presenting in a patient with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the intensive care unit. An intubated 53-year old patient with COVID19 suffered acute haemodynamic collapse in the intensive care unit, and was thus investigated with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECG) and serial troponins and blood tests, and eventually coronary angiography due to clinical suspicion of ischaemic aetiology. Echocardiography revealed a reduced ejection fraction, with evident extensive apical akinesia spanning multiple coronary territories. Troponins and NT-proBNP were elevated, and ECG revealed ST elevation: coronary angiography was thus performed. This revealed no significant coronary stenosis. Repeat echocardiography performed within the following week revealed a substantial recovery of ejection fraction and wall motion abnormalities. Despite requirement of a prolonged ICU stay, the patient now remains clinically stable, and is on spontaneous breathing. CONCLUSION: This case report presents a case of takotsubo stress cardiomyopathy occurring in a critically unwell patient with COVID19 in the intensive care setting. Stress cardiomyopathy may be an acute cardiovascular complication of COVID-19 infection. In the COVID19 critical care setting, urgent bedside echocardiography is an important tool for initial clinical assessment of patients suffering haemodynamic compromise.

Recurrent stent thrombosis in a patient with acute coronary syndrome and ischemic colitis: between life-threatening thrombosis and life-threatening bleeding.

Complete blood count should always be considered to tailor diagnosis and appropriate management in patients with acute ischemic heart disease. We present a challenging case of recurrent acute coronary syndrome, in the context of very high thrombotic risk due to concomitant inflammatory disease. Although no general guidelines exist for the switch between antiplatelet agents, particularly in the acute setting, in specific cases, the availability of different orally- and i.v.-acting agents and platelet function tests may allow to discriminate among multiple possible mechanisms of drug failure or side effects in the individual patient.

Acute myocardial infarction complicating ischemic stroke: is there room for cangrelor?

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicating ischemic stroke is a well known and undertreated event. A conservative management is not infrequent in these settings, due to the fear of hemorrhagic complications related to antithrombotic therapy. Notably, an invasive approach with a primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been shown to be associated with a lower in-hospital mortality in patients with concomitant ischemic stroke and AMI. The optimal antiplatelet regimen in these cases has been not clearly defined, yet. We report two cases of patients with AMI complicating ischemic stroke, successfully treated with cangrelor infusion, which was started during PCI and maintained up to 48 h at bridge therapy dosage (0.75 mcg/kg/min). Both patients underwent successful PCI in the acute phase, and neither ischemic nor hemorrhagic complications occurred during in-hospital stay.

[Combined use of left ventricular assist devices in cardiogenic shock. Report of one case]. / ECMELLA: Uso combinado de dispositivos de asistencia ventricular izquierda en el manejo del shock cardiogénico postinfarto agudo al miocardio.

We report a 55-year-old woman with a history of hypothyroidism and type 2 diabetes mellitus who consulted at the emergency room because of intermittent oppressive chest discomfort. At admission, electrocardiogram showed a complete atrioventricular block. A transthoracic echocardiogram disclosed severe left ventricular dysfunction. The patient developed cardiogenic shock that required the installation of the Impella system. An emergency coronary angiography showed an ostial occlusion of the anterior descending artery. Despite successful primary angioplasty, she persisted with refractory shock and progressive hypoxemia. A concomitant connection to the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation system (ECMO) was decided. The support of both devices allowed the stabilization of the patient and the improvement of perfusion parameters.

[Concomitant deployment of MitraClip devices and left atrial appendage closure. Report of one case]. / Implante concomitante de MitraClip y cierre de orejuela izquierda: importancia de la puncoón transeptal y sus implicancias técnicas. Caso clínico.

We report a 65-years old woman with a history of permanent atrial fibrillation with high risk for ischemic and bleeding events. She developed a heart failure with severely impaired left ventricular ejection fraction and severe secondary mitral regurgitation. Given her high surgical risk, using transesophageal echocardiography guidance, a concomitant deployment of two MitraClip devices using a high-posterior septal puncture and a left atrial appendage closure with an Amplatzer Amulet occluder were performed through the same access.

The trap and occlude technique for retrograde wire externalization during chronic total occlusion revascularization.

Different strategies of retrograde approach were introduced in recent years to improve the success rate of percutaneous coronary intervention for coronary chronic total occlusions. The aim of this report is to describe a new technique, called "Trap and Occlude Technique," for retrograde wire externalization during CTO percutaneous revascularization. This technique may save time and reduce radiation exposure and procedure-related bleeding.

Self-apposing stent-assisted coil embolization for the treatment of coronary artery aneurysm.

Coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) represent an uncommon disease with yet unclear standards of treatment. Clinical and anatomic characteristics determine choice of treatment. Stent-assisted coil embolization has been described as a valuable option for management of patients with wide-neck coronary aneurysms. Choice of appropriate stent sizing can be challenging particularly when there is a large difference between proximal and distal diameters. We report a case of stent-assisted coil embolization of a coronary aneurysm using a self-expandable stent. This type of stent can be helpful to treat CAA involving coronary sites where marked tapering of vessel diameter is often present.

The Balloon-Microcatheter technique for treatment of coronary artery perforations.

Coronary perforation (CP) is a rare but potentially lethal complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Management of CP is mainly conditioned by the extension of coronary rupture and location of the perforation. Successful treatment is highly affected by the operator's familiarity with tools and dedicated techniques to achieve prompt sealing of the disruption. We describe a "Balloon-Microcatheter" technique that may allow fast, safe, and effective management of CP with a single ≥ 6 Fr guiding catheter. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

ANMCO/AIAC/SICI-GISE/SIC/SICCH Consensus Document: percutaneous occlusion of the left atrial appendage in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients: indications, patient selection, staff skills, organisation, and training.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia and its prevalence is increasing due to the progressive aging of the population. About 20% of strokes are attributable to AF and AF patients are at five-fold increased risk of stroke. The mainstay of treatment of AF is the prevention of thromboembolic complications with oral anticoagulation therapy. Drug treatment for many years has been based on the use of vitamin K antagonists, but recently newer and safer molecules have been introduced (dabigatran etexilate, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban). Despite these advances, many patients still do not receive adequate anticoagulation therapy because of contraindications (relative and absolute) to this treatment. Over the last decade, percutaneous closure of left atrial appendage, main site of thrombus formation during AF, proved effective in reducing thromboembolic complications, thus offering a valid medical treatment especially in patients at increased bleeding risk. The aim of this consensus document is to review the main aspects of left atrial appendage occlusion (selection and multidisciplinary assessment of patients, currently available methods and devices, requirements for centres and operators, associated therapies and follow-up modalities) having as a ground the significant evolution of techniques and the available relevant clinical data.

Interplay between mitral regurgitation and transcatheter aortic valve replacement with the CoreValve Revalving System: a multicenter registry.

BACKGROUND: Little is known of the prognostic significance of mitral regurgitation (MR) on transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), the impact of TAVR on MR severity, and the variables associated with possible post-TAVR improvement in MR. We evaluated these issues in a multicenter registry of patients undergoing CoreValve Revalving System-TAVR. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among 1007 consecutive patients, 670 (66.5%), 243 (24.1%), and 94 (9.3%) presented with no/mild, moderate, and severe MR, respectively. At 1 month after TAVR, patients with severe or moderate MR showed comparable mortality rates (odds ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.7-1.55; P=0.2), but both were significantly higher compared with patients with mild/no MR (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.78-3.28; P<0.001; and odds ratio, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.3; P=0.02, respectively). One-year mortality was also similar between patients with severe and those with moderate MR (hazard ratio, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.94-2.4; P=0.06) and still significantly higher compared with patients with mild/no MR (hazard ratio, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-3.41; P<0.001; and hazard ratio, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-2.2; P=0.03, respectively). Severe pulmonary hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and MR more than mild, but not an improvement of ≥1 grade in MR severity, were independent predictors of mortality at 1 year. At 1 year, an improved MR was observed in 47% and 35% of patients with severe and moderate MR, respectively. The rate of low implantation was consistent across groups with improved, unchanged, or worsened MR. A functional type of MR and the absence of severe pulmonary hypertension and atrial fibrillation independently predicted the improvement in MR severity. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline MR greater than mild is associated with higher mortality after CoreValve Revalving System-TAVR. A significant improvement in MR was more likely in patients with functional MR and without severe pulmonary hypertension or atrial fibrillation. The improvement in MR did not independently predict mortality.