Quantifying and characterizing hourly human exposure to malaria vectors bites to address residual malaria transmission during dry and rainy seasons in rural Southwest Burkina Faso.

BACKGROUND: To sustain the efficacy of malaria vector control, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the combination of effective tools. Before designing and implementing additional strategies in any setting, it is critical to monitor or predict when and where transmission occurs. However, to date, very few studies have quantified the behavioural interactions between humans and Anopheles vectors in Africa. Here, we characterized residual transmission in a rural area of Burkina Faso where long lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) are widely used. METHODS: We analysed data on both human and malaria vectors behaviours from 27 villages to measure hourly human exposure to vector bites in dry and rainy seasons using a mathematical model. We estimated the protective efficacy of LLINs and characterised where (indoors vs. outdoors) and when both LLIN users and non-users were exposed to vector bites. RESULTS: The percentage of the population who declared sleeping under a LLIN the previous night was very high regardless of the season, with an average LLIN use ranging from 92.43 to 99.89%. The use of LLIN provided > 80% protection against exposure to vector bites. The proportion of exposure for LLIN users was 29-57% after 05:00 and 0.05-12% before 20:00. More than 80% of exposure occurred indoors for LLIN users and the estimate reached 90% for children under 5 years old in the dry cold season. CONCLUSIONS: LLINs are predicted to provide considerable protection against exposure to malaria vector bites in the rural area of Diébougou. Nevertheless, LLIN users are still exposed to vector bites which occurred mostly indoors in late morning. Therefore, complementary strategies targeting indoor biting vectors in combination with LLIN are expected to be the most efficient to control residual malaria transmission in this area.

Paving the way for application of next generation risk assessment to safety decision-making for cosmetic ingredients.

Next generation risk assessment (NGRA) is an exposure-led, hypothesis-driven approach that has the potential to support animal-free safety decision-making. However, significant effort is needed to develop and test the in vitro and in silico (computational) approaches that underpin NGRA to enable confident application in a regulatory context. A workshop was held in Montreal in 2019 to discuss where effort needs to be focussed and to agree on the steps needed to ensure safety decisions made on cosmetic ingredients are robust and protective. Workshop participants explored whether NGRA for cosmetic ingredients can be protective of human health, and reviewed examples of NGRA for cosmetic ingredients. From the limited examples available, it is clear that NGRA is still in its infancy, and further case studies are needed to determine whether safety decisions are sufficiently protective and not overly conservative. Seven areas were identified to help progress application of NGRA, including further investments in case studies that elaborate on scenarios frequently encountered by industry and regulators, including those where a 'high risk' conclusion would be expected. These will provide confidence that the tools and approaches can reliably discern differing levels of risk. Furthermore, frameworks to guide performance and reporting should be developed.

Use of pre-ART laboratory screening to identify renal, hepatic and haematological abnormalities in Côte d'Ivoire.

BACKGROUND: High demand for HIV-services and extensive clinical guidelines force health systems in low-resource settings to dedicate resources to service delivery at the expense of other priorities. Simplifying services may reduce the burden on health systems and pre-antiretroviral therapy (ART) laboratory screening is among the services under consideration for simplification. METHODS: We assessed the frequencies of conditions linked to ART toxicities among 34,994 adult, ART-naïve patients with specimens referred to the RETRO-CI laboratory in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire between 1998 and 2017. Screening included tests for serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and haemoglobin (Hb) to identify renal dysfunction (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 50 mL/min), hepatic abnormalities (ALT > 5× upper limit of normal) and severe anaemia (Hb < 6.5 g/dL), respectively. We considered screening results across four eras and identified factors associated with the conditions in question. RESULTS: The prevalence of renal dysfunction, hepatic abnormalities and severe anaemia were largely unchanged over time and just 8.4% of patients had any of the three conditions. Key factors associated with renal dysfunction and severe anaemia were age > 50 years (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.53; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.19-2.92; P < 0.001) and CD4 < 100 cells/µl (aOR: 2.57; 95% CI: 2.30-2.88; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The relative infrequency of conditions linked to toxicity in Côte d'Ivoire supports the notion that simplification of pre-ART laboratory screening may be undertaken with limited negative impact on identification of adverse events. Targeted screening may be a feasible strategy to balance detection of conditions associated with ART toxicities with simplification of services.

CONTEXTE: La forte demande de services VIH et les directives cliniques détaillées obligent les systèmes de santé des pays à faibles ressources à consacrer des ressources à la prestation de services au détriment d'autres priorités. La simplification des services peut réduire la charge pesant sur les systèmes de santé et les analyses de laboratoire avant la thérapie antirétrovirale (ART) fait partie des services envisagés pour la simplification. MÉTHODES: Nous avons évalué la fréquence des conditions liées aux toxicités dues à l'ART chez 34.994 patients adultes naïfs pour l'ART avec des échantillons référés au laboratoire RETRO-CI à Abidjan, en Côte d'Ivoire entre 1998 et 2017. Les analyses comprenaient les tests de créatinine sérique, d'alanine aminotransférase (ALT) et d'hémoglobine (Hb) pour identifier respectivement la dysfonction rénale (débit de filtration glomérulaire estimé <50 mL/min), les anomalies hépatiques (ALT >5x la limite supérieure normale) et l'anémie sévère (Hb <6,5 g/dL). Nous avons examiné les résultats des analyses sur quatre époques et identifié les conditions associées aux conditions en question. RÉSULTATS: La prévalence de la dysfonction rénale, des anomalies hépatiques et de l'anémie sévère est restée largement inchangée au fil du temps et seulement 8,4% des patients présentaient l'une des trois conditions. Les facteurs clés associés à la dysfonction rénale et à l'anémie sévère étaient l'âge >50 ans (odds ratio ajusté (aOR): 2,53; intervalle de confiance (IC) à 95%: 2,19 à 2,92; p <0,001) et les CD4 <100 cellules/µl (aOR: 2,57; IC95%: 2,30 à 2,88; P < 0,001). CONCLUSION: La relativement faible fréquence des conditions liées à la toxicité en Côte d'Ivoire soutient la notion selon laquelle une simplification des analyses de laboratoire pré-ART peut être entreprise avec un impact négatif limité sur l'identification des événements adverses. Le ciblage des analyses peut être une stratégie réalisable pour aligner la détection des conditions associées aux toxicités ART à la simplification des services.

Long-term immunological responses to treatment among HIV-2 patients in Côte d'Ivoire.

BACKGROUND: Studies indicate that responses to HIV-2 treatment regimens are worse than responses to HIV-1 regimens during the first 12 months of treatment, but longer-term treatment responses are poorly described. We utilized data from Côte d'Ivoire's RETRO-CI laboratory to examine long-term responses to HIV-2 treatment. METHODS: Adult (≥15 years) patients with baseline CD4 counts < 500 cells/µl that initiated treatment at one of two HIV treatment centers in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire between 1998 and 2004 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Patients were stratified by baseline CD4 counts and survival analyses were employed to examine the relationship between HIV type and time to achieving CD4 ≥ 500 cells/µl during follow up. RESULTS: Among 3487 patients, median follow-up time was 4 years and 57% had documented ART regimens for > 75% of their recorded visits. Kaplan-Meier estimates for achievement of CD4 ≥ 500 cells/µl after 6 years of follow-up for patients in the lower CD4 strata (< 200 cells/µl) were 40% (HIV-1), 31% (HIV-dual), and 17% (HIV-2) (log-rank p < 0.001). Cox Regression indicated that HIV-1 was significantly associated with achievement of CD4 ≥ 500 cells/µl during follow-up, compared to HIV-2. CONCLUSIONS: Sub-optimal responses to long-term HIV-2 treatment underscore the need for more research into improved and/or new treatment options for patients with HIV-2. In many West African countries, effective treatment of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 will be essential in the effort to reach epidemic control.

From farmers to livestock keepers: a typology of cattle production systems in south-western Burkina Faso.

Cattle production is an essential livelihood strategy in south-western Burkina Faso. Although having a distinct cultural role and known to be resistant against African animal trypanosomosis, the Lobi taurine cattle breed is endangered due to its low market value. As the first step in preservation efforts, our study aimed to develop a typology of production systems at the farm level. We used a structured questionnaire and focus group discussions for collecting data on household characteristics, socioeconomic activities, livestock, and access to services. The sample comprised 169 households in three communities. The analytical strategy included factor analysis of mixed data and hierarchical clustering. We identified four distinct types of cattle production systems: (1) sedentary Lobi farms, (2) sedentary crossbreed farms, (3) semi-transhumant Fulani zebu farms, and (4) transhumant Fulani zebu farms. Significant factors in developing this typology were the farmers' ethnic group, crop diversity, cattle herd size, cattle herd composition, number of small ruminants, and livestock management strategies. Across all production systems, men were considered being primary decision-makers in cattle production, with women, herders, and children being responsible for specific tasks. All identified production systems are increasingly confronting disease pressure and scarcity of water and land. Future efforts in preservation and breeding will need to respond to these trends in the agroecosystem, integrate risk management measures, and resonate with the specific needs of the different household members involved in cattle rearing.

Safety and Immunogenicity of PENNVAX-G DNA Prime Administered by Biojector 2000 or CELLECTRA Electroporation Device With Modified Vaccinia Ankara-CMDR Boost.

Background: We report the first-in-human safety and immunogenicity evaluation of PENNVAX-G DNA/modified vaccinia Ankara-Chiang Mai double recombinant (MVA-CMDR) prime-boost human immuonodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine, with intramuscular DNA delivery by either Biojector 2000 needle-free injection system (Biojector) or CELLECTRA electroporation device. Methods: Healthy, HIV-uninfected adults were randomized to receive 4 mg of PENNVAX-G DNA delivered intramuscularly by Biojector or electroporation at baseline and week 4 followed by intramuscular injection of 108 plaque forming units of MVA-CMDR at weeks 12 and 24. The open-label part A was conducted in the United States, followed by a double-blind, placebo-controlled part B in East Africa. Solicited and unsolicited adverse events were recorded, and immune responses were measured. Results: Eighty-eight of 100 enrolled participants completed all study injections, which were generally safe and well tolerated, with more immediate, but transient, pain in the electroporation group. Cellular responses were observed in 57% of vaccine recipients tested and were CD4 predominant. High rates of binding antibody responses to CRF01_AE antigens, including gp70 V1V2 scaffold, were observed. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell assay, and moderate antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity was demonstrated. Discussion: The PVG/MVA-CMDR HIV-1 vaccine regimen is safe and immunogenic. Substantial differences in safety or immunogenicity between modes of DNA delivery were not observed. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT01260727.

Monitoring Dry Season Persistence of Anopheles gambiae s.l. Populations in a Contained Semi-Field System in Southwestern Burkina Faso, West Africa.

To gain insight into the dry season survival strategies of Anopheles gambiae s.l., a new contained semi-field system was developed and used for the first time in Burkina Faso, West Africa. The system consisted of a screened greenhouse within which the local environment was reproduced, including all ecological requirements for mosquito development cycle completion. The system was seeded with the progenies of female Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles coluzzii, and Anopheles arabiensis collected in the vicinity of the greenhouse during the rainy season. After successful establishment in the semi-field system, mosquito populations were monitored over a 1-yr period by regular surveys of larval and adult specimens. We provided evidence for the persistence of adult mosquitoes throughout the dry season, in the absence of any suitable larval development site. During the hot and dry periods, adult insects were observed in artificial shelters (clay pots, building blocks, and dark corners). The mosquito population rapidly built up with the return of the rainy season in the area, when artificial breeding sites were refilled in the enclosure. However, only An. coluzzii and, later, An. arabiensis were detected in the subsequent rainy season, whereas no An. gambiae specimen was found. Our findings suggest that An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis may be able to aestivate throughout the dry season in Southwestern Burkina Faso, whereas An. gambiae might adopt a different dry-season survival strategy, such as long-distance re-colonization from distant locations. These results may have important implications for malaria control through targeted vector control interventions.

Safety of a 4-Dose 20-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Series in Infants: A Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20) was developed to expand protection for pneumococcal disease. It contains all 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) components plus conjugates for 7 additional serotypes. Our primary objective with this study was to evaluate PCV20 tolerability and safety. METHODS: In this phase 3, multi-country, double-blind study, healthy infants born at ≥34 weeks' gestation were randomly assigned 2:1 to receive PCV20 or PCV13 at 2, 4, 6, and 12 to 15 months of age. Safety assessments included local reactions and systemic events within 7 days after each vaccination, adverse events (AEs) from dose 1 to 1 month after dose 3 and from dose 4 to 1 month after dose 4, and serious AEs and newly diagnosed chronic medical conditions from dose 1 through 6 months after the last dose. RESULTS: Participants received PCV20 (N = 1000) or PCV13 (N = 504); 91.7% received all 4 doses. The frequencies of local reactions and systemic events were generally similar in PCV20 and PCV13 groups, with most reported as mild or moderate. The most common local reaction was injection site pain (PCV20, 24.7% to 40.5%; PCV13, 26.8% to 42.0%); irritability was the most common systemic event (PCV20, 54.8% to 68.2%; PCV13, 54.7% to 68.5%). AE frequencies were similar in both groups. No serious AEs were related to study vaccines. Few newly diagnosed chronic medical conditions were reported (2.8% in both groups). PCV20 was safe across multiple countries, in late preterm infants, and when administered with other vaccines. CONCLUSIONS: A 4-dose series of PCV20 had a tolerability and safety profile similar to that of PCV13.

A Phase 3, Single-arm Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of a 20-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Healthy Children 15 Months Through <18 Years of Age.

BACKGROUND: A 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20), containing 13-valent PCV (PCV13) components and 7 additional polysaccharide conjugates, was developed to extend protection for pneumococcal disease. This phase 3 study assessed the safety and immunogenicity of PCV20 in children. METHODS: In this single-arm study, children (≥15 months-<18 years of age) received 1 dose of PCV20. Children <5 years of age had ≥3 prior doses of PCV13; children ≥5 years were recruited regardless of previous PCV receipt. Serotype-specific IgG concentrations and opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) titers were measured before and 1 month after PCV20. Local reactions and systemic events, adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, and newly diagnosed chronic medical conditions were collected. RESULTS: Of 839 enrolled participants, 831 (>99%) were vaccinated, and 819 (>97%) completed all study visits. Local reactions and systemic events were mostly mild to moderate in severity. No serious AEs were considered PCV20-related. IgG geometric mean fold rises (GMFRs) from before to 1 month after PCV20 ranged from 27.9-1847.7 (7 additional serotypes) and 2.9-44.9 (PCV13 serotypes) in children <5 years of age, and 10.5-187.7 (7 additional serotypes) and 4.3-127.9 (PCV13 serotypes) in children ≥5 years old. OPA GMFRs from before to 1 month after PCV20 ranged from 12.4-983.6 to 2.8-52.9 in children <5 years of age and from 11.5-499.0 to 5.3-147.9 in children ≥5 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Among children ≥15 months through <18 years of age, PCV20 was well tolerated and induced robust responses to all 20 serotypes, supporting the use of PCV20 in children.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum strains as potential protective starter cultures for the production of Bikalga, an alkaline fermented food.

AIMS: To identify and screen dominant Bacillus spp. strains isolated from Bikalga, fermented seeds of Hibiscus sabdariffa for their antimicrobial activities in brain heart infusion (BHI) medium and in a H. sabdariffa seed-based medium. Further, to characterize the antimicrobial substances produced. METHODS AND RESULTS: The strains were identified by gyrB gene sequencing and phenotypic tests as B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum. Their antimicrobial activity was determined by the agar spot and well assay, being inhibitory to a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus was produced in H. sabdariffa seed-based medium. PCR results revealed that the isolates have potential for the lipopeptides iturin, fengycin, surfactin, the polyketides difficidin, macrolactin, bacillaene and the dipeptide bacilysin production. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis of antimicrobial substance produced in BHI broth allowed identification of iturin, fengycin and surfactin. CONCLUSIONS: The Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal and antibacterial properties. They produced several lipopeptide antibiotics and showed good potential for biological control of Bikalga. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Pathogenic bacteria often occur in spontaneous food fermentations. This is the first report to identify indigenous B. amyloliquefaciens ssp. plantarum strains as potential protective starter cultures for safeguarding Bikalga.

Knowledge, practices and beliefs of students regarding health effects of shisha use in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: A cross­sectional study.

Background: The tobacco epidemic is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced. Shisha use has recently been gaining increased popularity in many developed and developing countries. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of shisha use among students in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, and associated knowledge, smoking practices and beliefs about health effects. Methods: A total of 443 students were selected for this cross-sectional study, using a stratified sampling method. Data on shisha use, knowledge about shisha, shisha smoking practices, and factors associated with use of shisha were collected via a questionnaire. The association between the independent variables and shisha use was assessed using a χ² test (p<0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine variables that were independently associated with shisha smoking. Results: Of the 421 respondents, 162 (38.5%) indicated that they had smoked shisha; 14.0% were regular smokers. We found that 183 students (43.5%) had poor knowledge about the health effects of shisha. The main reasons for shisha smoking were being in the company of friends who were users (57.4%), the pleasant flavour and fragrance of shisha (25.9%), and fashion (22.2%). Ninety-nine shisha smokers (61.1%) also consumed alcohol. Factors associated with shisha smoking included age <20 years (p<0.001), gender (p=0.034), and educational level of the respondent's father (p=0.0001) and mother (p=0.0004). Conclusion: We found a relatively high prevalence of shisha smoking among the students, and that 43.5% of them had poor knowledge about its effects on health. Developing surveillance, intervention and regulatory/policy frameworks specific to shisha has become a public health priority. Study synopsis: What the study adds. The study provides additional data from resource-poor settings such as Burkia Faso, where there is an overall high prevalence of Sisha smoking, and also among students who are poorly informed about the health effects of smoking. Implications of the findings. The data informs advocacy and intervention strategies to combat smoking and decrease overall tobacco use in an African setting.

[Availability and affordability of diagnosis and treatment for asthma and COPD in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso]. / Disponibilité et accessibilité financière aux moyens diagnostiques et thérapeutiques de l'asthme et de la bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive dans la ville de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic respiratory diseases, particularly asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), pose a significant threat to public health. This study aims to determine the accessibility and affordability of means of diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study covering the period from August to December 2021 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. This study involved 107 health centers and 135 pharmacies. The World Health Organization/Health Action International definition was used as a benchmark for accessibility to medicines. RESULTS: Out of 107 health centers, 29 (27.1%) had a spirometer. The average cost of spirometry represented 19.88 days of salary for a patient paid at the minimum wage. The most widely available drugs were salbutamol in a pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) (88.1%) and prednisone 20mg tablet (87.4%). No disease-modifying drug was available in public pharmacies. Affordable drugs were salbutamol 4mg tablet and aminophylline 100mg tablet. CONCLUSION: The means of diagnosis and treatment of asthma and COPD are insufficiently available, especially in the public sector, which is characterized by a nearly total absence of basic treatment.

[Evaluation of the risk of obstructive sleep apnea in patients awaiting general anesthesia in Burkina Faso]. / Évaluation du risque du syndrome d'apnées hypopnées obstructives du sommeil chez des patients en attente d'une anesthésie générale au Burkina Faso.

INTRODUCTION: General anaesthesia and surgery increase morbidity and mortality in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) who are not known to have OSAHS and therefore not treated before surgery. The objective of this study is to evaluate the risk of OSAHS using the STOP-BANG questionnaire (SBQ) in patients undergoing general anaesthesia in Burkina Faso. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study concerning patients having received pre-anaesthetic consultation from 1st July 2020 to 30th June 2021. Risk of OSAHS is considered "medium to high" when the risk of obstructive sleep apnea is medium or high on SBQ. RESULTS: Our population consisted in 599 persons. A medium to high risk of OSAHS was found in 11.18%. The ASA score and the Mallampati scale were independently associated with moderate to high risk of OSAHS (P<0.001; P<0.001). ASA score of I and Mallampati class of I decreased the risk of OSAHS by 17 and 45% respectively (P=0.012; P=0.031). CONCLUSION: The risk of OSAHS in this population is comparable to that of the general population. Confirmation of OSAHS by ventilatory polygraphy or polysomnography would help to achieve further precision.

Advancing the use of new approach methodologies for assessing teratogenicity: Building a tiered approach.

Many New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) have been developed for the safety assessment of new ingredients. Research into reproductive toxicity and teratogenicity is a particularly high priority, especially given their mechanistic complexity. Forty-six non-teratogenic and 39 teratogenic chemicals were screened for teratogenic potential using the in silico DART model from the OECD QSAR Toolbox; the devTox quickPredict™ (devTox assay) test and the Zebrafish Embryotoxicity Test (ZET). The sensitivity and specificity were 94.7% and 84.1%, respectively, for the DART tree (83 chemicals), 86.1% and 35.6% for the devTox (81 chemicals) and 77.8% and 76.7% for the ZET (57 chemicals). Fifty-three chemicals were tested in all three assays and when results were combined and based on a "2 out of 3 rule", the sensitivity and specificity were 96.0% and 71.4%, respectively. The specificity of the devTox assay for a sub-set of 43 chemicals was increased from 26.1% to 82.6% by incorporating human plasma concentrations into the assay interpretation. When all 85 chemicals were assessed in a decision tree approach, there was an excellent predictivity and assay robustness of 90%. In conclusion, all three models exhibited a good sensitivity and specificity, especially when outcomes from all three were combined or used in "2 out of 3" or a tiered decision tree approach. The latter is an interesting predictive approach for evaluating the teratogenic potential of new chemicals. Future investigations will extend the number of chemicals tested, as well as explore ways to refine the results and obtain a robust Integrated Testing Strategy to evaluate teratogenic potential.

[Factors associated with the occurrence of acute respiratory distress and death in patients with COVID-19 in Burkina Faso]. / Facteurs associés à la survenue de la détresse respiratoire aiguë et au décès chez des patients atteints de COVID-19 au Burkina Faso.

INTRODUCTION: The development of acute respiratory distress syndrome indicates a serious form of COVID-19. Although there have been several studies on the prognostic factors of its severe form, no such study has been conducted in Burkina Faso. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted from March 9 to June 9, 2020 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso which involved 456 patients with COVID-19. RESULTS: Nearly a quarter of the patients (23.2%) had presented with acute respiratory distress and 44.3% of them died. Being over 65 years old (HR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.5-5.1) and having hypertension (HR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1-3.5) were independently associated with the risk of mortality. However, after adjustment, only age over 65 years (HR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.2-4.3) was a risk factor for death. The survival rate for patients over 65 was 38.5% at 7 days and 30.3% at 15 days. CONCLUSIONS: Acute respiratory distress leading to death is mainly found in older people with COVID-19. Close monitoring of these high-risk patients may reduce the risk of death.

d-Dimer and CRP levels are elevated prior to antiretroviral treatment in patients who develop IRIS.

Biomarkers could be useful in evaluating immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). A cohort of 45 HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naive patients with baseline CD4 T cell counts

Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea in sleep consultations in Burkina Faso: Implications for monitoring.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is the most common respiratory disorder related to sleep. Its prevalence in developed countries varies from 3% to 28%. In several African countries, including Burkina Faso, this syndrome is still under-diagnosed and goes largely untreated. It is necessary to conduct studies in different contexts to determine the characteristics and develop the strategies for management of OSAS. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of OSAS in Burkina Faso. METHODS: This prospective study recruited 106 patients coming for consultation for sleep disorders at the Yalgado Ouedraogo University Hospital Center, who responded to a self-questionnaire and were diagnosed by respiratory polygraphy. RESULTS: A total of 77 patients (72.6%) had OSAS. The male to female ratio was 1.4:1 and the mean (standard deviation) age was 47.8 (12.8) years. The majority of the patients (53.8%) were obese. The main reason for consultation was snoring (84%), followed by hypopnea-apnoea reported (59.4%) and daytime sleepiness (45.3%). The most common comorbidity factor was hypertension (50%), followed by decreased libido (16%) and diabetes (13.2%). A continuous positive-pressure (CPAP) machine was prescribed to 51.25% of the patients, but only 22% were able to acquire it. CONCLUSION: The monitoring of OSAS is relatively new in Burkina Faso. This study showed the profile of patients with OSAS and difficulties in accessing continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) devices for treatment.

Gold panner blast hand.

"Blast hand" is a traumatic hand injury related to an explosion. Artisanal gold miners use dynamite to excavate gold pits; such activities expose them to blast hand injuries. This work aims to study blast injuries to gold miners' hands. A 25-month retrospective study was performed. Data on the traumatic event, patients, and injuries were collected and analyzed. Dedicated classifications and scores were used to evaluate the injury topography, injury severity, physical dependence, and aesthetic impact. Data were analyzed statistically. Thirty patients with 46 blast hand injuries among 516 hand injuries were collected. All patients were males and full-time artisanal gold miners. They were seen in the emergency room an average of 10.2hours (1-72) after the explosion. Explosions were caused by a 500g dynamite charge in all cases. The detonation was mainly thermal (n=13), triggered by the patient himself (n=24) and inside the gold pit (n=20). Injuries were bilateral (53%) or left side predominant (59%). Complex injuries were present in 21 hands. The MHISS (Modified Hand Injury Severity Score) was severe (n=7) and major (n=32). Associated injuries were musculoskeletal (n=12), ophthalmologic (n=14) and maxillofacial (n=10). Complexes injuries were correlated to being inside the pit at the time of the explosion. Treatment was conservative more often (n=33) than amputation (n=13). The functional recovery was complete in 22 hands (10 patients). Return to work at the same level was possible for only eight hands (5 patients). The presence of local sequelae or associated injuries negatively impacted the return to work. In Burkina Faso, gold miner's blast hand injuries cause post-traumatic social and professional reintegration issues. Better regulation of artisanal gold mining and expansion of treatment modalities (microsurgery, hand rehabilitation, splinting) may improve the outcome.

Prevalence of symptoms of sleep apnoea syndrome in Burkina Faso.

INTRODUCTION: Sleep apnoea syndrome (SAS) is a frequent and underdiagnosed pathology. Epidemiological studies in sub-Saharan Africa are few. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of SAS symptoms in an adult population in Burkina Faso. METHODS: A cross-sectional study whose data collection took place at the Yalgado Ouédraogo Teaching Hospital, from 1 September to 31 October 2014. We randomly enrolled all subjects aged at least 25 accompanying an outpatient t the time of a visit. A strong suspicion of SAS was established for every combination of ordinary snoring with excessive daytime sleepiness and/or sleep apnoea. RESULTS: The study included 311 subjects - 181 men and 130 women. The mean (standard deviation (SD)) age was 31.84 (8.25) years and the average (SD) BMI was 23.14 (3.67) kg/m². The prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness, snoring and sleep apnoea was 4.5%, 26% and 9.6%, respectively. A strong suspicion of SAS was found in 9.6% of respondents and the risk factors associated with this strong suspicion were BMI≥25 kg/m² (odds ratio (OR) 2.7; p=0.012), and poor-quality sleep (OR 3.7; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of our sample had symptoms suggestive of SAS. Testing with either respiratory polygraphy or polysomnography should be proposed to the presumptive cases for early diagnosis and treatment.

Safety and immunogenicity of a multivalent HIV vaccine comprising envelope protein with either DNA or NYVAC vectors (HVTN 096): a phase 1b, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Up to now, immunisation regimens that have been assessed for development of HIV vaccines have included purified envelope (Env) protein among the boosting components of the regimen. We postulated that co-administration of Env protein with either a DNA or NYVAC vector during priming would result in early generation of antibody responses to the Env V1/V2 region, which are important markers for effective protection against infection. We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of a multivalent HIV vaccine including either DNA or NYVAC vectors alone or in combination with Env glycoprotein (gp120) followed by a co-delivered NYVAC and Env protein boost. METHODS: We did a single-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1b trial at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (Lausanne, Switzerland). We included healthy volunteers aged 18-50 years who were at low risk of HIV infection. We randomly allocated participants using computer-generated random numbers to one of four vaccination schedules or placebo (4:1), and within these schedules participants were allocated either active treatment (T1, T2, T3, and T4) or placebo (C1, C2, C3, and C4). T1 consisted of two doses of NYVAC vector followed by two doses of NYVAC vector and gp120 Env protein; T2 comprised four doses of NYVAC vector and gp120 Env protein; T3 was two doses of DNA vector followed by two doses of NYVAC vector and gp120 Env protein; and T4 was two doses of DNA vector and gp120 Env protein followed by two doses of NYVAC vector and gp120 Env protein. Placebo injections were matched to the corresponding active treatment group. Doses were administered by injection at months 0, 1, 3, and 6. Primary outcomes were safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine schedules. Immune response measures included cross-clade and epitope-specific binding antibodies, neutralising antibodies, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity measured 2 weeks after the month 1, 3, and 6 vaccinations. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01799954. FINDINGS: Between Aug 23, 2012, and April 18, 2013, 148 healthy adult volunteers were screened for the trial, of whom 96 participants were enrolled. 20 individuals were allocated to each active treatment group (groups T1-4; n=80) and four were assigned to each placebo group (groups C1-4; n=16). Vaccines containing the NYVAC vector (groups T1 and T2) were associated with more frequent severe reactogenicity and more adverse events than were vaccines containing the DNA vector (groups T3 and T4). The most frequent adverse events judged related to study product were lymphadenopathy (n=9) and hypoaesthesia (n=2). Two participants, one in the placebo group and one in the DNA-primed T3 group, had serious adverse events that were judged unrelated to study product. One participant in the T3 group died from cranial trauma after a motor vehicle accident. Across the active treatment groups, IgG responses 2 weeks after the 6-month dose of vaccine were 74-95%. Early administration of gp120 Env protein (groups T2 and T4) was associated with a substantially earlier and higher area under the curve for gp120 Env binding, production of anti-V1/V2 and neutralising antibodies, and better antibody-response coverage over a period of 18 months, compared with vaccination regimens that delayed administration of gp120 Env protein until the 3-month vaccination (groups T1 and T3). INTERPRETATION: Co-administration of gp120 Env protein components with DNA or NYVAC vectors during priming led to early and potent induction of Env V1/V2 IgG binding antibody responses. This immunisation approach should be considered for induction of preventive antibodies in future HIV vaccine efficacy trials. FUNDING: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.