Sleep Deprivation Exacerbates Seizures and Diminishes GABAergic Tonic Inhibition.

Patients with epilepsy report that sleep deprivation is a common trigger for breakthrough seizures. The basic mechanism of this phenomenon is unknown. In the Kv1.1-/- mouse model of epilepsy, daily sleep deprivation indeed exacerbated seizures though these effects were lost after the third day. Sleep deprivation also accelerated mortality in ~ 52% of Kv1.1-/- mice, not observed in controls. Voltage-clamp experiments on the day after recovery from sleep deprivation showed reductions in GABAergic tonic inhibition in dentate granule cells in epileptic Kv1.1-/- mice. Our results suggest that sleep deprivation is detrimental to seizures and survival, possibly due to reductions in GABAergic tonic inhibition. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:840-844.

Wearable healthcare smart electrochemical biosensors based on co-assembled prussian blue-graphene film for glucose sensing.

Wearable film-based smart biosensors have been developed for real-time biomolecules detection. Particularly, interfacial co-assembly of reduced graphene oxide-prussian blue (PB-RGO) film through electrostatic interaction has been systematically studied by controllable pH values, achieving optimal PB-RGO nanofilms at oil/water (O/W) phase interface driven by minimization of interfacial free energy for wearable biosensors. As a result, as-prepared wearable biosensors of PB-RGO film could be easily woven into fabrics, exhibiting excellent glucose sensing performance in amperometric detection with a sensitivity of 27.78 µA mM-1 cm-2 and a detection limit of 7.94 µM, as well as impressive mechanical robustness of continuously undergoing thousands of bending or twist. Moreover, integrated wearable smartsensing system could realize remotely real-time detection of biomarkers in actual samples of beverages or human sweat via cellphones. Prospectively, interfacial co-assembly engineering driven by pH-induced electrostatic interaction would provide a simple and efficient approach for acquiring functional graphene composites films, and further fabricate wearable smartsensing devices in health monitoring fields.

2-Deoxy-d-glucose reduces epileptiform activity by presynaptic mechanisms.

2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2DG), a glucose analog that inhibits glycolysis, has acute and chronic antiepileptic effects. We evaluated 2DG's acute effects on synaptic and membrane properties of CA3 pyramidal neurons in vitro. 2DG (10 mM) had no effects on spontaneously occurring postsynaptic currents (PSCs) in 3.5 mM extracellular potassium concentration ([K+]o). In 7.5 mM [K+]o, 2DG significantly reduced the frequency of epileptiform bursting and the charge carried by postsynaptic currents (PSCs) with a greater effect on inward excitatory compared with outward inhibitory charge (71% vs. 40%). In 7.5 mM [K+]o and bicuculline, 2DG reduced significantly the excitatory charge by 67% and decreased the frequency but not amplitude of excitatory PSCs between bursts. In 7.5 mM [K+]o, 2DG reduced pharmacologically isolated inhibitory PSC frequency without a change in amplitude. The frequency but not amplitude of inward miniature PSCs was reduced when 2DG was applied in 7.5 mM [K+]o before bath application of TTX, but there was no effect when 2DG was applied after TTX, indicating a use-dependent uptake of 2DG was required for its actions at a presynaptic locus. 2DG did not alter membrane properties of CA3 neurons except for reducing the slow afterhyperpolarization in 3.5 but not 7.5 mM [K+]o. The reduction in frequency of spontaneous and inward miniature PSCs in elevated [K+]o indicates a presynaptic mechanism of action. 2DG effects required use-dependent uptake and suggest an important role for glycolysis in neuronal metabolism and energetics in states of high neural activity as occur during abnormal network synchronization and seizures. NEW & NOTEWORTHY 2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) is a glycolytic inhibitor and suppresses epileptiform activity acutely and has chronic antiepileptic effects. The mechanisms of the acute effects are not well delineated. In this study, we show 2DG suppressed abnormal network epileptiform activity without effecting normal synaptic network activity or membrane properties. The effects appear to be use dependent and have a presynaptic locus of action. Inhibition of glycolysis is a novel presynaptic mechanism to limit abnormal neuronal network activity and seizures.

A Trichromatic and White-Light-Emitting MOF Composite for Multi-Dimensional and Multi-Response Ratiometric Luminescent Sensing.

Present here is a new dual ratiometric luminescent probe D which is a trichromatic and white-light-emitting metal-organic framework (MOF) composite facilely obtained by incorporating red/green-emitting complex modules into a blue-emitting MOF. Probe D exhibits remarkable capabilities of sensing different volatile organic solvents (VOSs) via 2D code recognition of the two VOS-dependent MOF ligand-to-module ratios of the emission-peak intensities. For specific VOSs, the resultant luminescent color changes from the starting white color are sharp enough to be visible to the naked eye. Remarkably, D can differentiate solution-phase nitroaromatics and metal ions by recording the evolution of the two ratios during titration processes, enabling an unusual 3D code recognition using the titrant amount as the third dimension for the first time. D also can be used to detect dinoseb, Fe3+ and Al3+ ions quantitatively by analysis of the ratios with detection limits as low as 0.050, 0.41, and 0.12 ppm, respectively. Clearly, such a self-referencing trichromatic probe can maximize the output information and significantly enhance the detection selectivity and sensitivity via multi-dimensional sensing, and has great potentials for practical applications.

CCR3 is a target for age-related macular degeneration diagnosis and therapy.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness worldwide, is as prevalent as cancer in industrialized nations. Most blindness in AMD results from invasion of the retina by choroidal neovascularisation (CNV). Here we show that the eosinophil/mast cell chemokine receptor CCR3 is specifically expressed in choroidal neovascular endothelial cells in humans with AMD, and that despite the expression of its ligands eotaxin-1, -2 and -3, neither eosinophils nor mast cells are present in human CNV. Genetic or pharmacological targeting of CCR3 or eotaxins inhibited injury-induced CNV in mice. CNV suppression by CCR3 blockade was due to direct inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation, and was uncoupled from inflammation because it occurred in mice lacking eosinophils or mast cells, and was independent of macrophage and neutrophil recruitment. CCR3 blockade was more effective at reducing CNV than vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) neutralization, which is in clinical use at present, and, unlike VEGF-A blockade, is not toxic to the mouse retina. In vivo imaging with CCR3-targeting quantum dots located spontaneous CNV invisible to standard fluorescein angiography in mice before retinal invasion. CCR3 targeting might reduce vision loss due to AMD through early detection and therapeutic angioinhibition.

[Effect of Xinfeng Capsule on Lipoprotein Metabolism of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of Xinfeng Capsule (XC) on lipoprotein metabolism of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. METHODS: Totally 180 RA patients were assigned to the experimental group and the control group by random digit table, 90 in each group. Patients in the experimental group took XC (three pills each time, three times daily), while those in the control group took Methotrexate Tablet (four tablets each time, once per week). One month consisted of one therapeutic course and all patients were treated for two therapeutic courses. A healthy control group consisting of 60 patients was also set up. Changes of lipoprotein indices, clinical efficacy, lipid metabolism, joint symptoms and signs, activity indicators were observed, and correlation analyses were performed. RESULTS: Compared with the healthy control group, expression levels of prealbumin (PA), globulin (GLO), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), apolipoprotein Al (Apo-A1) were lowered in RA patients (P <0. 05, P <0. 01). Correlation analyses showed that PA was negatively correlated with joint tenderness, morning stiffness time, disease activity score (DAS-28), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, respectively. Total protein (TP) was negatively correlated with joint tenderness. GLO was negatively correlated with joint tenderness and DAS-28. HDL was negatively correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and endothelin (ET)-1. Apo-Al was negatively correlated with joint pain; Apo-B was negatively correlated with CRP; LDL was negatively correlated with morning stiffness time (P <0. 05, P <0. 01). Compared with before treatment, expression levels of PA, HDL, Apo-A1 , Apo-B, and serum IL-10 contents increased, and expression levels of ESR, CRP, IL-6, ET-1 , joint pain, joint swelling, morning stiffness time, and DAS-28 decreased in the experimental group (P <0. 05, P <0. 01). PA increased more after treatment than before treatment in the control group (P <0. 01). There was statistical difference in joint symptoms (except joint tenderness) and activity indices (except ET-1) in the control group (P <0. 05, P <0. 01). Compared with the control group after treatment, PA and HDL increased, ET-1 and duration of morning stiffness decreased in the experimental group (all P <0. 05). CONCLUSIONS: Lipoprotein metabolic disorder exists in RA patients, and it is associated with disease activity. XC could obviously improve lipoprotein metabolism and joint symptoms.

Sequence- and target-independent angiogenesis suppression by siRNA via TLR3.

Clinical trials of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) or its receptor VEGFR1 (also called FLT1), in patients with blinding choroidal neovascularization (CNV) from age-related macular degeneration, are premised on gene silencing by means of intracellular RNA interference (RNAi). We show instead that CNV inhibition is a siRNA-class effect: 21-nucleotide or longer siRNAs targeting non-mammalian genes, non-expressed genes, non-genomic sequences, pro- and anti-angiogenic genes, and RNAi-incompetent siRNAs all suppressed CNV in mice comparably to siRNAs targeting Vegfa or Vegfr1 without off-target RNAi or interferon-alpha/beta activation. Non-targeted (against non-mammalian genes) and targeted (against Vegfa or Vegfr1) siRNA suppressed CNV via cell-surface toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), its adaptor TRIF, and induction of interferon-gamma and interleukin-12. Non-targeted siRNA suppressed dermal neovascularization in mice as effectively as Vegfa siRNA. siRNA-induced inhibition of neovascularization required a minimum length of 21 nucleotides, a bridging necessity in a modelled 2:1 TLR3-RNA complex. Choroidal endothelial cells from people expressing the TLR3 coding variant 412FF were refractory to extracellular siRNA-induced cytotoxicity, facilitating individualized pharmacogenetic therapy. Multiple human endothelial cell types expressed surface TLR3, indicating that generic siRNAs might treat angiogenic disorders that affect 8% of the world's population, and that siRNAs might induce unanticipated vascular or immune effects.

[Comprehensive undergraduate experiment: synthesis and chromism of 4-[bis(4-methylphenyl)amino] benzaldehyde].

To solve the problems of the lack of property research in organic synthesis experiments and the relative independence of instrumental analytical methods in experiments, we designed a comprehensive undergraduate experiment based on mechanofluorochromic materials. In this project, 4-[bis(4-methylphenyl)amino] benzaldehyde was synthesized via the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction using 4,4'-dimethyltriphenylamine as the raw material. The product was then characterized by mass spectrometry, infrared absorption spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The solvatofluorochromism and mechanofluorochromism of the target material were studied using ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, etc. Furthermore, the mechanism of mechanofluorochromism was determined using powder X-ray diffraction. Organic synthesis and a series of instrumental analytical methods were combined to form an integrated experiment. The experiment is interesting, scientific, and comprehensive for undergraduates as a creative exercise; moreover, it can inspire their interest in chemical research, cultivate a variety of experimental operation abilities, improve creative-thinking skills, and encourage the development of effective solutions to existing problems in chemical experiments.

Responses in species diversity in the Hulunbuir grassland to phosphorus addition under nitrogen-limiting and non-limiting conditions.

The phenomenon of nitrogen deposition resulting in species loss in terrestrial ecosystems has been demonstrated in several experiments. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), as major nutrients required for plant growth, exhibit ecological stoichiometric coupling in many ecosystems. The increased availability of nitrogen can exacerbate the ecological effects of phosphorus. To reveal the ecological effects of phosphorus under nitrogen-limiting and non-limiting conditions, we conducted a controlled N-P interaction experiment over 5 years in the Hulunbuir meadow steppe, where two nitrogen addition levels were implemented: 0 g N·m-2·a-1 (nitrogen-limiting condition) and 10 g N·m-2·a-1 (nitrogen-non-limiting condition), together with six levels of phosphorus addition (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 g P·m-2·a-1). The results showed that nitrogen addition (under nitrogen-non-limiting conditions) significantly decreased species diversity in the steppe community, which was exacerbated under phosphorus addition. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, phosphorus addition had no marked impact on species diversity compared to the control; however, there were substantial differences between different levels of phosphorus addition, exhibiting a unimodal change. Under both experimental nitrogen conditions, the addition of 6 g P·m-2·a-1 was the threshold for affecting the community species diversity. Nitrogen addition reduced the relative biomass of legumes, bunch grasses, and forbs, but substantially increased the relative biomass of rhizomatous grasses. In contrast, phosphorus addition only markedly affected the relative biomass of forbs and rhizomatous grasses, with the former showing a unimodal pattern of first increasing and then decreasing with increasing phosphorus addition level, and the latter exhibiting the opposite pattern. The different responses of rhizomatous grasses and other functional groups to nitrogen and phosphorus addition were observed to have a regulatory effect on the changes in grassland community structure. Phosphorus addition may increase the risk of nitrogen deposition-induced species loss. Both nitrogen and phosphorus addition lead to soil acidification and an increase in the dominance of the already-dominant species, and the consequent species loss in the forb functional group represents the main mechanism for the reduction in community species diversity.

Study on the role of AlOOH in fluorescence correction and depth purification of Cyclops water.

Protein-like substances produced by biochemical reactions after disinfection of Zooplankton like Cyclops and humic substances in natural water are the main components of NOM (Natural organic matter). To eliminate early warning interference in the fluorescence detection of organic matter in natural water, a clustered flower-like AlOOH (aluminum oxide hydroxide) sorbent was prepared. HA (humic acid) and amino acids were selected as mimics of humic substances and protein-like substances in natural water. The results demonstrate that the adsorbent can selectively adsorb HA from the simulated mixed solution and restore the fluorescence properties of tryptophan and tyrosine. Based on these results, a stepwise fluorescence detection strategy was developed and used in natural water rich in zooplanktonic Cyclops. The results show that the established stepwise fluorescence strategy can well overcome the interference caused by fluorescence quenching. The sorbent was also used for water quality control to enhance coagulation treatment. Finally, trial runs of the water plant demonstrated its effectiveness and suggested a potential control method for early warning and monitoring of water quality.

Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites cross retinal endothelium assisted by intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in vitro.

Retinal infection is the most common clinical manifestation of toxoplasmosis. The route by which circulating Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites cross the vascular endothelium to enter the human retina is unknown. Convincing studies using murine encephalitis models have strongly implicated leukocyte taxis as one pathway used by the parasite to access target organs. To establish whether tachyzoites might also interact directly with vascular endothelium, we populated a transwell system with human ocular endothelial cells. Human retinal endothelial monolayers permitted transmigration of tachyzoites of RH and three natural isolate strains. Antibody blockade of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 significantly reduced this migration, but did not impact tachyzoite movement across an endothelial monolayer derived from the choroid, which lies adjacent to the retina within the eye. In demonstrating that tachyzoites are capable of independent migration across human vascular endothelium in vitro, this study carries implications for the development of therapeutics aimed at preventing access of T. gondii to the retina.

Expression and regulation of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule in human retinal vascular endothelial cells.

Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM; CD166) is an immunoglobulin superfamily member that has been described in several non-ocular endothelial populations, but not in relation to endothelium within the eye. Studies in extraocular systems have implicated ALCAM in angiogenesis and leukocyte transendothelial migration, which are key processes in retinal vascular diseases. We investigated the expression of ALCAM in human retinal endothelium, and studied the regulation of expression by established angiogenic and inflammatory stimuli. Retinal endothelial expression of ALCAM was detected in primary retinal endothelial cultures isolated from human cadavers by RT-PCR (n = 4 donors) and Western blot (n = 4 donors), and in intact human retina by immunohistochemistry (n = 3 donors). In the 4 donors studied by RT-PCR, transcript encoding the truncated soluble isoform, sALCAM, was also detected. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR demonstrated significant up-regulation of ALCAM and sALCAM in response to stimulation with master cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. However, general inflammatory stimulus, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the prototype Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-17A, respectively, did not impact ALCAM or sALCAM expression. In contrast, expression of ALCAM was significantly up-regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)(165). Up-regulation in the presence of VEGF and TNF-α, but not LPS, IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17A, suggests a potential role for ALCAM in human retinal angiogenesis in some settings.

2-(5-Bromo-thio-phen-2-yl)-5-[5-(10-ethyl-phenothia-zin-3-yl)thio-phen-2-yl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole.

The mol-ecule of the title compound, C(24)H(16)BrN(3)OS(3), contains three approximately planar fragments, viz. an oxadiazole ring plus two adjacent thio-phene groups, and two phenothia-zine benzene rings, with largest deviations from the least-squares planes of 0.051 (3), 0.019 (4) and 0.014 (3) Å, respectively. The phenothia-zine unit adopts a butterfly conformation, with a dihedral angle of 38.06 (15)° between the terminal benzene rings. The dihedral angle between the 2,5-bis-(thio-phen-2-yl)oxadiazole unit and the attached benzene ring is 15.35 (11)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules form stacks along the b-axis direction; neighboring mol-ecules within the stack are related by inversion centers, with shortest inter-centroid separations of 3.741 (2) and 3.767 (2) Å.

10-Ethyl-3-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-10H-phenothia-zine.

In the title compound, C(17)H(15)N(3)OS, the phenothia-zine ring system is slightly bent, with a dihedral angle of 13.68 (7)° between the benzene rings. The dihedral angle between the oxadiazole ring and the adjacent benzene ring is 7.72 (7)°. In the crystal, a π-π inter-action with a centroid-centroid distance of 3.752 (2) Šis observed between the benzene rings of neighbouring mol-ecules.

Parallel-slipped π-π electron-donor-acceptor in adsorption process: Molecular dynamics simulation.

Molecular dynamics simulation was used to study the adsorption of single wall carbon nanotubes (SCNT) in levofloxacin (LEV) solutions of different concentrations by Radial distribution function, mean square displacement and interaction energy. The results showed that levofloxacin molecules were adsorbed around the carbon nanotubes. The adsorption effect of large concentration solution was not as good as that of low concentration solution because of agglomeration. LEV molecules with different concentration were free diffusion within 15ns, and gradually agglomerated under the influence of adsorption. The energy change is proportional to the concentration of the molecule. The distance between benzene rings corresponding to the agglomeration effect of levofloxacin molecules was 0.4 nm, which should be the effect of parallel-slipped π-π electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) interactions. The simulation results are valuable to study the adsorption and removal of benzenes by adsorbent.

Resolving the Tribo-catalytic reaction mechanism for biochar regulated Zinc Oxide and its application in protein transformation.

The utilization of mechanical energy to control water pollutants under dark conditions is currently a point of study focus. Herein, biochar -zinc oxide (BC-ZnO) composites with various structures were synthesized by co-pyrolysis of cotton and ZnO at different temperature and used for tribo-catalytic reaction. The introduction of BC can improve charge transmission and separation efficiency. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectra (UPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculation prove the addition of BC can reduce work function of ZnO, and enhance its electron-donating ability. Specially, suitable adsorption amount is the key factor to improve the tribo-catalytic performance. When the pyrolysis temperature is 600 °C, BC-ZnO has the best degradation efficiency, which can degrade 90% Rhodamine B (RhB) in 75 min, while ZnO can degrade only 38%. On this basis, using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model, the effect of tribo-catalytic reaction on controlling proteins in water was studied by fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (3D EEM) and infrared microscope, and the transformation of proteins was further analyzed. This study provides a new strategy to improve the tribo-catalytic performance of ZnO, and explores its application prospects of biological wastewater control.

[Effect of Buyi Pishen acupuncture on inflammatory factor and cartilage matrix in adjuvant arthritis rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Buyi Pishen acupuncture (acupuncture for invigorating spleen and kidney) on inflammatory factor and synovial cartilage matrix in adjuvant arthritis (AA) rats, and to explore the mechanism of acupuncture for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: A total of 60 clean male Wistar rats were randomized into a normal group, a model group, a tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside tablet (TWP) group and an acupuncture group, 15 rats in each group. Rats in the model group, the TWP group and the acupuncture group received intradermal injection of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) at right hind foot pad to induce the AA model. TWP suspension of 8 mg/kg was given by gavage in the TWP group. Acupuncture was applied at "Shenshu" (BL 23), "Pishu" (BL 20) and right "Housanli" (ST 36), "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6), "Yanglingquan" (GB 34) in the acupuncture group, 15 min a time, once a day. The intervention was given 15 days in both TWP group and acupuncture group. The foot-pad swelling degree before modeling, before and after intervention and the arthritis index (AI) score before and after intervention were calculated; the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-4, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected by ELISA method; the ultrastructure and histomorphological changes of synovium issue were observed by transmission electron microscope and HE staining; the positive expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-9 in synovium issue was detected by immunohistochemistry method. RESULTS: Before intervention, foot-pad swelling degree of the model group, the TWP group and the acupuncture group was increased compared with the normal group (P<0.01). After intervention, foot-pad swelling degree and AI score were increased compared with the normal group (P<0.01), foot-pad swelling degree and AI scores in the TWP group and the acupuncture group were lower than the model group (P<0.05), and those in the acupuncture group were decreased compared with the TWP group (P<0.05). The model group exhibited unclear nuclear membrane of synovial cells, chromatin pyknosis, massive inflammatory cell infiltration and hyperplasia in synovial tissue; the TWP group and the acupuncture group exhibited clear and smooth nuclear membrane of synovial cells, inapparent chromatin pyknosis, less inflammatory cell infiltration and hyperplasia in synovial tissue, the acupuncture group exhibited less matrix destruction as well. Compared with the normal group, serum levels of IL-1ß and TNF-α and positive expression of MMP-3 and MMP-9 in synovium issue were increased (P<0.01), while serum levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were decreased (P<0.01) in the model group. Compared with the model group, serum levels of IL-1ß and TNF-α and positive expression of MMP-3 and MMP-9 in synovium issue were decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01), while serum levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were increased (P<0.05) in the TWP group and the acupuncture group; compared with the TWP group, serum level of TNF-α and positive expression of MMP-3 and MMP-9 in synovium issue were decreased (P<0.05), while serum levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were increased (P<0.05) in the acupuncture group. CONCLUSION: Buyi Pishen acupuncture can effectively improve the injury of articular cartilage in AA rats, its mechanism maybe related to reducing the inflammatory reaction in synovium and inhibiting the degradation of articular cartilage matrix.

Molecular identity of periglomerular and short axon cells.

Within glomeruli, the initial sites of synaptic integration in the olfactory pathway, olfactory sensory axons terminate on dendrites of projection and juxtaglomerular (JG) neurons. JG cells form at least two major circuits: the classic intraglomerular circuit consisting of external tufted (ET) and periglomerular (PG) cells and an interglomerular circuit comprised of the long-range connections of short axon (SA) cells. We examined the projections and the synaptic inputs of identified JG cell chemotypes using mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by the promoter for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 kDa, 67 kDa, or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Virtually all (97%) TH+ cells are also GAD67+ and are thus DAergic-GABAergic neurons. Using a combination of retrograde tracing, whole-cell patch-clamp recording, and single-cell three-dimensional reconstruction, we show that different JG cell chemotypes contribute to distinct microcircuits within or between glomeruli. GAD65+ GABAergic PG cells ramify principally within one glomerulus and participate in uniglomerular circuits. DAergic-GABAergic cells have extensive interglomerular projections. DAergic-GABAergic SA cells comprise two subgroups. One subpopulation contacts 5-12 glomeruli and is referred to as "oligoglomerular." Approximately one-third of these oligoglomerular DAergic SA cells receive direct olfactory nerve (ON) synaptic input, and the remaining two-thirds receive input via a disynaptic ON-->ET-->SA circuit. The second population of DAergic-GABAergic SA cells also disynaptic ON input and connect tens to hundreds of glomeruli in an extensive "polyglomerular" network. Although DAergic JG cells have traditionally been considered PG cells, their interglomerular connections argue that they are more appropriately classified as SA cells.

[Effect of moxibustion at "Zusanli"(ST36) and "Shenshu"(BL23) on miR-155-mediated TLR4/NF-κB signaling involving amelioration of synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis rats].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of moxibustion at "Zusanli"(ST36) and "Shenshu"(BL23) on synovitis, and expressions of miR-155, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), interlukine（IL-1） receptor-associated kinase (IRAK1), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), IL-1ß, tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF)-α and IL-6 mRNA and protein of synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) rats, so as to explore its mechanism underlying improvement of RA. METHODS: A total of 48 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control, model, moxibustion and antagonist groups (n=12 rats in each group). The RA model was replicated by placing the rats in a wind, cold and wet environment and injection of Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA, 0.5 mL) into the right hindlimb foot plantar. Moxibustion was applied to bilateral ST36 and BL23 for 30 min, once daily for 21 consecutive days. Rats of the antagonist group was treated by injection of TLR4 antagonist (TAK-242, 1 mg/mL, 0.1 mg/kg) via tail vein, once per day for consecutive 21 d. The joint swelling degree (JSD) and arthritis index (AI, red swelling scale) were determined, and the expression levels of various indicators of miR-155, and TLR4, myeloid MyD88, IRAK1, TRAF6, NF-κB, IL-1ß, TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA and protein were assayed by quantitative real time-PCR and Western blot, separately. RESULTS: Compared with the normal control group, the JSD and AI, and the expression levels of synovial miR-155, TLR4, MyD88, IRAK1, TRAF6, NF-κB, IL-1ß, TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA and protein were significantly increased in the model group (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the increased levels of JSD and AI, and the expression levels of synovial miR-155, TLR4, MyD88, IRAK1, TRAF6, NF-κB, IL-1ß, TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA and protein were notably down-regulated in both moxibustion and antagonist groups (P<0.01). The effects of moxibustion were evidently superior to the antagonist in down-regulating the abovementioned indexes (P<0.01), except TLR4 mRNA and protein. CONCLUSION: Moxibustion at ST36 and BL23 can reduce the synovitis of RA rats, which is related to its effects in suppressing the expressions of miR-155, TLR4, MyD88, IRAK1, TRAF6, NF-κB, IL-1ß, TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA and protein (i.e., inhibition of miR-155/TLR4/NF-κB signaling).

Insights on the mechanism of Fe doped ZnO for tightly-bound extracellular polymeric substances tribo-catalytic degradation: The role of hydration layers at the interface.

The control of interfacial microbial pollution is of great significance for water safety. Herein, the tribo-catalysis ability of zinc oxide (ZnO) has been investigated, which can realize the control of tightly-bound extracellular polymeric substances (T-EPS) in water under dark environment. The DFT calculation proves the Fe doping introduces the impurity level and decreases the work function from 5.071 eV to 5.045 eV, improves the charge separation of ZnO, and eventually enhances the catalytic reaction efficiency. Characterizing the catalytic reaction process by three-dimensional fluorescence (3D EEM) and fluorescence regional integration (FRI) method, it is found that the T-EPS solution can be degraded 75.8% by Fe-ZnO in 12 min, while ZnO can only degrade 32.2%. Combining with high-resolution scanning probe microscope (HR-SPM) and attenuated total reflection method (ATR-FTIR), hydration layers consist with hydroxyl layer (∼0.23 nm) and water molecular layer (∼0.27 nm) are observed at the interface between Fe-ZnO and T-EPS solution, and terminal hydroxyl group (OHt) is considered to be the active site for the generation of radicals. This study provides an idea for exploring the mechanism of tribo-catalytic reaction and shows its application prospect in the field of microbial inhibition in water.