ABSTRACT
Piecework (ganyu) is short-term, casual labor common in rural Zambia and neighboring countries. Reliance on piecework as a strategy to cope during food shortages in the rainy/cultivation season can restrict own-farm production, and thus, is regarded as an indicator of a household's vulnerability to food insecurity. Based on a household's level of participation in piecework, we explore this claim in rural Zambia using survey data collected during the rainy and dry seasons in 2009. We argue that seasonal assessments are essential if such dependence on piecework is used as a robust measure of a household's vulnerability to food insecurity.
Subject(s)
Employment , Family Characteristics , Food Supply , Poverty , Seasons , Work , Data Collection , Developing Countries , Female , Humans , Male , Rural Population , Vulnerable Populations , ZambiaABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Outcomes of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute STEMI (ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction) in smokers are expected to be better than non-smokers as for patients of acute STEMI with or without fibrinolytic therapy. OBJECTIVES: This comparative study was designed to evaluate the outcomes of primary PCI in patients with acute STEMI in smokers and non-smokers. Clinical and angiographic profile of the two groups was also compared. METHODS: Over duration of two year, a total of 150 consecutive patients of acute STEMI eligible for primary PCI were enrolled and constituted the two groups [Smokers (n=90), Non-smokers (n=60)] of the study population. There was no difference in procedure in two groups. RESULTS: In the present study of acute STEMI, current smokers were about a decade younger than non-smokers (p value=0.0002), majority were male (98.9% vs 56.6%) were male with a higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus (61.67% vs 32.28% and 46.67% vs 14.44%, p=0.001) respectively. Smokers tended to have higher thrombus burden (p=0.06) but less multi vessel disease (p=0.028). Thirty day and six month mortality was non-significantly higher in smokers 4.66% vs 1.33% (p=0.261) and 5.33% vs 2.66% (p=NS) respectively. Rate of quitting smoking among smokers was 80.90% at 6 months. CONCLUSION: The study documents that smokers with acute STEMI have similar outcomes as compared to non smokers with higher thrombus burden and lesser non culprit artery involvement. Smokers present at much younger age emphasizing the role of smoking cessation for prevention of myocardial infarction.
Subject(s)
Coronary Angiography , Coronary Vessels/diagnostic imaging , Electrocardiography , Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/methods , ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/diagnosis , Smoking/adverse effects , Coronary Vessels/surgery , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , India/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Prognosis , Prospective Studies , ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology , ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/surgery , Smoking/epidemiology , Survival Rate/trends , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) were estimated in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of 25 patients of stroke, and were correlated with severity of disease. 21 (84%) patients had ischemic stroke and four (16%) had hemorrhagic stroke. Serum and CSF AST levels were significantly elevated in the study group. The rise in CSF AST was more in the hemorrhagic subtype than in the ischemic subtype. Serum ALT and CSF LDH levels were also significantly elevated in patients with ischemic stroke. None of the enzyme levels were related to the severity of disease as assessed by the Glasgow coma scale.