[The comparative characteristics of manual and apparate esophagoenteroanastomosis].

The early and long-term results of 225 gastrectomies, performed on the reason of gastric cancer, were analyzed. The comparative analysis of early and long-term results showed the statistically significant differences in complication and lethality rates between apparate and manual esophagoenteroanastomoses, especially considering the rate of reflux-esophagitis.

A morphometric study of the preoptic area of the guinea pig.

The aim of the study was to provide the topography and morphometric characteristics of the preoptic area (POA) of the guinea pig. The study was carried out on the brains of sexually mature guinea pigs of both sexes. A uniform procedure was followed in the study of the paraffin-embedded brain tissue blocks of males and females. The blocks were cut in the coronal plane into 50 mm sections and stained according to the Nissl method. The guinea pig POA consists of four parts: the medial preoptic area (MPA), lateral preoptic area (LPA), periventricular preoptic nucleus (PPN), and median preoptic nucleus (MPN). The topography and general structure of POA parts are similar in males and females. However, the PPNa cells of females are more intensely stained and are more densely packed than the PPNa cells of males. For morphometric analysis, the MPA and LPA as well as PPN and MPN were considered respectively as uniform structures, namely MPA-LPA and PPN-MPN. The statistical analysis showed that the volume of the PPN-MPN was larger in males than in females, whereas the MPA-LPA volume did not differ between the sexes. Moreover, the numerical density and the total number of neurons were statistically larger in males than in females in both the MPA-LPA and PPN-MPN. The parameters describing POA neurons were larger for MPA-LPA neurons in comparison with the PPN-MPN neurons. However, in this respect no sex differences were observed in both studied complexes.

A morphometric comparative study of the lateral geniculate body in selected placental mammals: the common shrew, the bank vole, the rabbit, and the fox.

The lateral geniculate body (LGN) was morphometrically examined and compared in representatives of four mammalian orders (Insectivora, Rodentia, Lagomorpha, and Carnivora). In each studied species, the lateral geniculate body was divided into two distinct parts: the dorsal nucleus (LGNd) and the ventral nucleus (LGNv). The lateral geniculate body of the common shrew and the bank vole are very similar in appearance and nuclear pattern. The dorsal and ventral nuclei of these two species also have the most similar statistical characteristics. The lateral geniculate body of the fox has the most complicated morphology and multilayered structure. A significant disproportion was observed between the sizes of both geniculate nuclei in the fox, where the dorsal nucleus definitely surpassed the ventral nucleus in terms of volume. With the exception of the fox, the neuronal density of the LGN nuclei was negatively correlated with the volumes of the LGN. The mean neuronal size of the LGNd and LGNv, which was the resultant of the length, width, area, and circumference of the soma, grew correlatively to the volumes of these nuclei. In all examined species, somas of the LGNd neurons are distinctly larger and have more similar shapes than the LGNv perikarya. In addition, the numerical density of neurons in the ventral nucleus is significantly higher than in the dorsal nucleus. All these morphometric parameters clearly differentiate the LGNd from the LGNv.

Distribution of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in the hippocampal formation of the guinea pig and domestic pig.

This study provides a detailed description concerning the distribution of cocaineand amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) subunits - CART(61-102) and rhCART(28-116) - in the hippocampal formation (HF) of the guinea pig and domestic pig, focussing on the dentate gyrus (DG) and hippocampus proper (HP). Although in both studied species CART-immunoreactive (CART-IR) neuronal somata and processes were present generally in the same layers, some species-specific differences were still found. In the granular layer (GL) of both species, the ovalshaped neurons and some thick varicose fibres were encountered. In the guinea pig there was an immunoreactive "band of dots", probably representing crosssectioned terminals within the DG molecular layer (MOL), whereas in the domestic pig, some varicose fibres were detected, thus suggesting a different orientation of, at least, some nerve terminals. Furthermore, some CART-positive cells and fibres were observed in the hilus (HL) of the guinea pig, whereas in the analogical part of the domestic pig only nerve terminals were labelled. In both species, in the pyramidal layer (PL) of the hippocampus proper, CART-IR triangular somata were observed in the CA3 sector, as well as some positive processes in MOL; however, a few immunoreactive perikarya were found only in the CA1 sector of the guinea pig. As regards the localization patterns of two isoforms of CART in the guinea pig, both peptide fragments were present simultaneously in each of the labelled neurons or fibres, whereas in the domestic pig three types of fibres may be distinguished within the area of the DG. In the hilus and MOL of the dentate gyrus, there were fibres expressing both isoforms of CART in their whole length (fibres of the first type). Fibres of the second type (in GL) coexpressed both peptides only on their short segments, and the last ones (in MOL) expressed solely rhCART(28-116). These results indicate that the distribution of the two CART isoforms are specifically related, thus the relationship between the two CART isoforms may imply different metabolic profiles of CART-expressing neurons.

[Mechanical strength and biological hermeticity of esophageal anasthomosis in vivo].

Intrapleural esophagogastric anastomosis was experimentally formed in 32 dogs. There were 2 types of anastomoses: two-layer manual ligature anastomosis and compression suture formed with apparatus of own construction. It is ascertained that compression suture possesses more mechanical strength compared with manual ligature anastomosis. During the operation anastomosis and pleural cavity are infected more often (practically in 2 times) and to a greater extent (in 14-21 times) with use of manual technique compared with compression method. Bacteriological permeability of esophagogastric anastomoses was studied. Findings signify that amount of microflora obtained from anastomosis surface and pleural cavity is less in 10-20 times with use of compression method compared with manual technique.

[The use of esophageal anastomoses with "shape memory"].

Two ways of gastrointestinal reconstruction after gastrectomy are presented. The "shape memory" implant (SMI) and compression circular anastomotic device (CCAD) with interchangeable heads are used. The compression effect in CCAD is determined by the use of titanium nickelide, possessing the "shape memory" effect. The leak of esophagointestinal anastomosis, formed with the use of SMI, occurred in 4 (5,4%) of 73 patients. There were no complications in 32 esophagointestinal anastomoses, formed with the CCAD use. No leakage was registered in 105 intestinal anastomoses formed with the use of SMI. Thus, implant and anastomotic device, based on titanium nickelide are simple, handy and reliable in use.

The morphometric study of the amygdala in the rabbit.

Volumetric measurements of the individual nuclei in the amygdala (CA) of the rabbit reveal poor development of the basolateral (BL) and lateral olfactory tract (NLOT) and medial (ME) nuclei. On the other hand, the volumes of the lateral (LA), basomedial (BM), central (CE) and cortical (CO) nuclei are remarkable in this species. A comparison of the densities of neurons in the individual nuclei with the mean numerical density of cells in the rabbit CA indicates that the densities of neurons in LA, BL and BM are significantly lower than the mean (p < 0.05), whereas in CE, CO, ME and NLOT these values are significantly higher than the mean (p < 0.05). It should be noted, however, that of all the nuclei studied those in CE show the greatest similarity in density to CA as a whole. To some extent a similar division of the rabbit CA may be made using the size parameters of the amygdaloid neurons as a marker. The large neurons populate less densely organised CA areas such as LA, BL and BM, whereas the small cells create ME and NLOT, where the neurons are densely arranged. The CE and CO occupy intermediate positions, with the neurons similar in size to the mean for the total rabbit CA. These morphometric data from CA in the rabbit, when compared with the similar data for the common shrew and guinea pig (see our previous papers), lead to the conclusion that the amygdalae in all three species are very similar with respect to the distribution of neurons in relation to density and size and that, when volumetric measurements are taken into account, CA in the rabbit is much more similar to that of the guinea pig than that of the common shrew.

The nerve cells of the neostriatum in the common shrew (Sorex araneus) and bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus): a Golgi comparative study.

The studies were carried out on 12 brains derived from adult representatives of two mammalian orders, Insectivora and Rodentia. The neostriatum was compared in the common shrew (Sorex araneus) and bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). Three main types of striatal neuron were distinguished in the common shrew and five types of neurons in the bank vole. The fifth type of bank vole neurons was additionally divided into two subtypes with respect to dendritic pattern.

The neuronal structure of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body in the common shrew (Sorex araneus) and the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus): Golgi and Nissl studies.

The topography and neuronal structure of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculate body (GLd) of the common shrew and the bank vole are similar. The lateral geniculate body of both the species examined has a homogeneous structure and no observable cytoarchitectonic lamination. On the basis of the shape of the dendritic arbours as well as the pattern of dendritic arborisations the following two types of neurons were distinguished. Type I "bushy" neurons that have multipolar or round perikarya (common shrew perikarya 9-12 microm, bank vole perikarya 10-13 microm), with 4-6 short thick dendritic trunks that subdivide into many bush-like branches. The dendritic trunks are smooth, in contrast to the distal branches, which are covered with numerous spine-like protrusions of different lengths and forms. An axon emerges from the soma, sometimes very close to one of the primary dendrites. The type I neurons are typically projection cells that send their axons to the primary visual cortex. These neurons predominate in the GLd of both species. Type II neurons, which have an elongated soma with primary dendrites arising from opposite poles of the perikaryon (common shrew perikarya 8-10 microm, bank vole perikarya 9-11 microm). The dendritic arbours of these cells are less extensive and their dendrites have fewer spines than those of the type I neurons. Axons were seldom observed. The type II neurons are presumably interneurons and are definitely less numerous than the type I neurons.

The neuronal structure of the preoptic area in the mole and the rabbit: Golgi and Nissl studies.

The present studies were carried out on the brains of the adult mole and rabbit. The preparations were made by means of the Golgi technique and the Nissl method. Two types of neurons were distinguished in the preoptic area (POA) of both species: bipolar and multipolar. The bipolar neurons have oval, fusiform or round perikarya and two dendritic trunks arising from the opposite poles of the cell body. The dendrites bifurcate once or twice. The dendritic branches have swellings, single spine-like and filiform processes. The multipolar neurons usually have triangular and quadrangular perikarya and from 3 to 5 dendritic trunks. The dendrites of the mole neurons branch sparsely, whereas the dendrites of the rabbit neurons display 2 or 3 divisions. On the dendritic branches varicosities and different protuberances were observed. The general morphology of the bipolar and multipolar neurons is similar in the mammals studied, although the neurons of the rabbit POA display a more complicated structure. Their dendritic branches show more divisions and possess more swellings and different processes than the dendrites of the neurons of the mole POA. Furthermore, of the multipolar neurons only the dendrites in POA of the rabbit were observed to have a rosary-like beaded appearance.

Distribution of Galanin and Galanin Receptor 2 in the Pre-optic Area of the Female Guinea Pig.

This study describes the distribution of galanin (Gal) and galanin receptor 2 (GalR2) in the pre-optic area (POA) of the female guinea pig. Frozen sections were undergone for a routine immunofluorescence labelling. Gal and GalR2 display immunoreactivity in all parts of the pre-optic area. Gal shows reactivity both in perikarya and fibres, whereas GalR2 was observed only in perikarya. Gal- and GalR2-immunoreactive (-ir) perikarya were the most numerous in the medial pre-optic area (MPA) with the highest reactivity in its dorsal part. In the median pre-optic nucleus (MPN) and periventricular pre-optic nucleus (PPN), only single Gal- and GalR2-ir neurons were observed. The highest density of Gal-ir fibres was revealed in the PPN and the lowest in the lateral pre-optic area (LPA). The results of this study indicate that the distribution pattern of Gal containing neurons overlaps well with the distribution pattern of GalR2-positive neurons, especially in the MPA. This may suggest GalR2-dependent activity in this brain region.

The neuronal structure of the mamillary nuclei in guinea pig: Nissl, Klüver-Barrera and Golgi studies.

The neurons of the mamillary body of adult guinea pigs were classified into four types: Type 1--unidendritic cells with rounded perikarya (7-16 microns) and one thick primary dendrite, mostly dividing into tortuous secondary branches; Type 2--bipolar cells: curly or simple ones with fusiform perikarya (13-22 microns); the curly-bipolar neurons possess 2 primary dendrites which may divide, even into tertiary dendrites, but each of them runs in screw-like or bending patterns; the simple-bipolar neurons have slender dendrites following a more straight route; Type 3--multipolar cells with cap-like perikarya (10-20 microns) and 2-3 dendritic trunks originating from the base of the perikaryon and running in a wavy pattern; sometimes their dendrites possess spiny-like protrusions; Type 4--multipolar cells with triangular or quadrangular perikarya (13-28 microns) and 3-4 dendritic trunks, poorly ramified, having a rather rectilinear course. In all types of neurons, dendritic spines are absent or rare. The majority of these neurons have a short impregnated axon originating from the perikaryon or primary dendrite.

The topography and cytoarchitectonics of the nuclei of supraoptic and preoptic areas in insectivores.

In regio supraoptica there are nucleus paraventricularis, nucleus supraopticus, area hypothalamica anterior and nucleus suprachiasmaticus. These centers are more developed in hedgehog than in mole and common shrew. Area preoptica is divided into 4 parts (medial, lateral, periventricular and middle) from among the middle part in hedgehog is less developed than in other two species. Only in common shrew within area preoptica there is accessory cell group (nucleus preopticus accessorius).

The types of neurones in the neostriatum of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus): Golgi and Klüver-Barrera studies.

The Golgi technique stain was used to reveal the cellular structure of the neostriatum (nucleus caudatus and putamen) in the guinea pig. The computerised reconstructions were made from Golgi impregnated neurones. On the basis of various criteria, 4 types of neurones were distinguished in the guinea pig neostriatum: 1. The rounded neurones (most numerous) with 5-8 thin dendritic trunks; 2. The triangular nerve cells with 3 thick dendritic trunks; 3. Two types of multipolar neurones differing in dendritic arborization pattern with 4-6 and 7-9 primary dendrites, respectively. 4. The pear-shaped cells, which divide into two distinctly different subpopulations.

Structure and topography of the nuclei of mamillary region in the bison bonasus.

Studies were carried out on the brains of two aurochs. The paraffin cross-sections 15 microns thick were stained according to Nissl and Klüver and Barrera methods. In regio mamillaris were described two mamillary nuclei and two paramamillary nuclei. Nucleus mamillaris lateralis and nucleus supramamillaris are uniform cellular bands while the nucleus mamillaris medialis and nucleus tuberomamillaris pars posterior consist of subdivisions. Thopography of these centers in aurochs is similar to other mammals, but their shapes show the most common features with cow. Cell structure is characterized by typical species-related differences.

Types of neurons in the nucleus ruber of the European bison. Klüver-Barrea and Golgi studies.

The studies were carried out on the mesencephalons of 4 European bison Preparations were made by means of Golgi impregnation and Klüver-Barrera method. Three types of neurons were distinguished in the red nucleus: 1. Large multipolar (perikaryons 70-105 microns) with 6-8 dendritic trunks which bifurcate twice and next give thin collaterals. 2. Small multipolar neurons (perikaryons 30-40 microns). These cells send 4-6 thick dendritic trunks. Most of the primary dendritic trunks bifurcate once. The remaining ones gives off only thin collaterals 3. Small triangular neurons (perikaryons 30-40 microns) with 3 thick dendritic trunks arising conically from perikaryons. Dendritic trunks bifurcate once near of the cell body. In all types of red nucleus neurons the axons arise directly from the surface of the perikaryons.

The neuronal structure of paramamillary nuclei in Bison bonasus: Nissl and Golgi pictures.

The studies were carried out on the hypothalamus of bison bonasus aged 2 and 3 months. Sections were made by means of Baginski's technique and Nissl and Klüver-Barrera methods. Four types of neurons were distinguished in the paramamillary nuclei: nucleus supramamillaris (Sm) and nucleus tuberomammillaris pars posterior (Tmp). Type I, small and medium-size, triangular or fusiform cells, which have 2-3 slender, poorly ramified dendrites; typical leptodendritic neurons. Type II, medium size neurons with quadrangular or spindle-shaped perikaryons. Most of them have 3-4 thick dendritic trunks with ramifying relatively long dendrites. These cells show stalked-appearance and possess different appendages sparsely distributed. Type III is similar to type II, but is made of medium-size to large multipolar cells having quadrangular, triangular or fusiform perikaryons and relatively short dendrites. Type IV, small and medium-size, globular cells with 2 or 3 dendritic trunks, which dichotomously subdivide into quaternary dendrites. In all types of neurons, axons emerge from the perikaryon or initial portion of a dendritic trunk. Type I was found in both studied nuclei. Types II and III constitute mainly the nucleus tuberomamillaris pars posterior. Type IV preponderate in the nucleus supramamillaris. The characteristic feature of Tmp cells, in Nissl picture was irregular contour of their somas and clumps of rough Nisls granules, which appear to lie outside the perikaryons. In Sm there were also lightly stained small rounded cells having both small amount of the cytoplasm and tigroid matter.

The types of neurons of the somatic oculomotor nucleus in the European bison. Nissl and Golgi studies.

The neuronal structure of the somatic oculomotor nucleus (SON) was studied on the basis of Nissl and Golgi preparations, obtained from mesencephalons of 4 European bisons. We distinguished four types of neurons in the investigated nucleus: 1. The large multipolar nerve cells with 5-8 thick dendritic trunks and a thin axon which emerges directly from the soma. These are the most numerous neurons in the SON. 2. The small multipolar neurons. These cells have 4-6 thick dendritic trunks. An axon arises mostly from initial segment of one of the dendrites. This type represents about 8% neurons of SON. 3. The triangular neurons. From perikaryon 3 thick dendritic trunks emerge. A thin axon arises directly from the cell body. These cells make about 10% neurons of SON. 4. The pear-shaped cells which have 1 or 2 dendritic trunks concentrate at one pole of the neurons. In the SON there are about 2% pear-shaped cells. Their features correspond to the features attributed by many authors to the interneurons.

Location and structure of the nuclei of epithalamus in hedgehog.

Studies were carried out on series of paraffin scraps stained by Nissl and Klüver-Barrera methods. Habenular complex in hedgehog divides into nucleus habenularis medialis (hm) and lateralis (hl). These centers are located between anterior edge of commissura posterior and about 180 microns in front of posterior edge of corpus callosum. Length of hm is about 2.75 mm. The medial habenular nucleus is compact, well formed and outlined group of heavily stained mainly round cells. It has diveresely placed a drop-like shape, for long distance. On the dorsal side of hm there are a small more intensively stained neurons that vary from the remaining ones. The lateral habenular nucleus is shorter and less demarcated than hm. On the cross-sections, area of hlisat least twice larger than hm but its cells are very dispersed among strong myelinated fibers This nucleus most often has the shape of vertical or oblique band of neurons that generally are larger, paler stained and heteromorphic.

The neuronal structure of globus pallidus in bison bonasus: Nissl and Golgi study.

The two subnuclei of globus pallidus have been investigated in the telencephalon of bison bonasus. The Nissl and Golgi procedures have been used to reveal their cellular organization. The Golgi preparation suggests the existence of two fairly divergent cellular subpopulations. The first class comprising the bulk of pallidal neurons consists of large efferent cells with long thick infrequently branching dendrites. The morphology of their dendritic processes is very complex and variable even in the one neuron (complex terminal endings, thin dendritic appendages, spiny segments, aspiny segments). Some of these structures (i.e. terminal endings, thin appendages) seem to be of presynaptic nature and allow one efferent neuron to influence on the functions of other large pallidal cells (interneuronal functions). The second one is composed of small interneurons with short highly arborized axons and thin varicose dendritic processes. Their distribution is very sparse and irregular in both segments of investigated nucleus.