The expected frequency and amount of free peritoneal fluid estimated using the abdominal FAST-applied abdominal fluid scores in healthy adult and juvenile dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the frequency and amount of free peritoneal fluid in juvenile and adult dogs using the abdominal focused assessment with sonography for trauma (AFAST) abdominal fluid scoring system. DESIGN: Prospective case series. ANIMALS: Healthy, privately owned juvenile and adult dogs. PROCEDURES: Dogs undergoing routine surgical sterilization were evaluated at induction with AFAST and assigned measurements and fluid scores. A surgeon scored the degree of peritoneal fluid found during ovariohysterectomy. RESULTS: Ninety-two dogs were enrolled (46 juveniles and 46 adults). Ninety-three percent and 52% were AFAST positive for peritoneal fluid, respectively. The AFAST-positive view frequency for right lateral recumbency in juveniles was diaphragmatico-hepatic (DH) 100%, spleno-renal (SR) 20%, cysto-colic (CC) 40%, and hepato-renal (HR) 20% versus adults, DH 60%, SR 20%, CC 0%, and HR 0%, respectively. The AFAST-positive view frequency for left lateral recumbency was DH 93%, SR 44%, CC 24%, and HR 12% in juveniles, and DH 50%, SR 3%, CC 3%, and HR 10% in adults. Overall abdominal fluid scores (AFS) in juvenilles were 0 (n = 3), 1 (n = 14), 2 (n = 22), 3 (n = 6), and 4 (n = 1); and in adults, scores were 0 (n = 22), 1 (n = 18), 2 (n = 6), and 3 and 4 (n = 0). The AFS differed between adults and juveniles (P < 0.001). Most dogs had maximum fluid dimensions ≤3 × 3 mm and width of fluid stripes ≤3 mm. The AFS was positively correlated to fluid amount observed during ovariohysterectomy with fair agreement (kappa = 0.233, P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study establishes the frequency and amount of free peritoneal fluid in healthy juvenile and adult dogs during AFAST. Maximum fluid pocket dimensions of ≤3 × 3 mm and fluid stripe widths of ≤3 mm in dogs with AFS 1 and 2 may be normal. The DH view was most frequently positive.

Consideraciones para el Código de ética empresarial de las empresas afiliadas a la AMAV-México

Esta publicación tiene como objetivo proponer unas consideraciones para el código de ética empresarial, con base en el grado de importancia que tiene para las empresas afiliadas a la AMAV-México, orientado a integrar el enfoque ético sostenible, con el modelo económico empresarial al medio ambiente y al desarrollo social en los procesos de negocios y proporcionar herramientas necesarias para que se implemente este enfoque sostenible en las pequeñas y medianas empresa, teniendo en cuenta que los códigos de ética en las pymes pueden constituirse en un medio eficaz para institucionalizar la ética dentro de las organizaciones, si se presentan como la expresión clara y definida de los valores compartidos a su interior, este artículo pretende mostrar que su utilidad está estrechamente vinculada al desarrollo de virtudes de las personas involucradas, a una adecuada política de comunicación y a un firme liderazgo, comprometido con los valores morales que refleje la conducta moral sostenible de quienes la conforman.

This article advances some considerations regarding a code of business ethics, based on the degree of importance apportioned by companies affiliated to AMAV-Mexico, orientated towards integrating an ethical approach which is sustainable with a business economic model regarding the environment and social development concerning business matters. It would thus provide the necessary tools for implementing such sustainable approach in small- and medium-sized companies (SMSC). It should be born in mind that SMSC codes of ethics can become an effective means of institutionalising ethics within organisations if they are presented as a clear and defined expression of their shared values. This article is aimed at showing that their usefulness is closely linked to the development of the merits of the people involved, a suitable communication policy and firm leadership, committed to the moral values reflecting the sustainable moral conduct of those who work in SMSC.

Esta publicação tem como objetivo propor algumas considerações para o código de ética de negócios, com base no grau de importância para as empresas afiliadas com a AMAV-México, visando a integração de abordagem ética sustentável do negócio modelo econômico do ambiente e desenvolvimento social nos processos de negócios e fornece ferramentas necessárias para fazer esta abordagem sustentável é implementado em pequenas e médias empresas, considerando que os códigos de ética nas PME podem tornar-se um meio eficaz para institucionalizar a ética dentro organizações, se apresenta como uma expressão clara e definida de compartilhados seus valores internos, este artigo tem como objetivo mostrar que a sua utilidade está intimamente ligada ao desenvolvimento das virtudes das pessoas envolvidas, para uma política adequada de comunicação e liderança forte, comprometida com os valores morais que refletem a conduta moral sustentável daqueles que a conformam.

Indirect determination of nitric oxide production by reduction of nitrate with a freeze-thawing-resistant nitrate reductase from Escherichia coli MC1061.

Preparation of a nitrate reductase lysate of Escherichia coli MC1061 to measure nitrate and nitrite in biologic fluids is described. To obtain the crude bacterial lysate containing nitrate reductase activity, E. coli MC1061 was subjected to 16-20 freeze-thawing cycles, from -70 to 60 degrees C, until nitrite reductase activity was < or = 25%. Nitrate reductase activity was detected mainly in the crude preparation. To validate the nitrate reduction procedure, standard nitrate solutions (1.6-100 microM) were incubated with the nitrate reductase preparation for 3 h at 37 degrees C, and nitrite was estimated by the Griess reaction in a microassay. Nitrate solutions were reduced to nitrite in a range of 60-70%. Importantly, no cofactors were necessary to perform nitrate reduction. The biological samples were first reduced with the nitrate reductase preparation. After centrifugation, samples were deproteinized with either methanol/ether or zinc sulfate and nitrite was quantified. The utility of the nitrate reductase preparation was assessed by nitrate+nitrite determination in serum of animals infected with the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica or the bacteria E. coli and in the supernatant of cultured lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Our results indicate that the nitrate reductase-containing lysate provides a convenient tool for the reduction of nitrate to determine nitrate+nitrite in biological fluids by spectrophotometric methods.

Enfoque e intervención fonoadiológica del abuso y mal uso vocal / Approach and phonoaudiology intervention of the abuse and vocal misuse

Los términos "abuso vocal" son utilizados frecuentemente en la clínica fonoaudiológica de voz. Ambos conceptos se refieren a emisiones vocales defectuosas que se describen como factores desencadenantes, mantenedores y agravantes de muchos trastornos vocales orgánicos y funcionales. En la literatura revisada no se aprecia consenso respecto a las definiciones y clasificaciones de abuso y mal uso vocal. En el presente artículo se plantea una definición de los términos de mal uso y abuso vocal, se categorizan las conductas vocales defectuosas desde un punto de vista fonoaudiológico y se presenta en forma detallada un programa de reducción de abuso vocal