A modified Hospital Frailty Risk Score for patients with cirrhosis undergoing abdominal operations.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Existing tools for perioperative risk stratification in patients with cirrhosis do not incorporate measures of comorbidity. The Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) is a widely used measure of comorbidity burden in administrative dataset analyses. However, it is not specific to patients with cirrhosis, and application of this index is limited by its complexity. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Adult patients with cirrhosis who underwent nontransplant abdominal operations were identified from the National Inpatient Sample, 2016-2018. Adjusted associations between HFRS and in-hospital mortality and length of stay were computed with logistic and Poisson regression. Lasso regularization was used to identify the components of the HFRS most predictive of mortality and develop a simplified index, the cirrhosis-HFRS. Of 10,714 patients with cirrhosis, the majority were male, the median age was 62 years, and 32% of operations were performed electively. HFRS was associated with an increased risk of both in-hospital mortality (OR=6.42; 95% CI: 4.93, 8.36) and length of stay (incidence rate ratio [IRR]=1.79; 95% CI: 1.72, 1.88), with adjustment. Using lasso, we found that a subset of 12 of the 109 ICD-10 codes within the HFRS resulted in superior prediction of mortality in this patient population (AUC = 0.89 vs. 0.79, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: While the 109-component HFRS was associated with adverse surgical outcomes, 12 components accounted for much of the association between the HFRS and mortality. We developed the cirrhosis-HFRS, a tool that demonstrates superior predictive accuracy for in-hospital mortality and more precisely reflects the specific comorbidity pattern of hospitalized patients with cirrhosis undergoing general surgery procedures.

The association between mean arterial pressure and acute kidney injury reversal among patients with decompensated cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study informs how mean arterial pressure (MAP) impacts acute kidney injury (AKI) recovery among all patients hospitalized with cirrhosis, regardless of etiology. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We identified incident AKI episodes among subjects in our cohort of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. AKI was defined as a ≥50% increase in creatinine from an outpatient baseline (≥7 days prior) that required hospitalization. Linear mixed effects models were completed to determine the impact between AKI recovery, MAP, and time. To determine the impact of MAP on AKI reversal, we completed time-dependent Cox regression models with time beginning at the time of peak creatinine and ending at death, discharge, or AKI reversal, among those hospitalized with AKI and those with persistent AKI (≥48 h) We identified 702 hospitalized patients with cirrhosis with AKI. We found those with AKI reversal had, on average, higher MAP (2.1 mm Hg, p <0.05) and a greater increase in MAP over time (0.1 mm Hg per hour, p <0.001). Among all 702 hospitalized patients with AKI and adjusted for confounders, each 5 mm Hg increase in MAP was associated with 1.07× the hazard of AKI reversal ( p <0.01). Similarly, among those with persistent AKI after adjusting for confounders, each 5 mm Hg increase in MAP was associated with a 1.19× greater likelihood of AKI reversal ( p <0.001). DISCUSSION: Our data demonstrate that MAP significantly increases the likelihood of AKI recovery regardless of severity or injury or AKI phenotype. We believe these data highlight the importance of MAP as a clinical tool to promote kidney function recovery among patients with cirrhosis hospitalized with AKI.

Opioid use and risks in liver transplant candidates and recipients.

Opioid use is extremely prevalent among cirrhosis and liver transplant (LT) patients, despite concerns regarding opioid-related risks in this population. While there are many theoretical risks of opioids in patients with hepatic dysfunction, there is limited evidence on the effect of opioid use on clinical outcomes in cirrhosis and pre- and post-LT patients specifically. As a result there is significant center-level variability in opioid-related practice and policies. The existing data-largely based on retrospective observational studies-does suggest that opioids are associated with increased health resource utilization pre- and post-LT, and that they may precipitate hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in patients with cirrhosis and increase risk of graft loss and death post-LT. The strongest predictor of opioid use post-LT is opioid use prior to transplant; thus, a focus on safe opioid use in the pre- and peri-transplant periods is essential for minimizing opioid-related harms. We describe three strategies to guide LT providers, including: 1) Improved characterization of pain, mental health symptoms, and opioid and polysubstance use; 2) Minimization of opioid prescriptions for those at highest risk of adverse events; and 3) Safe prescribing strategies for those who do use opioids and for management of opioid use disorder (OUD). Ultimately, our goal is to improve quality of life and transplant outcomes among cirrhosis and LT patients, particularly those living with concurrent pain, mental health, and substance use disorders.

Outpatient mean arterial pressure: A potentially modifiable risk for acute kidney injury and death among patients with cirrhosis.

Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), which decreases as portal hypertension progresses, may be a modifiable risk factor among patients with cirrhosis. We included adults enrolled in the Functional Assessment in Liver Transplantation study. We completed latent class trajectory analyses to define MAP trajectories. We completed time-dependent Cox-regression analyses to test the association between outpatient MAP and 3 cirrhosis-related outcomes: (1) stage 2 acute kidney injury (AKI), defined as a ≥200% increase in serum creatinine from baseline; (2) a 5-point increase in the MELD-Na score, defined as the incidence of increase from initial MELD-Na; (3) waitlist mortality, defined as death on the waitlist. For each outcome, we defined MAP cut points by determining the maximally selected Log-rank statistic after univariable Cox-regression analyses. Among the 1786 patients included in this analysis, our latent class trajectory analyses identified 3 specific outpatient MAP trajectories: "stable-low," "stable-high," and "increasing-to-decreasing." However, >80% of patients were in a "stable-low" trajectory. We found in adjusted analyses that outpatient MAP was associated with each of our outcomes: Stage 2 AKI (adjusted hazard ratio 0.88 per 10 mm Hg increase in MAP [95% CI: 0.79-0.99]); 5-point increase in MELD-Na (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.91 [95% CI: 0.86-0.96]; waitlist mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.89 [95% CI: 0.81-0.96]). For each outcome, we found that an outpatient MAP of 82 mm Hg was most associated with outcomes ( p <0.05 for all). Our study informs the association between outpatient MAP and cirrhosis-related outcomes. These findings, coupled with the identification of specific thresholds, lay the foundation for the trial of targeted outpatient MAP modulation in patients with cirrhosis.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities Among Patients Hospitalized for Acute Cholangitis in the United States.

GOALS: We sought to determine whether race/ethnicity is associated with hospitalization outcomes among patients admitted with acute cholangitis. BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated the association between race and outcomes in patients with acute cholangitis. STUDY: We analyzed United States hospitalizations from 2009 to 2018 using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). We included patients 18 years old or above admitted with an ICD9/10 diagnosis of cholangitis. Race/ethnicity was categorized as White, Black, Hispanic, or Other. We used multivariable regression to determine the association between race/ethnicity and in-hospital outcomes of interest, including endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), early ERCP (<48 h from admission), length of stay (LOS), and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Of 116,889 hospitalizations for acute cholangitis, 70% identified as White, 10% identified as Black, 11% identified as Hispanic, and 9% identified as Other. The proportion of non-White patients increased over time. On multivariate analysis controlling for clinical and sociodemographic variables, compared with White patients, Black patients had higher in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio: 1.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.2-1.6, P <0.001). Black patients were also less likely to undergo ERCP, more likely to undergo delayed ERCP, and had longer LOS ( P <0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS: In this contemporary cohort of hospitalized patients with cholangitis, Black race was independently associated with fewer and delayed ERCP procedures, longer LOS, and higher mortality rates. Future studies with more granular social determinants of health data should further explore the underlying reasons for these disparities to develop interventions aimed at reducing racial disparities in outcomes among patients with acute cholangitis.

Cirrhosis Inpatients Receive More Opioids and Fewer Nonopioid Analgesics Than Patients Without Cirrhosis.

GOALS/BACKGROUND: Pain is common among cirrhosis patients, particularly those hospitalized with acute illness. Managing pain in this population is challenging due to concern for adverse events and lack of guidelines for analgesic use. We sought to characterize analgesic use among inpatients with cirrhosis compared with matched noncirrhosis controls, as well as hospital-level variation in prescribing patterns. METHODS: We utilized the Vizient Clinical Database, which includes clinical and billing data from hospitalizations at >500 US academic medical centers. We identified cirrhosis patients hospitalized in 2017-2018, and a matched cohort of noncirrhosis patients. Types of analgesic given-acetaminophen (APAP), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, and adjuvants (eg, gabapentinoids, antidepressants) were defined from inpatient prescription records. Conditional logistic regression was used to associate cirrhosis diagnosis with analgesic use. RESULTS: Of 116,363 cirrhosis inpatients, 83% received at least 1 dose of an analgesic and 58% had regular inpatient analgesic use, rates that were clinically similar to noncirrhosis controls. Cirrhosis inpatients were half as likely to receive APAP (26% vs. 42%, P <0.01) or NSAIDs (3% vs. 7%, P <0.01), but were more likely to receive opioids (59% vs. 54%, P <0.01), particularly decompensated patients (60%). There was notable variation in analgesic prescribing patterns between hospitals, especially among cirrhosis patients. CONCLUSIONS: Analgesic use was common among inpatients, with similar rates among patients with and without cirrhosis. Cirrhosis patients-particularly decompensated patients-were less likely to receive APAP and NSAIDs and more likely to receive opioid analgesics. Because of lack of evidence-based guidance for management of cirrhosis patients with pain, providers may avoid nonopioid analgesics due to perceived risks and consequently may overutilize opioids in this high-risk population.

Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome in Hospitalized Patients With Cirrhosis: Analysis of the National Inpatient Sample (NIS).

GOAL: Characterize prevalence of osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. BACKGROUND: ODS is a serious complication of rapid serum sodium correction. Patients with cirrhosis experience labile sodium levels related to portal hypertension and diuretic use, often with rapid correction-intentional or unintentional-during hospitalizations. STUDY: We used validated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes to identify inpatients 18 years and older with cirrhosis from the 2009-2013 National Inpatient Sample, excluding those with liver transplantation during hospitalization. The primary outcome was ODS (ICD-9 341.8). Baveno IV defined decompensated cirrhosis (stages 3 and 4); Charlson Comorbidity Index identified severe comorbid illness (score >3). Logistic regression modeled factors associated with ODS. RESULTS: Of 547,544 adult inpatients with cirrhosis, 94 (0.02%) had ODS. Inpatients with versus without ODS were younger (54 vs. 57 y, P=0.0001), and more likely to have alcohol-related cirrhosis (58% vs. 33%, P<0.0001). ODS did not associate with decompensated cirrhosis (33% vs. 37%, P=0.43), specific complications (ascites 33% vs. 33%, P=0.97; hepatic encephalopathy 24% vs. 17%, P=0.06), or severe comorbid illness (12% vs. 16%, P=0.24). In both univariable and multivariable analysis, age [adjusted odds ratio (ORadj): 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.95-0.99], female gender (ORadj: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.01-2.30), Hispanic race (ORadj: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.19-0.89), alcohol-related cirrhosis (ORadj: 2.65, 95% CI: 1.71-4.09), and congestive heart failure (ORadj: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.15-0.95) significantly associated with ODS. CONCLUSION: In hospitalized patients with cirrhosis, ODS is extremely rare, and associated with alcohol-related cirrhosis, younger age, and female gender. ODS is not associated with liver disease severity, specific complications including ascites, or comorbid disease.

Association Between Kidney Dysfunction Types and Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients with Cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Kidney dysfunction is associated with increased mortality among patients with cirrhosis. We investigated whether kidney dysfunction types [e.g., acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and AKI on CKD] were differentially associated with inpatient mortality. METHODS: We utilized the nationwide inpatient sample, a nationally representative database, from 2007 to 2014. We included all hospitalizations with previously validated codes for cirrhosis or associated decompensated cirrhosis diagnoses. We defined kidney dysfunction types also from previously validated codes, and we grouped hospitalizations into the following diagnoses: normal, AKI, CKD, and AKI on CKD. Our primary outcome was inpatient mortality. RESULTS: There were 1,293,779 hospitalizations with cirrhosis sampled in this study. Of these hospitalizations, 849,193 (66%) had normal kidney function, 176,418 (14%) had AKI, 157,600 (12%) had CKD, and 110,568 (9%) had AKI on CKD. We found that the proportion of hospitalizations with AKI, CKD, and AKI on CKD increased significantly throughout the study period (p < 0.001, test for trend for all). Kidney dysfunction type was differentially associated with inpatient mortality, even after adjustment: as compared to those with CKD, normal kidney function: OR 0.75 [95 CI 0.73-0.78], AKI: OR 2.40 [95 CI 2.32-2.48], and AKI on CKD: OR 1.66 [95 CI 1.60-1.72]. DISCUSSION: Using a nationally representative cohort of all hospitalizations with cirrhosis, our study highlights that the burden of kidney dysfunction, especially AKI, among hospitalizations with cirrhosis is rising, and the inclusion of kidney dysfunction type may be an opportunity to improve prognostication.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rising in young adults, with potential implications for reproductive-aged women. Whether NAFLD during pregnancy confers more serious risks for maternal or perinatal health is unclear. METHODS: Using weighted discharge data from the US national inpatient sample, we evaluated temporal trends of NAFLD in pregnancies after 20 weeks gestation, and compared outcomes to pregnancies with other chronic liver diseases (CLDs) or no CLD. Study outcomes included preterm birth, postpartum hemorrhage, hypertensive complications (pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, and/or hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome), and maternal or fetal death. NAFLD prevalence was estimated by calendar year and temporal trends tested by linear regression. Outcomes were analyzed by logistic regression adjusted for age, race, multiple gestation, and pre-pregnancy diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension. RESULTS: Among 18,574,225 pregnancies, 5,640 had NAFLD and 115,210 had other, non-NAFLD CLD. Pregnancies with NAFLD nearly tripled from 10.5/100,000 pregnancies in 2007 to 28.9/100,000 in 2015 (p <0.001). Compared to the other groups, patients with NAFLD during pregnancy more frequently experienced gestational diabetes (7-8% vs. 23%), hypertensive complications (4% vs. 16%), postpartum hemorrhage (3-5% vs. 6%), and preterm birth (5-7% vs. 9%), all p values ≤0.01. On adjusted analysis, compared to no CLD, NAFLD was associated with hypertensive complications, preterm birth, postpartum hemorrhage and possibly maternal (but not fetal) death. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of NAFLD in pregnancy has nearly tripled in the last decade and is independently associated with hypertensive complications, postpartum hemorrhage and preterm birth. NAFLD should be considered a high-risk obstetric condition, with clinical implications for pre-conception counseling and pregnancy care. LAY SUMMARY: The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in pregnancy has almost tripled over the past 10 years. Having NAFLD during pregnancy increases risks for both the mother and the baby, including hypertensive complications of pregnancy, bleeding after delivery, and preterm birth. Thus, pre-conception counseling is warranted with consideration of high-risk obstetric management among women with NAFLD in pregnancy.

Hospitalized Women With Cirrhosis Have More Nonhepatic Comorbidities and Associated Complications Than Men.

Gender differences in the natural history of chronic liver disease have been well-described. Women have lower rates of chronic liver disease and slower fibrosis progression, yet higher rates of waitlist mortality.1,2 Although previous studies have identified several clinical factors including height and creatinine that explain some of this transplant disparity, most have used data from administrative records, which are limited in their ability to identify clinically relevant differences and opportunities for intervention to reduce disparities.3-5 Additionally, most studies have focused on the period between waitlist and transplant, failing to capture gender differences in access to transplant.3,6 In the present study, we took advantage of a multicenter inpatient cohort with granular clinical data to characterize how women and men with cirrhosis differ, to stimulate future research aimed at reducing the well-established gender disparity in liver transplantation.

Differential Impact of Age Among Liver Transplant Candidates With and Without Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fastest-rising cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States and is a leading indication for liver transplantation (LT). Changes have been noted in the age of the population with chronic liver disease, but how this change affects patients with HCC is unknown. This study aims to characterize trends and transplant-associated outcomes among patients ≥65 years old listed for LT with HCC. Using the United Network for Organ Sharing database, we analyzed all patients ≥18 years old listed for LT during 2003-2017 in the United States in 2 groups (<65 or ≥65 years). Time trends between HCC and non-HCC patients were compared and stratified by disease etiology. Competing-risks and Cox proportional hazards regressions associated HCC and age with wait-list and post-LT survival. There were 161,724 LT candidates included: 14% were ≥65 years old at listing and 25% had HCC. The proportion of patients ≥65 years old rose significantly faster among those with HCC, as compared with those without HCC (Δ = 0.80; P < 0.001). Age ≥65 years was significantly associated with both wait-list mortality (adjusted subhazard ratio, 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40-1.64) and post-LT mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.41-1.60) in the multivariate analysis. There were significant interactions between age and HCC on both wait-list (P < 0.001) and post-LT mortality (P = 0.04), suggesting that older age does not impact patients with HCC as much as patients without HCC. The proportion of older adults with HCC listed for LT has nearly tripled from 2003 to 2017, and the rapidly growing population of older adults with HCC may provide an opportunity to expand LT access without compromising outcomes.

Women who undergo liver transplant have longer length of stay post-transplant compared with men.

BACKGROUND: Women on the liver transplant waitlist are at greater risk of hospitalization compared with men, but whether this impacts length of stay (LOS) post-transplant is unknown. We aimed to evaluate gender disparities in post-transplant LOS, an important surrogate of health resource utilization post-transplant. METHODS: Using the UNOS/OPTN registry, we analysed all non-Status 1 adult deceased donor liver transplant recipients without exception points from 2008 to 2017. Poisson regression associated female gender with post-transplant LOS. RESULTS: Of 27 294 transplant recipients, 36% were women. Women were more likely to be hospitalized pretransplant than men (44% vs 39%, P < .01). Post-transplant, women were more likely to have prolonged (≥20d) LOS (25% vs 22%, P < .01). In univariable analysis, female gender was associated with longer post-transplant LOS (IRR 1.09, 95%CI 1.06-1.12, P < .01). Prolonged pretransplant admission was also associated with post-transplant LOS (IRR 1.83, 95%CI 1.77-1.89, P < .01). In multivariable analysis, female gender remained independently associated with post-transplant LOS (aIRR 1.05, 95%CI 1.02-1.08, P < .01), after adjustment for age, UNOS region, insurance type, MELDNa, cirrhosis complications, and donor risk index. Pretransplant hospitalization mediated this relationship, explaining 14.1% (95%CI 9.7%-25.4%) of the total effect. CONCLUSIONS: Women who undergo deceased donor liver transplant have increased healthcare utilization in the peritransplant period compared with men. Reducing gender disparities in liver transplantation, including the disproportionate burden of healthcare utilization by women pre- and post-transplant, will require interventions targeted at preventing hospitalization among women on the transplant waitlist and developing tools aimed at better characterizing the severity of end-stage liver disease in women.

Gender Differences Among Patients Hospitalized With Cirrhosis in the United States.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Gender disparities exist in outcomes among patients with cirrhosis. We sought to evaluate the role of gender on hospital course and in-hospital outcomes in patients with cirrhosis to help better understand these disparities. STUDY: We analyzed data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS), years 2009 to 2013, to identify patients with any diagnosis of cirrhosis. We calculated demographic and clinical characteristics by gender, as well as cirrhosis complications. Our primary outcome was inpatient mortality. We used logistic regression to associate baseline characteristics and cirrhosis complications with inpatient mortality. RESULTS: Our cohort included 553,017 patients with cirrhosis admitted from 2009 to 2013. Women made up 39% of the cohort; median age was 57 with 66% non-Hispanic white. Women were more likely than men to have noncirrhosis comorbidities, including diabetes and hypertension but were less likely to have most cirrhosis complications, including ascites and variceal bleeding. Women were more likely than men to have acute bacterial infections (34.9% vs. 28.2%; P<0.001), and were less likely than men to die in the hospital on univariable (odds ratio, 0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.86-0.90; P<0.001) and multivariable (odds ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.83-0.88; P<0.001) analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In patients hospitalized with cirrhosis, women have lower rates of hepatic decompensating events and higher rates of nonhepatic comorbidities and infections, resulting in lower in-hospital mortality. Understanding differences in indications for and disposition following hospitalization may help with the development of gender-specific cirrhosis management programs to improve long-term outcomes in women and men living with cirrhosis.

Acetaminophen-induced Acute Liver Failure Is More Common and More Severe in Women.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Acetaminophen overdose is the leading cause of acute liver injury (ALI) and acute liver failure (ALF) in the developed world. Sex differences in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity have not been described. METHODS: We collected data from the Acute Liver Failure Study Group cohort, a national registry of 32 academic medical centers in North America of adults with ALI or ALF, including 1162 patients with acetaminophen-induced ALI (n = 250) or acetaminophen-induced ALF (n = 912) from January 2000 through September 2016. We analyzed data on patient presentation, disease course, demographics, medical and psychiatric history, medication use, substance use, and details of acetaminophen ingestion. Sex differences in continuous and categorical variables were evaluated by Wilcoxon rank-sum and χ2 analysis or the Fisher exact test. Our primary aim was to evaluate sex differences in the presentation and clinical course of acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury or liver failure, and our secondary goal was to compare overall and transplant-free survival between sexes. RESULTS: Most patients with acetaminophen-induced ALI (68%) or ALF (76%) were women. Higher proportions of women than men had psychiatric disease (60% of women vs 48% of men, P < .01) and had co-ingestion with sedating agents (70% of women vs 52% of men, P < .01)-more than half of which were opioids. Higher proportions of women had severe hepatic encephalopathy (HE) (68% of women vs 58% of men), and required intubation (67% of women vs 59% of men, P values <.03). Higher proportions of women used vasopressors (26% of women vs 19% of men, P = .04) or mannitol (13% of women vs 6% of men, P < .01); proportions of male vs female patients with transplant-free survival were similar (68%). On adjusted analysis, women had higher risk of severe HE (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.66; 95% CI, 1.17-2.35). We found a significant interaction between sex and co-ingestion of sedating agents (P < .01); co-ingestion increased odds of severe HE in women 2-fold (AOR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.28-2.69; P < .01) but not in men (AOR; 0.62; 95% CI, 0.34-1.13; P = .12). CONCLUSIONS: In an analysis of the Acute Liver Failure Study Group cohort, we found acetaminophen-induced ALI and ALF to be more common among women. Women have greater critical care needs than men, and increased risk for severe HE, which could be due in part to increased use of sedatives. Future studies should investigate sex differences in acetaminophen metabolism and hepatotoxicity, particularly among users of opioids.

Association between protein-energy malnutrition and healthcare use among adult patients after liver transplantation: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Protein-energy malnutrition is associated with poor surgical outcomes in liver transplant patients, but its impact on healthcare use has not been precisely characterized. We sought to quantify the burden of protein-energy malnutrition in hospitalized patients undergoing liver transplantation. METHODS: Current Procedural Terminology codes were used to identify United States hospitalizations between 2011 and 2018 for liver transplantation using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Patients <18 years old were excluded. Protein-energy malnutrition was identified by International Classification of Diseases Ninth and Tenth Revision codes. Multivariable regression was used to determine associations between protein-energy malnutrition and hospital outcomes, including hospital length of stay and hospital charges/costs. RESULTS: Of 9856 hospitalizations, 2835 (29%) had protein-energy malnutrition. Patients with protein-energy malnutrition had greater comorbidity burden and in-hospital acuity (eg, dialysis, sepsis, vasopressors, or mechanical ventilation). The adjusted median difference of protein-energy malnutrition vs no protein-energy malnutrition for length of stay was 6.4 days (95% CI, 5.6-7.1; P < 0.001), for hospital charges was $108,063 (95% CI, $93,172-$122,953; P < 0.001), and for hospital costs was $23,636 (95% CI, $20,390-$26,882; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Among patients undergoing liver transplantation, protein-energy malnutrition was associated with increased length of stay and hospital charges/costs. The additional cost of protein-energy malnutrition to liver transplantation programs was $23,636 per protein-energy malnutrition hospitalization. Our data justify the development of and investment in personnel and programs dedicated to reversing-or even preventing-protein-energy malnutrition in patients awaiting liver transplantation.

The burden of significant pain in the cirrhosis population: Risk factors, analgesic use, and impact on health care utilization and clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to characterize pain and analgesic use in a large contemporary cohort of patients with cirrhosis and to associate pain with unplanned health care utilization and clinical outcomes in this population. METHODS: We included all patients with cirrhosis seen in UCSF hepatology clinics from 2013 to 2020. Pain severity and location were determined using documented pain scores at the initial visit; "significant pain" was defined as moderate or severe using established cutoffs. Demographic, clinical, and medication data were abstracted from electronic medical records. Associations between significant pain and our primary outcome of 1-year unplanned health care utilization (ie, emergency department visit or hospitalization) and our secondary outcomes of mortality and liver transplantation were explored in multivariable models. RESULTS: Among 5333 patients with cirrhosis, 32% had a nonzero pain score at their initial visit and 25% had significant (ie moderate/severe) pain. Sixty percent of patients with significant pain used ≥1 analgesic; 34% used opioids. Patients with cirrhosis with significant pain had similar Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium scores (14 vs. 13), but higher rates of decompensation (65% vs. 55%). The most common pain location was the abdomen (44%). Patients with abdominal pain, compared to pain in other locations, were more likely to have decompensation (72% vs. 56%). Significant pain was independently associated with unplanned health care utilization (adjusted odds ratio: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1-1.5) and mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.2-1.6). CONCLUSIONS: Pain among patients with cirrhosis is often not well-controlled despite analgesic use, and significant pain is associated with unplanned health care utilization and mortality in this population. Effectively identifying and treating pain are essential in reducing costs and improving quality of life and outcomes among patients with cirrhosis.

Nonselective beta-blockers may lead to stage 2 acute kidney injury and waitlist mortality in child class C cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Nonselective beta-blockers (NSBB) protect patients with compensated cirrhosis; however, it is unclear if NSBB is associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. We aimed to determine if the use of NSBB was associated with an increased risk of stage II AKI or greater and waitlist mortality (WLM) among patients with decompensated cirrhosis awaiting liver transplant stratified by cirrhosis severity. METHODS: Included were 1816 outpatients listed for liver transplantation at UCSF from June 2012 to April 2022. Our primary outcome was stage 2 AKI (>200% increase in serum creatinine). Our secondary outcome was WLM (all-cause mortality). Our primary exposure was the use of any NSBB derived using natural language processing of clinical notes. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models with time-dependent variables were used to determine the HR of NSBB use on stage 2 AKI and WLM, stratified by Child-Pugh Score. RESULTS: The average age of the cohort was 58 years old, with 35% identifying as female. In multivariable time-dependent models, NSBB use was associated with 1.53 × (95 CI 1.19-1.97) the hazard of stage 2 AKI in the cohort overall and 1.80 × (95 CI 1.26-2.57) among those with Child C cirrhosis, respectively. Similarly, NSBB use was associated with 1.30 × (95 CI 1.07-1.59) and 1.45 × (95 CI 1.03-2.03) the hazard of WLM, overall and in Child C, respectively. NSBB use was not significantly associated with AKI nor WLM among those with Child A. CONCLUSION: NSBB use is associated with Stage 2 AKI and WLM in patients awaiting liver transplantation and Child C cirrhosis. These data suggest cautious use of NSBBs in patients in this population.

Coronary heart disease in young adults.

Despite the recent decline in mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD), this disease remains the leading killer of US adults of all ages. CHD in young adults is not as well characterized as CHD in older individuals because it occurs less frequently, but this disease can have devastating consequences for young patients and their families. As in older adults, the majority of coronary events in young adults are related to atherosclerosis, and one or more of the traditional CHD risk factors is typically present. Young patients, however, are more likely than older patients to be smokers, male, obese, and to have a positive family history. Risk factor reduction is thus of major importance in managing young CHD patients. Approximately 20% of CHD in young adults, however, is related to non-atherosclerotic factors, such as coronary abnormalities, connective tissue disorders, and autoimmune diseases. Cocaine and other illicit drug use have been increasingly associated with acute myocardial infarction and accelerated atherosclerosis. The differences in etiologies and risk profiles of younger and older CHD patients result in differences in disease progression, prognosis, and treatment. Limited data suggest that prognosis may be better in the young population, although long-term mortality studies have suggested otherwise. Screening for CHD in the young population may help to improve prognosis in young patients by detecting subclinical disease, although more studies are necessary to establish reference limits for this young population. Additional research must also focus on treatment concerns that are specific to young patients.