Foreign Body Aspiration in Children-Retrospective Study and Management Novelties.

Foreign body aspiration (FBA) is a frequent diagnosis in children. In the absence of other lung conditions, such as asthma or chronic pulmonary infections, this manifests as a sudden onset of cough, dyspnea, and wheezing. The differential diagnosis is based on a scoring system which takes into account the clinical picture as well as the radiologic aspects. The treatment that is considered the gold-standard for FBA in children remains to be rigid fibronchoscopy, however it comes with several potentially crucial local complications such as airway edema, bleeding, and bronchospasm, along inherent issues due to general anesthesia. Material and methods: Our study is a retrospective study analyzing the medical files of the cases from our hospital over the span of 9 years. The study group consisted of 242 patients aged 0-16 years diagnosed with foreign body aspiration in the Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children "Sfânta Maria" Iași, between January 2010-January 2018. Clinical and imaging data were extracted from the patients' observation sheets. Results: In our cohort, the distribution of children with foreign body aspiration was uneven, with the highest incidence being reported in children from rural areas (70% of cases), whereas the most affected age group was 1-3 years, amounting to 79% of all cases. The main symptoms which led to emergency admittance were coughing (33%) and dyspnea (22%). The most important factors that determined the unequal distribution were socio-economic status, which relates to a lack of adequate supervision by parents, as well as the consumption of food inappropriate for their age. Conclusions: Foreign body aspiration is a major medical emergency that may be associated with dramatic clinical manifestations. Several scoring algorithms designed to establish the need for bronchoscopy have been proposed, taking into account both the clinical and radiological results. The issue with asymptomatic or mild symptomatic cases, as well as difficulties managing cases with radiolucent foreign bodies, remains a challenge.

Unusual Association of Diamond-Blackfan Anemia and Severe Sinus Bradycardia in a Six-Month-Old White Infant: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Diamond-Blackfan anemia is a rare (6-7 million live births), inherited condition manifesting as severe anemia due to the impaired bone marrow production of red blood cells. We present the unusual case of a six month old infant with a de novo mutation of the RPS19 gene causing Diamond-Blackfan anemia who additionally suffers from severe sinus bradycardia. The infant was diagnosed with this condition at the age of four months; at the age of 6 months, she presents with severe anemia causing hypoxia which, in turn, caused severe dyspnea and polypnea, which had mixed causes (hypoxic and infectious) as the child was febrile. After correction of the overlapping diarrhea, metabolic acidosis, and severe anemia (hemoglobin < 3 g/dL), she developed severe persistent sinus bradycardia immediately after mild sedation (before central venous catheter insertion), not attributable to any of the more frequent causes, with a heart rate as low as 49 beats/min on 24 h Holter monitoring, less than the first percentile for age, but with a regular QT interval and no arrhythmia. The echocardiogram was unremarkable, showing a small interatrial communication (patent foramen ovale with left-to-right shunting), mild left ventricular hypertrophy, normal systolic and diastolic function, and mild tricuspid regurgitation. After red cell transfusion and appropriate antibiotic and supportive treatment, the child's general condition improved dramatically but the sinus bradycardia persisted. We consider this a case of well-tolerated sinus bradycardia and foresee a good cardiologic prognosis, while the hematologic prognosis remains determined by future corticoid response, treatment-related complications and risk of leukemia.

The Role of Natural Extracts in the Management of Infantile Hemangiomas and Vascular Tumors.

Hemangiomas are vascular tumors resulting from the proliferation of endothelial-like cells; they are the most common childhood tumors, affecting approximately 5-10% of newborns and infants. Besides hemangiomas, which are definitely benign tumors despite their overgrowth potential, there are other vascular tumors like hemangioendotheliomas, which may display intermediate characteristics between benign hemangiomas and highly malignant angiosarcomas. Standard therapy may be constricted by serious adverse effects, high cost, or traumatic influence. Diet is a major resource for health preservation, disease prevention, and treatment. The therapeutic property of edible berries, marine products, or medicinal plants have long been known and used in traditional medicine; a plant-based nutrition can prevent the development and progression of diseases associated with extensive neo-vascularization. The purpose of our review is to highlight those natural treatments that hemangioma and vascular tumor patients can receive in the future, both for their benefit and that of their families. We performed the review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Metanalysis Statement. We used the Web of Science, PubMed, and EMBASE engines for the study, and searched for the association of hemangioma with naturopathic treatment/plant extract/plants in published articles. We found that natural extracts from plants and fruits are cost-effective and safe treatments for hemangiomas and vascular tumors, as well as for other forms of cancer. In any case, more in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to confirm the proposed signaling pathways in tumors and validate the improvement parameters after natural products administration. The era of molecularly targeted therapy and personalized medicine is approaching and naturally occurring substances are very useful tools for tumor treatment and prevention. Plant extract substances have strong specificity and pertinence, are non- toxic and have few side effects, and may become an emerging cancer treatment.

Pattern of Primary Resistance of Helicobacter pylori to Clarithromycin among Pediatric Patients from North-Eastern Romania.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance has increased worldwide and affects the effectiveness of current therapies. The recommended first-line empiric treatment should be tailored to the local clarithromycin resistance rate. This study aimed to determine the pediatric patient profile and rate of clarithromycin resistance for patients diagnosed with Helicobacter pylori by gastric biopsy. METHODS: We studied 84 positive gastric samples for Helicobacter pylori. Positive results were confirmed by a rapid urease test and histopathological examination, with the type of gastritis established according to the Sydney System. Gastric biopsy samples were stored in RNA saver. Clarithromycin resistance was determined by a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based molecular assay after RNA-DNA extraction. RESULTS: Of the 84 biopsy samples analyzed, 35 (41.6%) were resistant to clarithromycin. Clarithromycin resistance was found mainly in girls (80%) with a mean age of 15 years (range 6-17 years). The history of prior exposure to clarithromycin was 91.6%. The concordance between the histopathological examination and the PCR test was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: One in 2.4 children infected with Helicobacter pylori had a strain resistant to clarithromycin. This resistant strain may be a reason for treatment failure in Romanian children, yet this is uninvestigated. The high rate of bacterial resistance to this antibiotic among children indicates the need for susceptibility testing before therapy.