ABSTRACT
*The UK incidence of anaphylactic reactions is increasing. *Patients who have an anaphylactic reaction have life-threatening airway and, or breathing and, or circulation problems usually associated with skin or mucosal changes. *Patients having an anaphylactic reaction should be treated using the Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure (ABCDE) approach. *Anaphylactic reactions are not easy to study with randomised controlled trials. There are, however, systematic reviews of the available evidence and a wealth of clinical experience to help formulate guidelines. *The exact treatment will depend on the patient's location, the equipment and drugs available, and the skills of those treating the anaphylactic reaction. *Early treatment with intramuscular adrenaline is the treatment of choice for patients having an anaphylactic reaction. *Despite previous guidelines, there is still confusion about the indications, dose and route of adrenaline. *Intravenous adrenaline must only be used in certain specialist settings and only by those skilled and experienced in its use. *All those who are suspected of having had an anaphylactic reaction should be referred to a specialist in allergy. *Individuals who are at high risk of an anaphylactic reaction should carry an adrenaline auto-injector and receive training and support in its use. *There is a need for further research about the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of anaphylactic reactions.
Subject(s)
Anaphylaxis/diagnosis , Anaphylaxis/therapy , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/methods , Emergency Treatment/standards , Algorithms , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/standards , Diagnosis, Differential , Epinephrine/administration & dosage , Humans , Patient Education as Topic , Referral and Consultation , Sympathomimetics/administration & dosageABSTRACT
Several reports indicate that biopterin and folate pathways may interact. We examined folate metabolism in PKU patients where hyperphenylalaninaemia leads to a likely excess of THB. We found an increase in total HPLC determined red cell folate in PKU (p=0.0422): specifically, there was an increase in total formyl-H(4)folate (p=0.0002) and H(4)folate (p< or =0.0001), and decrease in total 5-methyl-H(4)folate in PKU patients. At the level of individual oligo-gamma-glutamyl coenzymes, we found that formyl-H(4)folate polyglutamates were virtually all increased in PKU (p=0.0223, 0.0004, 0.0004, 0.0012, and 0.0008 for di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and deca-gamma-glutamyl formyl-H(4)folate coenzymes, respectively). Hcy levels did not differ between clinical groups, indicating that folate dependent-Hcy remethylation is not compromised as a consequence of an altered PKU folate disposition. In nature, pentaglutamyl folates are considered the metabolically favoured coenzymes (optimum K(m) for dependent enzymes). The presented data support this-we found that red cell pentaglutamates gave the best measure of metabolism; pentaglutamyl formyl-H(4)folate increased in PKU (p=0.0012) and related methenyls behaved similarly, while, pentaglutamyl 5-methyl-H(4)folate and pentaglutamyl H(4)folate decreased (p< or =0.0001 and 0.0265, respectively). Furthermore, pentaglutamates showed the best correlations between one-carbon oxidation states of folate, as well as with Hcy (p=0.0003 r=-0.54, 95% CI; -0.724 to -0.272). That PKU might influence folate metabolism in some way is unsurprising: patients with DHPR deficiency accumulate DHB and develop secondary folate deficiency-responsive only to reduced folates, while CSF levels of THB are significantly correlated to monoamines and red cell folate in depression. Further studies to confirm the present findings and to ascertain precisely what mechanism operates in PKU that impacts upon folate homeostasis so profoundly are required.
Subject(s)
Biopterins/analogs & derivatives , Folic Acid/metabolism , Phenylketonurias/metabolism , Biopterins/metabolism , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Coenzymes/metabolism , Homocysteine/metabolism , Humans , Immunoassay , Phenylalanine/metabolismABSTRACT
AIMS: To produce a training programme in paediatric clinical pharmacology. METHODS: A working group, consisting of clinical pharmacologists (paediatric and adult), general paediatricians and the pharmaceutical industry was established to produce the training programme. RESULTS: Following a two year training programme in general paediatrics, a three year training programme in clinical pharmacology has been established. This includes one year of research in clinical pharmacology (paediatric or adult). The other two years involve training in different aspects of paediatric clinical pharmacology and general paediatrics. CONCLUSION: The existence of a formal training programme should result in a significant increase in the number of paediatric clinical pharmacologists.