ABSTRACT
Aims: In this study, we hypothesized that maternal anemia leads to altered expression of angiogenic proteins vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PLGF), nitrotyrosine (NT) residues, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS) in the placenta. Hence, we study the expression of the abovementioned proteins in the placentas of mothers with different grades of anemia. Materials and methods: Our study was conducted in 48 pregnant women (36-40 weeks of gestation), who were divided into four groups-normal, mild, moderate, and severe anemia. After delivery, the expression of the angiogenic proteins was studied in their placentas by immunohistochemistry. Results: In our study, 58.3% of the pregnant women were anemic, among which 20.83% had mild anemia, 18.75% had moderate anemia, and 18.75% had severe anemia. Immunohistochemical staining intensity for VEGF, PLGF, NT residues, and e-NOS proteins was observed to be higher in the placentas of anemic women when compared with the non-anemic women. Conclusion: Our study showed that there is an increased expression of angiogenic proteins in the placentas of anemic mothers, which probably is an adaptive response leading to changes in placental vessels.
Subject(s)
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/metabolism , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism , Placenta Growth Factor/metabolism , Placenta/metabolism , Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic/metabolism , Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism , Adult , Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/diagnosis , Female , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic/diagnosis , Severity of Illness Index , Tyrosine/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle is adversely affected in type-1 diabetes, and excessively stimulated ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) was found to be a leading cause of muscle wasting or atrophy. The role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in muscle atrophy of type-1 diabetes is not known. Hence, we investigated the role of UPS and ER stress in the muscle atrophy of chronic diabetes rat model. METHODS: Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) in male Sprague-Dawley rats and were sacrificed 2- and 4-months thereafter to collect gastrocnemius muscle. In another experiment, 2-months post-STZ-injection diabetic rats were treated with MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, for the next 2-months and gastrocnemius muscle was collected. RESULTS: The muscle fiber cross-sectional area was diminished in diabetic rats. The expression of UPS components: E1, MURF1, TRIM72, UCHL1, UCHL5, ubiquitinated proteins, and proteasome activity were elevated in the diabetic rats indicating activated UPS. Altered expression of ER-associated degradation (ERAD) components and increased ER stress markers were detected in 4-months diabetic rats. Proteasome inhibition by MG132 alleviated alterations in the UPS and ER stress in diabetic rat muscle. CONCLUSION: Increased UPS activity and ER stress were implicated in the muscle atrophy of diabetic rats and proteasome inhibition exhibited beneficiary outcome.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism , Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Muscular Atrophy/metabolism , Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism , Ubiquitin/metabolism , Animals , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology , Leupeptins/pharmacology , Male , Muscle Proteins/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , Muscular Atrophy/chemically induced , Muscular Atrophy/drug therapy , Muscular Atrophy/pathology , Proteasome Inhibitors/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Tripartite Motif Proteins/metabolism , Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/metabolism , Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism , Ubiquitinated Proteins/metabolism , Vesicular Transport Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency disorder in pregnant women. During pregnancy, placental transport protein Divalent metal transporter1 (DMT1) plays a crucial role in transit of iron across placenta. The developing fetus is observed to be immune to anemia despite presence of anemia in the mother. Hence, we planned the present study to explore the effect of maternal IDA on the expression of DMT1 in the placenta. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred pregnant women recruited, were divided into anemic and nonanemic groups based on their predelivery hemoglobin levels (<11 g/dL and ≥11 g/dL respectively). After delivery, placental expression of DMT1 was studied by immunohistochemistry and mRNA analysis and neonatal anthropometry was performed. RESULTS: Of the 200 women recruited, 58.8% were anemic with 60.35% having moderate anemia. Most of the red cell parameters were observed to be higher in cord blood than mothers. DMT1 protein immunohistochemical expression showed a statistically significant increase with increasing severity of anemia. Similarly, placental mRNA expression levels of DMT1 gene were observed to be higher in anemic mothers in comparison with nonanemic mothers. CONCLUSION: Our study thus demonstrated a definite increase in expression of DMT1 at both protein and mRNA levels in term placenta, in maternal IDA.