Sudden Cardiac Death in the Young: State-of-the-Art Review in Molecular Autopsy.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is defined as unexpected death due to a cardiac cause that occurs rapidly. Despite the identification of prevention strategies, SCD remains a serious public health problem worldwide, accounting for 15-20% of all deaths, and is therefore a challenge for modern medicine, especially when it affects young people. Sudden cardiac death in young people affects the population aged ≤ 35 years, including athletes and non-athletes, and it is due to various hereditary and non-hereditary causes. After an autopsy, if the cause remains unknown, it is called sudden unexplained death, often attributable to genetic causes. In these cases, molecular autopsy-post-mortem genetic testing-is essential to facilitate diagnostic and therapeutic pathways and/or the monitoring of family members of the cases. This review aims to elaborate on cardiac disorders marked by genetic mutations, necessitating the post-mortem genetic investigation of the deceased for an accurate diagnosis in order to facilitate informed genetic counseling and to implement preventive strategies for family members of the cases.

Role, education, policies and competencies for advanced practice in paediatric haematology-oncology nursing in Europe: A scoping review.

The aim of this scoping review is to describe the role, education, policies/regulation, skills and competencies required for advanced practice in paediatric haematology-oncology nursing in Europe, highlighting the differences in development between the different European countries. A scoping review was conducted following the methodological framework of guidelines by Arksey and O'Malley and the recommendations for advancing the methodology by Levac et al. We searched MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Scopus, grey literature, webpages, reference lists and performed a manual search, without any restrictions on language or time. The intersection between databases, grey literature and evidence documents traced from the sites of the most authoritative European organisations in the field made it possible to identify the regulatory and training differences between the various countries that were examined. This scoping review highlights how advanced knowledge and competences are used in the care of paediatric haematology-oncology patients, which are strictly necessary for implementing quality care. At present these competences are not recognised in policies and regulation in most of the countries that were examined. It is desirable that all EU member states work to implement a radical change and allow these more competent figures to assist patients in the best possible way.

Nurse-to-Nurse Collaboration: A Scoping Review.

OBJECTIVE: To map predictors and outcome of collaboration between nurses, outcomes of a good collaboration, and the tools developed to evaluate nurse-nurse collaboration. BACKGROUND: Collaboration between nurses is an intraprofessional relationship between coworkers that is expressed through shared objectives, authority, and a decisional process. Studies on collaboration between nurses are very limited. METHODS: A scoping review was conducted through 4 databases. RESULTS: Eighteen studies were included. Nurses with higher levels of collaboration are more satisfied with their work and report less of an intention to leave their job. Greater collaboration among nurses resulted in a decrease of patient falling, hospital-acquired pressure ulcers, and a better care. Three tools have been developed to evaluate nurse-nurse collaboration: the Nurse-Nurse Collaboration Scale, the Nurse-Nurse Collaboration Behavior Scale, and the Nurse-Nurse Collaboration Between Sector. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies should be conducted to fully understand the issue of collaboration between nurses and the factors connected to it.

Implementation of paediatric intensive care unit diaries: Feasibility and opinions of parents and healthcare providers.

BACKGROUND: The implementation of paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) diaries has been reported as feasible in routine care. To date no feasibility study has compared PICU healthcare providers' (HCPs) and parents' opinions on this tool. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to describe the feasibility and perception of PICU diaries in an Italian PICU from the point of view of parents and HCPs. METHODS: This is a single-centre, prospective, observational study conducted in a tertiary care paediatric hospital from August 2020 to May 2021. Children admitted to the emergency department PICU, intubated, and sedated for ≥48 h were enrolled. To explore their perceptions and attitudes with the PICU diary, parents were interviewed at 30 days from their child's discharge from the PICU, whereas PICU HCPs were surveyed at the end of the study. Data were analysed as proportions for categorical variables and means and medians for continuous variables according to the distribution, whereas qualitative data were summarised in categories by two independent researchers. RESULTS: Twenty families were enrolled in this study. A total of 275 daily PICU diary entries were collected. Children's median age was 9 years (interquartile range = 2-13.25), and the length of stay ranged from 6 to 39 days. PICU diary applicability was rated high by parents and HCPs (>8 on a 1-10 Likert scale). Parents and HCPs perceived PICU diaries as beneficial for communication between staff and families, for parents by expressing their emotions and for staff by becoming aware of how parents experienced their child's admission. Reported barriers were the lack of a private environment, the risk of exposure to public reading, and PICU workload. CONCLUSIONS: PICU diaries were feasible and perceived as beneficial both by parents and HCPs. Future research is warranted to understand the effect of PICU diaries on post-PICU outcomes.

Narrative diaries in the paediatric intensive care unit: A thematic analysis.

BACKGROUND: The paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) diary is a shared tool, kept at the patient bedside, written by relatives and health care providers. There is little evidence about its feasibility and how it supports the families of children admitted to the PICU. Currently, there is no evidence about how the PICU diary is used and what we can learn from it. AIM: To explore the contents of narrative PICU diaries in an Italian PICU. STUDY DESIGN: Qualitative study of PICU diaries conducted with a narrative research approach. METHODS: Children sedated and mechanically ventilated for >48 hours were enrolled in a six-bed Italian PICU of a tertiary care paediatric hospital. During the child's PICU admission, caregivers, relatives, friends, and health care providers were invited to report events, thoughts, and messages, and attach drawings/pictures for the child in the PICU diary. A thematic analysis of the PICU diary contents was performed. RESULTS: Thirteen PICU diaries were completed between August and December 2020, mainly by parents (n = 95; 45%) and health care providers (n = 52; 25%). Three main themes emerged: "Social and spiritual support," "Caregiver's emotions, feelings and distress," and "PICU life." Diaries offer insight into caregivers' emotions, social support, clinical activities, and interactions with health care providers, and on progression towards recovery. CONCLUSION: PICU diaries are valuable in facilitating family-centred care by providing a space for the written account of the child's admission by parents, other visitors, and health care providers. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: PICU diaries support the relationship and the communication between the family and the team; they provide an informal account of the emotions and needs of parents that has the potential to improve mutual understanding and family-centred care. Social support and spiritual support are key elements reported by parents for coping with their child's PICU admission.

Narrative Diaries in Pediatrics: A Scoping Review.

PROBLEM: Health diaries with both clinical and narrative elements have been widely used in pediatrics to study children's and families' experiences of illness and coping strategies. The objective of this study is to obtain a synthesis of the literature about narrative health diaries using the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Sources were limited to: English language; narrative diaries; children/adolescents and/or parents/caregivers. SAMPLE: The following databases were searched: PubMed, Embase and CINAHL with no time limits. RESULTS: Among 36 articles included the most common context where a diary was implemented was the home (61%), the hospital (17%) and the school (14%). The most common diarist is the child or adolescent (50%). Paper diary was the most common type (53%), followed by the video diary (19%), the e-diary (8%) or the audio diary (8%). None of the studies explored the impact of the use of diaries on patient outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The narrative health diary is used to report patient experiences of illness or common life from the point of view of the child, adolescent or other family members. The diversity of the diaries found shows how the narrative diary may be 'adapted' to different settings and pediatric populations. IMPLICATIONS: The narrative diary is a relevant tool for the exploration of children's and adolescents' experiences of illness and common life. Studies are still needed to describe the impact of narrative diaries keeping on children's health outcomes.

Simultaneous vaccination against seasonal influenza and COVID-19 among the target population in Italy.

Introduction: Annual influenza and COVID-19 vaccinations are effective tools for reducing the disease burden. The goals of the present cross-sectional survey were to investigate attitudes and behaviors toward the simultaneous vaccination against seasonal influenza and COVID-19 and the factors associated. Methods: Questionnaires were self-administered or researcher-administered between October 2023 and February 2024 in an immunization center in the southern part of Italy. Results: All 151 subjects eligible for influenza and COVID-19 vaccinations who attended the center agreed to participate. A total of 59.9% of respondents received concurrent seasonal influenza and COVID-19 vaccinations. Those who perceived that the simultaneous vaccination was safer and those who have been infected by SARS-CoV-2 fewer times were more likely to have simultaneously received both vaccinations. Regarding the reasons reported, half of the sample stated that the simultaneous vaccination was safe and that they were adequately informed. This was more likely indicated by the respondents who had received at least four doses of the COVID-19 vaccination. Among those who had not received the simultaneous vaccination, 70.7% and 29.3% had received only seasonal influenza and COVID-19. Conclusion: Educational health communication campaigns are necessary to improve compliance with simultaneous administration of seasonal influenza and COVID-19 vaccinations and to increase the unsatisfactory coverage.

Understanding the Reasons for Receiving HPV Vaccination among Eligible Adults in Italy.

BACKGROUND: This cross-sectional survey aimed to explore the reasons for receiving the HPV vaccination among eligible adults in Italy. METHODS: The survey was conducted from July 2023 to April 2024 in Naples, Southern Italy. RESULTS: A total of 282 questionnaires were collected. The majority of the respondents (73.2%) was aware that HPV vaccination was recommended and this was more likely among women, healthcare workers (HCWs) or students in health sciences, and those who had acquired information from physicians. The most frequently cited reasons for vaccinating were self-protection from the infection (77.6%) and from cervical/oral/penile/anal cancer (68.9%), knowing that the vaccination was free of charge (46.2%), awareness of the severity of the HPV disease (43%), to protect their partner (42.6%), and perception of being at risk (24.2%). Being HCWs or students in health sciences, believing that HPV infection could cause a serious disease, and having a higher number of oral intercourse experiences in the last year were significant predictors of the perception of being at risk. Female and Italian respondents were more likely to receive the HPV vaccination because it was effective in preventing cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Targeted educational programs and health interventions should be developed to ensure enhancing knowledge and fostering positive attitudes toward the HPV vaccination.

Assessing digital health knowledge, attitudes and practices among nurses in Naples: a survey study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Digital competencies are essential for nurses to actively participate in the digitisation of healthcare systems. Therefore, it is important to assess their skill levels to identify strengths and areas for improvement. METHOD AND ANALYSIS: This study aims to investigate nurses' knowledge, attitudes, behaviours, subjective norms and behavioural control regarding digital health. A knowledge-attitude-practice model guided the development of a structured questionnaire divided into six sections. A sample of 480 registered nurses of Naples will be involved in the study. After conducting a pretest, an invitation will be publicised through the institutional communication channels of Nurses Provincial Order of Naples. Nurses will respond via a unique link or quick response code sent through a PEC email system (a legally valid email system, which guarantees delivery and receipt). They will have 30 days to complete the survey, scheduled between May and July 2024. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: No ethics committee approval was required, as the study does not involve minors, direct or indirect physical or physiological harm to participants, or clinical trials. Anonymity will be guaranteed at all data collection and processing levels. The results will be broadly distributed through conference presentations and peer-reviewed publications. The effective use of digital technologies by healthcare professionals can bring significant improvements to healthcare services and help improve the health of individuals and community health. The study's findings will serve as a foundation for developing and implementing educational programmes related to eHealth and telemedicine, promoting the harmonisation of such programmes.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on behavioral changes in healthcare workers in Italy.

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, adherence to wearing face mask and washing hands procedures and achieving high COVID-19 vaccine coverage among healthcare workers (HCWs) were essential to minimize morbidity and possible death and limit the transmission of the virus. The objectives of the cross-sectional survey were to explore the influence of COVID-19 on the use of preventive measures and vaccination willingness among HCWs in the southern part of Italy and the associated factors. Methods: The survey was carried out from 15 June 2023 to 15 July 2023 among 521 HCWs who worked in three randomly selected public hospitals. All data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Results: HCWs had a positive change in the use of preventive measures if they did not often/always use them before the pandemic, but they are using in the current epidemiologic context and they were willing to use in a future epidemic situation. A positive change in the adherence to face mask-wearing (24.6%) was more likely among those with at least 5 years of university degree, nurses/midwives, and who had worked in COVID-19 wards. A positive change in alcohol-based hand rubbing (3.1%) was more likely in HCWs in Emergency/Critical/Infectious Diseases wards compared with medical wards. HCWs who were more likely to believe that the COVID-19 vaccine should be mandatory for them (58.1%) had at least 5 years of university degree, in Emergency/Critical/Infectious Diseases wards compared with surgical and medical wards, had received more than three doses of this vaccine, were more concerned to get infected during their activity, and had received information from scientific journals. HCWs more willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine every year (39.8%) were males, physicians, those in Emergency/Critical/Infectious Diseases wards compared with medical wards, who had received more than three doses of this vaccine, who believed that this vaccine should be mandatory for HCWs, and who needed additional information. Discussion: The survey showed that the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on the use of preventive measures among HCWs, not necessarily for the improvement or increase. Educational messages on the importance of these measures regarding the promotion and recommendation of the vaccine need to be investigated and applied among HCWs in order to reduce vaccination gaps and the spread of the infection.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Coverage of Recommended Vaccinations in Individuals with Chronic Medical Conditions: A Cross-Sectional Telephone Survey in Italy.

BACKGROUND: This cross-sectional survey investigated the knowledge, attitudes, and coverage of recommended vaccinations among a random sample of patients with chronic medical conditions, at higher risk of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs), in Italy. METHODS: The survey was conducted via telephone-based interviews. RESULTS: Multinomial regression analysis showed that the patients who believed that VPDs were severe were more likely to know one recommended vaccination; those who believed that VPDs were severe and those who were advised from a general practitioner (GP) were more likely to know two vaccinations; those who were older, graduated, with more time from diagnosis, who believed that VPDs were severe, who did not need additional information, and who were advised from a GP were more likely to know three or four vaccinations. Patients who knew at least one vaccination, who perceived themselves at risk, and who were advised from a GP were more likely to have received one vaccination; those who knew more than one vaccination and who were advised from a GP were more likely to receive two or three vaccinations. Among the unvaccinated, patients who were unmarried/not cohabiting, those who needed information, and who believed that vaccinations were useful and safe were more willing to receive the recommended vaccinations. CONCLUSIONS: Educational interventions are needed to improve the adherence of individuals with chronic medical conditions.

Women Acute Myocardial Infarction-Identifying and Understanding the Gender Gap (WAMy-GAP): A Study Protocol.

Barriers to accessing care and misinterpretations of ischemic heart disease symptoms due to lack of awareness contribute to women's delay in seeking care. Women may delay seeking treatment for up to 3 h or even up to 5 days. They often perceive themselves to be at low risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and prioritize family responsibilities or household chores. The causes of this delay are multifactorial and influence the decision-making process, particularly in the pre-hospital phase. The objective of this study protocol is to evaluate prodromal symptoms and identify risk behaviors in women with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This is a protocol for a multicenter study that will be conducted using the mixed-method methodology using the McSweeney Acute and Prodromal Myocardial Infarction Symptom Survey (MAPMISS) to evaluate symptoms and semi-structured interviews to investigate behaviors. This study protocol is intended to fill an important knowledge gap on premonitory and acute symptoms of AMI in women in Italy, as well as to understand the causes and mechanisms underlying delays in accessing healthcare services during an acute event such as AMI. The investigation of this issue will facilitate the removal of gender-related inequalities in the diagnosis and treatment of acute myocardial infarction while also fostering dialogue on the barriers to behavior change.

Quality of sleep after COVID-19 infection: a cross-sectional study in the Southern Italy.

Introduction: This study investigated the quality of sleep in a sample of individuals from Southern Italy after the major waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the aim of evaluating how sleep patterns changed. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2022 and January 2023 and involved adults who had a COVID-19 infection, who were invited to complete a self-administered online questionnaire. Results: A total of 408 individuals participated in the survey. Overall, 66.4% had a reduction in social relations; 72.1% had an increase in the use of social media; and 86%, 77.2%, and 71.1% reported an extremely severe level of anxiety, stress, and depression, respectively. Almost all of the respondents had a Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score (PSQI) ≥5, indicating poor sleep quality. Subjects with a severe or extremely severe depression score, a severe or extremely severe stress score, who had a job, and who had someone close who died because of a COVID-19 infection were more likely to have a high PSQI global score. The use of sleep medication in the past months was significantly higher in those who were older, who had a job, who had a COVID-19 infection in the first and second waves, who had someone close who died from COVID-19, and who did not have changes in social relationships during the pandemic. Moreover, participants with severe or extremely severe depression scores, with severe or extremely severe stress scores, who were women, and who were older had troubles staying awake while engaging in social activities during the past month. Conclusion: The results bring to light the high prevalence of poor sleep quality among individuals who were infected with SARS-CoV-2. Future research is needed to understand whether these disturbances are still present in the endemic period and whether it is necessary to investigate further determinants that have affected and/or are affecting sleep quality.

Respiratory Syncytial Vaccination: Parents' Willingness to Vaccinate Their Children.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to assess parents' willingness to vaccinate their children with the RSV vaccine and the key predictors of this intention among parents in Italy. METHODS: Data were collected using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire from April to November 2023, targeting parents in public kindergartens and nursery schools in southern Italy. The survey assessed parents' socio-demographic characteristics, health-related details, their child's health status, attitudes toward RSV infection and its vaccine, and their source(s) of information. RESULTS: A total of 404 parents agreed to participate in the study. Only 18.2% of participants were very concerned that their children could get infected by RSV, and this concern was more likely among parents whose child had been diagnosed with bronchiolitis, those who received information from HCWs, those who had heard of RSV, and those who needed additional information. Almost half (51.3%) were willing to vaccinate their child, and this inclination was more likely among fathers, employed parents, those with daughters, those who had heard of RSV, those who received information from HCWs, and those who needed additional information. CONCLUSIONS: An educational campaign regarding a future RSV vaccine, especially about its safety and efficacy, is needed in order to improve parents' willingness.

Seroprevalence for Measles, Varicella, Mumps and Rubella in the Trainee Obstetric Population: A Survey in Southern Italy.

BACKGROUND: Despite the efforts of the World Health Organization, some childhood viral diseases, for which there is already an effective vaccine, have not yet been eradicated. Among these, we find varicella, mumps, measles, and rubella, which although in most cases have a benign course, can in some cases be responsible for infectious outbreaks, especially in nosocomial settings. The aim of this study was to verify the immunological situation of a cohort of trainee obstetricians in Campania regarding varicella, mumps, measles, and rubella to be used as an example for the evaluation of possible preventive strategies to avoid infectious outbreaks. METHODS: All the samples collected and sent to the laboratory were eligible for analysis and have been included in the study. Specific IgG for varicella, measles, mumps, and rubella were assayed on serum samples taken from 517 trainee obstetricians using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The seropositivity results were statistically analyzed by correlating them to age group and gender. RESULTS: The results obtained show that a percentage of trainee obstetricians tested do not have an effective immunological coverage against at least one of the vaccine-preventable diseases considered, especially for mumps. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, it is proposed to extend surveillance to other professionals in contact with frail patients and increase awareness of vaccination campaigns.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Willingness towards a Future Vaccine among Pregnant Women in Italy.

BACKGROUND: This cross-sectional survey was designed to evaluate pregnant women's awareness regarding Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection and willingness to receive the vaccine during pregnancy and to vaccinate their newborn against RSV. METHODS: An anonymous survey was administered from 20 April to 30 June 2023, to pregnant women aged ≥ 18 years attending gynecology wards of randomly selected public hospitals in southern Italy. A minimum sample size of 427 participants was calculated. The survey assessed women's socio-demographic characteristics, health-related information, their source(s) of information, and attitudes regarding RSV. RESULTS: A total of 490 women participated. Those who were married/cohabiting, with a high-school degree compared to those who had a university degree, and those who needed additional information were more concerned that the newborn could acquire the RSV infection. The perceived utility of a future RSV vaccine administered during pregnancy was higher among those who were married/cohabiting, with a university degree, those with very good perceived health status, those who received information from healthcare workers, and those who needed additional information. Only 45.9% were willing to be vaccinated during pregnancy, and this was more likely among those with a university degree, with a very good perceived health status, who had received information from healthcare workers, and who needed more information. Finally, almost two-thirds (61.1%) were willing to vaccinate their newborn, and this was more likely among women with a university degree, with a very good perceived health status, and who needed additional information. CONCLUSIONS: An education campaign regarding RSV infection and its vaccine is needed in order to improve women's perception and to support healthcare workers in promoting it when it will be available.

The quality of sleep: evaluation among university students.

Introduction: This study explored the quality of sleep among university students in the South of Italy during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2022 and January 2023 and involved students over the age of 18, who were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire using an online application. Results: Overall, 88% of men and 94.5% of women had Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores of ≥5 and a mean PSQI score of 9.2 ± 3. Students with severe or extremely depression score, with sever or extremely stress score, male and who did not had Covid-19 infection were more likely to have a PSQI global score. Moreover, 62.6% of the students declared a reduction in social relations and 72.3% an increase in the use of social media during the pandemic period. The majority of respondents reported an extremely severe level of depression (68.1%), anxiety (84.4%) and stress (71.9%). Conclusion: This finding indicate that a relevant percentage of students are poor sleepers with a higher overall PSQI score with depression and stress and underline the role the implementation of public health interventions to promote healthy life styles and in particular focus on the duration of long night sleep.

The Impact of an Intensive Care Diary on the Psychological Well-Being of Patients and Their Family Members: Longitudinal Study Protocol.

BACKGROUND: Thanks to medical and technological advancements, an increasing number of individuals survive admission to intensive care units. However, survivors often experience negative outcomes, including physical impairments and alterations in mental health. Anxiety, depression, cognitive impairments, post-traumatic stress disorders, and functional disorders are known collectively as post-intensive care syndrome (PICS). Among the key triggering factors of this syndrome, memory impairment appears to play a significant role. AIMS: This study aims to evaluate the impact of an intensive care diary on the psychological well-being of patients and their relatives after discharge from the ICU. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. EXPECTED RESULTS: The results of this study evaluate the impact of an ICU diary on the quality of life of ICU survivors and their family members.

Staff perception of the implementation, enablers and barriers to pediatric intensive care unit diary writing: A qualitative study.

OBJECTIVES: To explore how the multi-professional pediatric intensive care unit staff experienced the implementation of the diary. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY/DESIGN: Qualitative study using the implementation research approach. SETTING: a six-bed pediatric intensive care unit at a large Italian tertiary care pediatric hospital, treating patients with acute conditions from the Emergency Department or hospital wards. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Healthcare providers' experiences of the implementation of the diaries. Data was collected by focus groups and interviews and thematic analysis was performed. FINDINGS: Three focus groups and four interviews with staff were conducted after the implementation of thediaries from August 2020 to June 2021. Staff describe an initial disbelief towards the effectiveness of diaries followed by an increasing perception of their relevance for parents' emotional expression through shared narration. Diaries are reported as a beneficial communication tool between the family, the child, and health care providers, increasing staff understanding of parents' experiences of their child's admission and parents' sense of the care received by their child. For staff, barriers for diary writing were logistics, lack of time, limited sense of ownership, fear of legal retaliation and fear of emotional labor. CONCLUSION: Health care providers perceived diaries as beneficial for parents and the healthcare team, potentially supporting their partnership as recommended by Family Centered Care models. The enablers and barriers that emerged for diary writing can support the development of implementation strategies to prevent the reported challenges to diary writing in the healthcare team, enhancing their uptake in the pediatric intensive care unit setting.

Instruments to evaluate non-technical skills during high fidelity simulation: A systematic review.

Introduction: High Fidelity Simulations (HFS) are increasingly used to develop Non-Technical Skills (NTS) in healthcare providers, medical and nursing students. Instruments to measure NTS are needed to evaluate the healthcare providers' (HCPs) performance during HFS. The aim of this systematic review is to describe the domains, items, characteristics and psychometric properties of instruments devised to evaluate the NTS of HCPs during HFS. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Studies were retrieved from PubMed, Cinahl, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, ProQuest and PubPsych. Studies evaluating the measurement properties of instruments used to assess NTS during HFS training were included. Pairs of independent reviewers determined the eligibility, extracted and evaluated the data. Risk of bias and appraisal of the methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist, and the quality of the evidence with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Results: A total of 3,953 articles were screened. A total of 110 reports were assessed for eligibility and 26 studies were included. Studies were conducted in Europe/United Kingdom (n = 13; 50%), North America/Australia (n = 12; 46%) and Thailand (n = 1; 4%). The NTS instruments reported in this review included from 1 to 14 domains (median of 4, Q1 = 3.75, Q3 = 5) and from 3 to 63 items (median of 15, Q1 = 10, Q3 = 19.75). Out of 19 NTS assessment instruments for HFS, the Team Emergency Assessment Measure (TEAM) can be recommended for use to assess NTS. All the other instruments require further research to assess their quality in order to be recommended for use during HFS training. Eight NTS instruments had a positive overall rating of their content validity with at least a moderate quality of evidence. Conclusion: Among a large variety of published instruments, TEAM can be recommended for use to assess NTS during HFS. Evidence is still limited on essential aspects of validity and reliability of all the other NTS instruments included in this review. Further research is warranted to establish their performance in order to be reliably used for HFS.