Optimizing the effect of ultrasonication and germination on antinutrients and antioxidants of kodo (Paspalum scrobiculatum) and little (Panicum sumatrense) millets.

Kodo (Paspalum scrobiculatum) and little (Panicum sumatrense) millet grains were utilized to minimize their antinutrient content (phytate and tannin) and maximize their antioxidant activity (DPPH) by studying the effect of ultrasonication time, germination time and temperature using central composite rotatable design. Results revealed the optimum conditions for producing ultrasonicated and germinated kodo and little millet flour of the highest antioxidant activity and lowest antinutrient content (phytate and tannin) by using 30 min for ultrasonication, 72 h for germination at 40 °C. Further, a second order model was developed to describe and predict the effect of process variables on antioxidant activity and antinutrient contents. Extended experiments were carried out under the optimized conditions to validate the developed model. The antioxidant activity obtained was 88.46% RSA and 89.06% RSA for kodo and little millet grain flours, respectively whereas antinutrient content for phytate was 0.165 mol/kg and 0.199 mol/kg and for tannin 2.88 mol/kg and 9.51 mol/kg, for kodo and little millet grain flours, respectively. This study provides useful information about the potential utilization of ultrasonicated and germinated kodo and little millet grain flours for the development of functional foods.

Development of a composite indicator to prioritize districts for implementation of human immunodeficiency virus programmes in Maharashtra, India.

A key recommendation of the National AIDS Control Programme-IV of India was to develop new strategies for geo-prioritization of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. We conducted this study to categorize the districts in Maharashtra (India) based on a multidimensional framework for geo-prioritization of services. Programmatic data on trends of HIV prevalence, coverage of marginalized populations and vulnerability factors were included. A composite indicator based on these was developed, and the cumulative score was calculated for each district. HIV prevalence among general population has declined steadily from 0.60% in 2007 to 0.33% in 2017. The programme coverage was stable but inadequate for men who have sex with men (MSM). The coverage for female sex workers (FSWs) was inadequate and reduced over time. Nine districts were categorized as high priority, 13 as moderate priority and 11 were classified as low-priority districts based on burden and vulnerability for HIV. The high-priority districts were Pune, Solapur and Yavatmal for FSW interventions and Pune, Thane and Latur for MSM interventions. This multidimensional indicator is based on existing programmatic data, dynamic and can be made state-specific. It is useful to categorize and prioritize districts for allocation of resources and geo-prioritization of services in resource limited settings.

Use of hydrocolloids as cryoprotectant for frozen foods.

Freezing is one of the widely used preservation methods to preserve the quality of food products but it also results in deteriorative changes in textural properties of food which in turn affects its marketability. Different foodstuffs undergo different types of changes in texture, taste and overall acceptability upon freezing and subsequent frozen storage. Freezing and thawing of pre-cut or whole fruits and vegetables causes many deleterious effects including texture and drip losses. The major problem in stability of ice-cream is re-crystallization phenomena which happens due to temperature fluctuations during storage and finally impairs the quality of ice-cream. Frozen storage for longer periods causes rubbery texture in meat and fish products. To overcome these problems, hydrocolloids which are polysaccharides of high molecular weight, are used in numerous food applications involving gelling, thickening, stabilizing, emulsifying etc. They could improve the rheological and textural characteristics of food systems by changing the viscosity. They play a major role in retaining texture of fruits and vegetables after freezing. They provide thermodynamic stability to ice cream to control the process of re-crystallization. Hydrocolloids find application in frozen surimi, minced fish, and meat products due to their water-binding ability. They are also added to frozen bakery products to improve shelf-stability by retaining sufficient moisture and retarding staling. Various hydrocolloids impart different cryoprotective effects to food products depending upon their solubility, water-holding capacity, rheological properties, and synergistic effect with other ingredients during freezing and frozen storage.

Challenges and innovations in food and water availability for a sustainable Mars colonization.

In recent years, extensive research has been dedicated to Mars exploration and the potential for sustainable interplanetary human colonization. One of the significant challenges in ensuring the survival of life on Mars lies in the production of food as the Martian environment is highly inhospitable to agriculture, rendering it impractical to transport food from Earth. To improve the well-being and quality of life for future space travelers on Mars, it is crucial to develop innovative horticultural techniques and food processing technologies. The unique challenges posed by the Martian environment, such as the lack of oxygen, nutrient-deficient soil, thin atmosphere, low gravity, and cold, dry climate, necessitate the development of advanced farming strategies. This study explores existing knowledge and various technological innovations that can help overcome the constraints associated with food production and water extraction on Mars. The key lies in utilizing resources available on Mars through in-situ resource utilization. Water can be extracted from beneath the ice and from the Martian soil. Furthermore, hydroponics in controlled environment chambers, equipped with nutrient delivery systems and waste recovery mechanisms, have been investigated as a means of cultivating crops on Mars. The inefficiency of livestock production, which requires substantial amounts of water and land, highlights the need for alternative protein sources such as microbial protein, insects, and in-vitro meat. Moreover, the fields of synthetic biology and 3-D food printing hold immense potential in revolutionizing food production and making significant contributions to the sustainability of human life on Mars.

Assessment of the Municipal Solid Waste & Status of Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling), Rules, 2000 in the State of Madhya Pradesh, 2008 - a case study.

The municipal solid waste (MSW), generated from different activities in the township and city areas is a subject of deep concern for its proper management. The improper management of the MSW is a major cause for water, air and soil pollution. The population explosion and sustained drive for economic progress and development have resulted in a remarkable increase/ change in quantity and characteristics of MSW generation over the last 20 years. The local bodies are responsible for the management of the MSW in the State. The Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling), Rules, 2000 came into force from the date of its publication in the official Gazette of India and are applicable to every local body responsible for the proper management of the MSW in the State. The status report of the implementation of the Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling), Rules, 2000 in the State of Madhya Pradesh, is prepared as per the MOU signed by the State Pollution Control Board with the Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi. The necessary data for the preparation of the report, collected from the respective local bodies through the regional offices of the Board during the period February to December 2008. There are 342 local bodies (municipal corporations, 14; municipal committees or municipalities, 86; Nagar Panchyats, 237; and cantonment boards, 5) responsible for the implementation of the MSW, in the State. It is estimated that around 4500 Mt day(-1) MSW is generated from all the 342 local bodies. The local bodies of the State are not well equipped for the proper management of the MSW. A total of 323 local bodies has identified land for the development of the landfill sites as per the provisions of the Rules but only 90 local bodies acquired the same. As an outcome of this assessment, the local bodies are not financially and technically capable for the proper implementation of the Rules. The collection of the waste is around 60-70%. This status report will serve as an important tool for further planning regarding generation of information and knowledge required for developing strategies, techniques and methodologies for better environmental management in the State.

Effect of chitosan and alginate based coatings enriched with pomegranate peel extract to extend the postharvest quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.).

The influence of chitosan (1% w/v) and alginate (2% w/v) coatings in combination with pomegranate peel extract (PPE; 1% w/v) on quality of guavas (cv Allahabad safeda) were studied. Restricted changes were recorded in respiration rate, ripening index, and instrumental colour values in case of the coated samples as compared to the control for 20days at 10°C. Samples coated with chitosan enriched with PPE (CHE) proved to be the most effective treatment in maintaining the overall fruit quality. Ascorbic acid, total phenolics, total flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity were recorded with restricted losses of 29%, 8%, 12%, 12% (DPPH) and 9% (FRAP), respectively for CHE samples at the end of storage. A higher degree of correlation (r>0.918) was established between various phytochemicals and AOA. PPE enriched coatings was proved efficient in maintaining the quality of guavas during 20days of low temperature storage.

A rare finding of the superficial palmar arch-developmental and clinical significance.

The ulnar artery provides a major blood supply to the hand in the form of the superficial palmar arch, with the assistance of the radial artery. A rare pattern of the superficial palmar arch was observed in a formalin fixed, male cadaveric left hand. The ulnar artery was only involved in the formation of this arch, which provided three common palmar digital arteries which ran into the second, third and the fourth spaces between the corresponding digits and one proper palmar digital artery which ran along the ulnar side of the little finger. The main trunk of the ulnar artery bifurcated to supply the thumb and the index finger. The superficial branch of the radial artery did not participate in the arch formation. The arch was completed by the radial artery proper on the dorsolateral surface of the hand, after joining the point of bifuracation of the ulnar artery.

Scientific evaluation of the scholarly publications.

Worthiness of any scientific journal is measured by the quality of the articles published in it. The Impact factor (IF) is one popular tool which analyses the quality of journal in terms of citations received by its published articles. It is usually assumed that journals with high IF carry meaningful, prominent, and quality research. Since IF does not assess a single contribution but the whole journal, the evaluation of research authors should not be influenced by the IF of the journal. The h index, g index, m quotient, c index are some other alternatives to judge the quality of an author. These address the shortcomings of IF viz. number of citations received by an author, active years of publication, length of academic career and citations received for recent articles. Quality being the most desirable aspect for evaluating an author's work over the active research phase, various indices has attempted to accommodate different possible variables. However, each index has its own merits and demerits. We review the available indices, find the fallacies and to correct these, hereby propose the Original Research Performance Index (ORPI) for evaluation of an author's original work which can also take care of the bias arising because of self-citations, gift authorship, inactive phase of research, and length of non-productive period in research.

Gantzer muscles and their applied aspects: an exceptional finding.

Anatomical variations are typically more common in the extensor compartment of the forearm, but uncommon in the flexor compartment. The presence of such anatomical anomalies is not usually noticed until the normal functions of an individual become hindered, or when these anomalies become a surgical problem. During routine dissection curriculum, we encountered a rare finding of bilateral Gantzer muscles in a cadaver. We describe the relationship between the Gantzer muscle and anterior interosseous nerve syndrome.

Signalled roads to memory and its degeneration.

Brain is concerned with the thoughts, feelings, perception, learning, memory and behaviour. The present review discusses some of the prominent molecular pathways governing memory acquisition, storage and subsequent consolidation.

Morphometry and CT measurements of useful bony landmarks of skull base.

OBJECTIVE: Aim of this study was to determine the distance between Henle's spine (HS) on the temporal bone to the clinically important bony landmarks on the dry skulls that will act as a guide in various surgical procedures on skull base. Distances from the head of malleus (HOM) to surgically relevant landmarks were also studied on CT images. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine adult preserved dry skulls were studied bilaterally. The parapetrosal triangle bounded by spinopterygoidal, bispinal and the midsagittal lines was identified. The location of the HS and its distance from the various important anatomical structures were measured. In addition, five CT images, where distances from the HOM to various anatomical landmarks were measured. RESULTS: The mean and range of distances from the HS to various important anatomical landmarks on the spinopterygoidal line, bispinal line and in the parapetrosal triangle were tabulated. The mean and range of CT-based measurements of distances from HOM to other anatomical landmarks were also noted. CONCLUSIONS: The knowledge of unvarying relationship of the HS and the HOM to the various structures of the skull would assume significance while planning surgeries around the temporal bone by guiding the direction and degree of bone removal. Statistical differences between the two genders showed significant difference only in the distance between the HS to the medial margin of the external orifice of carotid canal. Therefore, these landmarks can also be applied as references for various surgeries of middle cranial fossa, as well as transpetrosal and transmastoid approaches.