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1.
Ann Oncol ; 30(6): 945-952, 2019 06 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30860573

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Dynamic changes in circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) levels may predict long-term outcome. We utilised samples from a phase I/II randomised trial (BEECH) to assess ctDNA dynamics as a surrogate for progression-free survival (PFS) and early predictor of drug efficacy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with estrogen receptor-positive advanced metastatic breast cancer (ER+ mBC) in the BEECH study, paclitaxel plus placebo versus paclitaxel plus AKT inhibitor capivasertib, had plasma samples collected for ctDNA analysis at baseline and at multiple time points in the development cohort (safety run-in, part A) and validation cohort (randomised, part B). Baseline sample ctDNA sequencing identified mutations for longitudinal analysis and mutation-specific digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) assays were utilised to assess change in ctDNA abundance (allele fraction) between baseline and 872 on-treatment samples. Primary objective was to assess whether early suppression of ctDNA, based on pre-defined criteria from the development cohort, independently predicted outcome in the validation cohort. RESULTS: In the development cohort, suppression of ctDNA was apparent after 8 days of treatment (P = 0.014), with cycle 2 day 1 (4 weeks) identified as the optimal time point to predict PFS from early ctDNA dynamics. In the validation cohort, median PFS was 11.1 months in patients with suppressed ctDNA at 4 weeks and 6.4 months in patients with high ctDNA (hazard ratio = 0.20, 95% confidence interval 0.083-0.50, P < 0.0001). There was no difference in the level of ctDNA suppression between patients randomised to capivasertib or placebo overall (P = 0.904) nor in the PIK3CA mutant subpopulation (P = 0.071). Clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) was evident in 30% (18/59) baseline samples, although CHIP had no effect on tolerance of chemotherapy nor on PFS. CONCLUSION: Early on-treatment ctDNA dynamics are a surrogate for PFS. Dynamic ctDNA assessment has the potential to substantially enhance early drug development. CLINICAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01625286.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Circulating Tumor DNA/blood , Paclitaxel/therapeutic use , Biomarkers, Tumor/blood , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/blood , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Circulating Tumor DNA/genetics , Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic , Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic , Cohort Studies , Double-Blind Method , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Neoplasm Metastasis , Paclitaxel/administration & dosage , Prognosis , Progression-Free Survival , Pyrimidines/administration & dosage , Pyrroles/administration & dosage , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Survival Rate
2.
Ann Oncol ; 30(5): 774-780, 2019 05 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30860570

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: BEECH investigated the efficacy of capivasertib (AZD5363), an oral inhibitor of AKT isoforms 1-3, in combination with the first-line weekly paclitaxel for advanced or metastatic estrogen receptor-positive (ER+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) breast cancer, and in a phosphoinositide 3-kinase, catalytic, alpha polypeptide mutation sub-population (PIK3CA+). PATIENTS AND METHODS: BEECH consisted of an open-label, phase Ib safety run-in (part A) in 38 patients with advanced breast cancer, and a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, phase II expansion (part B) in 110 women with ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer. In part A, patients received paclitaxel 90 mg/m2 (days 1, 8 and 15 of a 28-day cycle) with capivasertib taken twice daily (b.i.d.) at two intermittent ascending dosing schedules. In part B, patients were randomly assigned, stratified by PIK3CA mutation status, to receive paclitaxel with either capivasertib or placebo. The primary end point for part A was safety to recommend a dose and schedule for part B; primary end points for part B were progression-free survival (PFS) in the overall and PIK3CA+ sub-population. RESULTS: Capivasertib was well tolerated, with a 400 mg b.i.d. 4 days on/3 days off treatment schedule selected in part A. In part B, median PFS in the overall population was 10.9 months with capivasertib versus 8.4 months with placebo [hazard ratio (HR) 0.80; P = 0.308]. In the PIK3CA+ sub-population, median PFS was 10.9 months with capivasertib versus 10.8 months with placebo (HR 1.11; P = 0.760). Based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Event v4.0, the most common grade ≥3 adverse events in the capivasertib group were diarrhoea, hyperglycaemia, neutropoenia and maculopapular rash. Dose intensity of paclitaxel was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Capivasertib had no apparent impact on the tolerability and dose intensity of paclitaxel. Adding capivasertib to weekly paclitaxel did not prolong PFS in the overall population or PIK3CA+ sub-population of ER+/HER2- advanced/metastatic breast cancer patients.ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01625286.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Mutation , Neoplasm Metastasis , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology , Paclitaxel/administration & dosage , Paclitaxel/adverse effects , Pyrimidines/administration & dosage , Pyrimidines/adverse effects , Pyrroles/administration & dosage , Pyrroles/adverse effects , Survival Rate
3.
Ann Oncol ; 23(9): 2313-2318, 2012 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22396447

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Scientific data provide the evidence that secondary K-RAS mutations do not occur during anti-epidermal growth factor receptor therapy in colorectal cancer patients. This multicenter phase II prospective study aims to investigate the activity of a retreatment with a cetuximab-based therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled 39 irinotecan-refractory patients who had a clinical benefit after a line of cetuximab- plus irinotecan-based therapy and then a progression of disease for which underwent a new line chemotherapy and finally, after a clear new progression of disease, were retreated with the same cetuximab- plus irinotecan-based therapy. RESULTS: Median number of therapeutic lines before accrual was 4. Median interval time between last cycle of first cetuximab-based therapy and first cycle of the retreatment was 6 months. Overall response rate was 53.8% with 19 partial responses (48.7%) and 2 complete responses (5.1%). Disease stabilization was obtained in 35.9% of patients and progression in four patients (10.2%). Median progression-free survival was 6.6 months. The correlation between skin toxicity during first cetuximab therapy and during cetuximab rechallenge was significant (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Rechallenge with the same cetuximab-based therapy may achieve a new important clinical benefit further delaying the progression of disease and improving the therapeutic options.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy , Drug Resistance, Neoplasm , Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy , Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology , Camptothecin/administration & dosage , Camptothecin/analogs & derivatives , Cetuximab , Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality , Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology , Disease-Free Survival , Exanthema/chemically induced , Female , Humans , Irinotecan , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Liver Neoplasms/mortality , Liver Neoplasms/secondary , Lung Neoplasms/mortality , Lung Neoplasms/secondary , Lymphatic Metastasis , Male , Middle Aged , Treatment Outcome
5.
Pediatr Med Chir ; 33(3): 137-40, 2011.
Article in Italian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22145298

ABSTRACT

Gastrointestinal bleeding in infants and children is an uncommon and potentially serious problem, but fortunately is usually limited and most cases resolve with close medical attention. The therapeutic criteria is often difficult particularly in neonates. In this work we examine the case of a neonate with serious gastrointestinal bleeding and the delayed treatment for diagnostic difficulties.


Subject(s)
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/surgery , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn
6.
Pediatr Med Chir ; 33(2): 85-8, 2011.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22111291

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The nasogastric tube is the chosen nutritional technique in premature infants. However, it is not without complications. The aim of this study is to compare our experience in iatrogenic complications caused by nasogastric tube (especially in very low birth weight infants) to a review of the most recent literature. METHODS: From january to december of 2008, in the Department of Neonatal Pathology at the Hospital of Treviso, 118 premature patients were treated. 110 of them had a body weight less than 1,500gr: serious complications caused by nasogastric tube occurred in two of these very low birth weight infants. The first case relates an injury of the esophagus, while the second case is about a perforation of the posterior wall of the stomach, left lobe of the liver and the spleen hilus. RESULTS: The surgical treatment was limited to the second case ending in splenectomy and repair of the posterior gastric wall and liver lobe. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Among all the iatrogenic injuries described in the literature, this last case is the most serious. It is important to verify always the position of the gastric tube and to doubt for a dislocation in any case of deviation of the tube from the normal course. In those cases in which a patient suddenly goes from a full well-being to a critical state without a precise contingent cause it is imperative to check the nasogastric tube place. In addition those cases have guided us to change our habits for managing these critical patients: we are then oriented toward the usage of silastic gastric probes, which are softer, less dangerous for ulcer damages, and long term replaceable, thus reducing the possibility of a iatrogenic injury.


Subject(s)
Infant, Premature , Intubation, Gastrointestinal/adverse effects , Gastrointestinal Tract/injuries , Humans , Iatrogenic Disease , Infant, Newborn , Male
8.
Pediatr Med Chir ; 31(3): 117-20, 2009.
Article in Italian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19739490

ABSTRACT

Foreign body (F.B.) ingestion occurs very frequently in paediatric age. The kind of ingested foreign bodies depends on the patient's age. Children between 1 and 3 years of age mostly swallow coins, toy parts, stones and small batteries; instead, older children typically ingest boluses of meat. The aim of this study is to review our case histories according to the latest literature, focusing on some events that needed a therapeutic emergency treatment.


Subject(s)
Digestive System , Foreign Bodies , Adolescent , Age Factors , Child , Child, Preschool , Digestive System/diagnostic imaging , Emergencies , Foreign Bodies/diagnosis , Foreign Bodies/epidemiology , Foreign Bodies/surgery , Foreign Bodies/therapy , Humans , Infant , Laparotomy , Male , Radiography, Abdominal
10.
Pharmacogenomics J ; 8(4): 278-88, 2008 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17549067

ABSTRACT

The primary end point of the study was the analysis of associations between polymorphisms with putative influence on 5-fluorouracil/irinotecan activity and progression-free survival (PFS) of patients with advanced colorectal cancer treated with first-line FOLFIRI chemotherapy. Peripheral blood samples from 146 prospectively enrolled patients were used for genotyping polymorphisms in thymidylate synthase (TS), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), excision repair cross-complementation group-1 (ERCC 1) xeroderma pigmentosum group-D (XPD), X-ray cross-complementing-1 (XRCC 1), X-ray cross-complementing-3 (XRCC 3) and uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases-A1 (UGT1 A1). TS 3'-UTR 6+/6+ and XRCC3-241 C/C genotypes were associated with adverse PFS. Hazard ratio for PFS achieved 2.89 (95% confidence interval=1.56-5.80; P=0.002) in 30 patients (20%) with both risk genotypes. Risk for Grade III-IV neutropenia was significantly associated with UGT1A1*28 7/7 genotype. These promising findings deserve further investigations and their validation in independent prospective studies.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy , Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics , Gene Expression Profiling/methods , Adult , Aged , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology , Camptothecin/analogs & derivatives , Camptothecin/pharmacology , Camptothecin/therapeutic use , Disease-Free Survival , Female , Fluorouracil/pharmacology , Fluorouracil/therapeutic use , Genotype , Humans , Irinotecan , Leucovorin/pharmacology , Leucovorin/therapeutic use , Male , Middle Aged , Pharmacogenetics/methods , Polymorphism, Genetic/drug effects , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Prospective Studies
11.
CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol ; 6(7): 449-457, 2017 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28379635

ABSTRACT

Three-dimensional and density-based tumor metrics have been suggested to better discriminate tumor response to treatment than unidimensional metrics, particularly for tumors exhibiting nonuniform size changes. In the developed pharmacometric modeling framework based on data from 77 imatinib-treated gastrointestinal patients, the time-courses of liver metastases' maximum transaxial diameters, software-calculated actual volumes (Vactual ) and calculated ellipsoidal volumes were characterized by logistic growth models, in which imatinib induced a linear dose-dependent size reduction. An indirect response model best described the reduction in density. Substantial interindividual variability in the drug effect of all response assessments and additional interlesion variability in the drug effect on density were identified. The predictive ability of longitudinal tumor unidimensional and three-dimensional size and density on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were compared using parametric time-to-event models. Death hazard increased with increasing Vactual . This framework may guide early clinical interventions based on three-dimensional tumor responses to enhance benefits for patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST).


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors , Imatinib Mesylate/therapeutic use , Liver Neoplasms , Models, Biological , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Disease-Free Survival , Female , Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors/diagnostic imaging , Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors/drug therapy , Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors/pathology , Humans , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , Liver Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy , Liver Neoplasms/secondary , Male , Middle Aged , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Treatment Outcome , Tumor Burden
13.
Talanta ; 41(3): 473-8, 1994 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18965952

ABSTRACT

Voltammetry at electrodes modified with ion-exchange polymers, named "ion exchange voltammetry", has been recently developed for characterizing and determining quantitatively ionic electroactive analytes preconcentrated at the electrode surface. Like for other voltammetric techniques, characterization is based on the position of the response on the potential scale, but an appreciable difference is frequently observed between the formal half-wave potential for redox couples incorporated within ion-exchange polymeric films and those for the same redox couples in solution as measured at bare electrodes. Such a difference has been rationalized here by a generalized equation, inferred from a suitable elaboration of the Nernst equation, whose validity has been tested by a thorough investigation performed at glassy carbon electrodes modified with either cationic (Nafion) or anionic (Tosflex) polymeric films. With this purpose, the effect of both charge and concentration of the analyte and of the loading counterion, this last introduced as the cation or anion of the supporting electrolyte, of the ion-exchange selectivity coefficients of the redox partners and of their stoichiometric coefficients, as well as of the number of electrons involved in the charge transfer has been evaluated. The results obtained agree quite well with theoretical expectations and indicate that the potential shifts found are mainly conditioned by both charge and concentration of the counterion from the supporting electrolyte and by the ratio of the ion-exchange equilibrium constants for the two redox partners involved. Other parameters considered have no influence on the potential shift or lead to negligible effects, provided that the quantities of the redox partners incorporated within the ion-exchange coating represents less than 5% of the film capacity. Again in agreement with theoretical expectations, positive shifts are found for increasing supporting electrolyte concentrations when cationic redox species incorporated within cationic films are involved, while the opposite effect is found for anionic redox species incorporated within anionic films.

14.
J Pediatr Surg ; 27(4): 466-8, 1992 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1522458

ABSTRACT

During the past 8 years 13 children with isolated blunt liver trauma were managed nonoperatively. All patients selected for this management were hemodynamically stable after initial resuscitation and were without signs of other associated intraabdominal injuries on ultrasonogram and/or computed tomography. Patients were observed in an intensive care unit for at least 48 hours with repeated clinical assessments, laboratory studies, and bed rest. One patient with type 3 injury was operated on 8 days after injury because of sudden intraperitoneal bleeding on ambulation. Five patients required blood transfusions of not more than 300 mL per patient. Laboratory values returned to normal from 7 to 21 days after injury. Resolution of hepatic injury on ultrasonogram took from 1 to 3 months. Complete bed rest was prescribed for at least 10 days depending on the type of injury, with restricted activities up to 3 months postinjury. No complications were seen in this series.


Subject(s)
Liver/injuries , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/therapy , Adolescent , Bed Rest , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Treatment Outcome , Wounds, Nonpenetrating/classification
15.
Pediatr Med Chir ; 4(5): 571-3, 1982.
Article in Italian | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6927361

ABSTRACT

The authors describe a case of hepatic hemangioma in a newborn, treated by successful surgical resection. Neonatal hepatic hemangioma is able to produce congestive heart failure with high output, thrombocitopenia, spontaneous rupture with peritoneal hemorrhage and sudden death. The major symptoms are a palpable anterior abdominal mass, tachicardia, and congestive heart failure unrespansive to medical treatments; sometimes there are cutaneus hemangiomas. When diagnosis is made, surgical resection is necessary in the solitar hemangioma; for diffuse or multinodular hemangiomatosis radiotherapy, corticosteroids and hepaticartery ligation have been employed with some good results.


Subject(s)
Hemangioma/surgery , Liver Neoplasms/surgery , Hemangioma/pathology , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Liver Neoplasms/pathology , Male
17.
Ann Oncol ; 18 Suppl 6: vi164-7, 2007 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17591815

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Bisphosphonate (BP) therapy has become a standard of therapy for patients with malignant bone disease. In vivo preclinical and preliminary clinical data indicate that BPs may prevent cancer treatment-induced bone loss and the onset of malignant bone disease in patients with early-stage cancer. DESIGN: This review will describe the preclinical evidences of action of BPs on osteoclasts and tumor cells. In addition, the effects of principal BPs on skeletal disease progression in patients with breast cancer, prostate cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer and other cancers will be reported. The preliminary clinical data from retrospective trials on the effect of zoledronic acid (ZA) on survival will be described and the ongoing adjuvant phase III trial will be analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: This review will describe the preliminary clinical evidences from prospective studies on the effect of ZA treatment on the prevention of bone metastasis.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use , Bone Density Conservation Agents/therapeutic use , Bone Neoplasms/drug therapy , Diphosphonates/therapeutic use , Imidazoles/therapeutic use , Animals , Bone Neoplasms/secondary , Bone Resorption/prevention & control , Humans , Zoledronic Acid
18.
Histol Histopathol ; 21(4): 423-35, 2006 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16437388

ABSTRACT

It is now widely accepted that human carcinogenesis is a multi-step process and phenotypic changes during cancer progression reflect the sequential accumulation of genetic alterations in cells. The recent progress of scientific research has notably increased knowledge about biological events involved in lung cancer pathogenesis and progression, thanks to the use of molecular biology and immunohistochemistry techniques. Lots of the genetic alteration found in small cells lung cancer (SCLC) and in not small cells lung cancer (NSCLC) concern the expression of cell cycle genes, actually recognized as onco-suppressor genes and the lack of equilibrium between oncogenes and oncosuppressor genes. The present review of literature widely describes the cell cycle control, the lung cancer molecular pathogenesis, the catalog of known genetic alterations and the recent advances in global expression profiles in lung tumors, on the basis of the various hystological types too. Such data suggest the potential use of this knowledges in clinical practice both as prognostic factors and innovative therapeutic possibilities and they impose the necessity of new studies about cell cycle control and lung carcinogenesis.


Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/physiopathology , Carcinoma, Small Cell/physiopathology , Cell Cycle , Lung Neoplasms/physiopathology , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology , Carcinoma, Small Cell/genetics , Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology , Cell Cycle/genetics , Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism , Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism , Disease Progression , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Genes, Neoplasm , Genes, Retinoblastoma , Genes, Tumor Suppressor , Genes, p16 , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/genetics , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Oncogenes , Proto-Oncogenes
19.
J Chromatogr ; 563(1): 11-21, 1991 Jan 18.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2061376

ABSTRACT

The development of a very sensitive, direct injection high-performance liquid chromatographic method, using a post-column reactor with immobilized alcohol oxidase, was undertaken with the aim of determining methanol and ethanol levels in microlitre volumes of biological samples. After reversed-phase chromatography to separate methanol and ethanol, the analytes were enzymically converted into the respective aldehydes with formation of stoichiometric amounts of hydrogen peroxide, which could be measured via electrochemical oxidation at a platinum electrode. Some problems were encountered in the development of solid-phase enzymic reactors, using a delicate enzyme, that is prone to lose activity, such as alcohol oxidase. Owing to the slightly alkaline pH required for the optimum activity of alcohol oxidase, polymeric columns seemed to be preferable for the chromatography. HEMA copolymer was chosen as the stationary phase, but the methanol and ethanol peaks eluted close together and posed severe problems of limiting post-column band spreading. Reactors based on coarse supports for enzyme immobilization gave unacceptable band spreading, causing the methanol and ethanol peaks to overlap. On the other hand high-performance liquid chromatographic packings maintained the efficiency of the chromatographic separation, quite independently of the reactor volume. Polymeric supports proved superior to silicas in maintaining the enzyme activity. However, relevant changes in the enzyme substrate specificity were observed after immobilization.


Subject(s)
Alcohol Oxidoreductases , Alcohols/analysis , Enzymes, Immobilized , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Electrochemistry/methods , Ethanol/analysis , Indicators and Reagents , Methanol/analysis , Microchemistry , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology
20.
Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom ; 15(19): 1855-61, 2001.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11565104

ABSTRACT

The oligomerization of Sn(OBu(t))(4) in the sol-gel process has been studied by several different analytical approaches. Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry was highly effective in describing the first species produced by the hydrolysis-polycondensation reactions. Mössbauer spectroscopy has elucidated the fast behavior of the hydrolytic oligomerization process, while calorimetric data have demonstrated the high enthalpy of the reaction in the presence of different solvents.


Subject(s)
Organotin Compounds/chemistry , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods , Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollutants/chemistry , Calorimetry , Hydrolysis , Organotin Compounds/analysis , Spectroscopy, Mossbauer
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