2D-3D switchable display based on a passive polymeric lenticular lens array and electrically suppressed ferroelectric liquid crystal.

We reveal a 2D-3D switchable lens unit that is based on a polarization-sensitive microlens array and a polarization selector unit made of an electrically suppressed helix ferroelectric liquid crystal (ESHFLC) cell. The ESHFLCs offer a high contrast ratio (∼10k∶1) between the crossed polarizers at a low applied electric field (∼1.7 V/µm) with a small switching time (<50 µs). A special driving scheme, to switch between a 2D and 3D mode, has been developed to avoid unwanted issues related to DC accumulation in the ferroelectric liquid crystal without affecting its optical quality. The proposed lens unit is characterized by low power consumption, ultrafast response, and 3D crosstalk <5%, and can therefore find application in TVs, cell phones, etc.

Exotic Property of Azobenzenesulfonic Photoalignment Material Based on Relative Humidity.

Azobenzene photoalignment materials are highly effective for liquid crystal alignment with high sensitivity and rewritability. A strong relationship between relative humidity and the alignment quality of a thin layer of azobenzenesulfonic dye has been investigated, where the photoinduced phase retardation, order parameter, and anchoring strength of the alignment layer are influenced dramatically by relative humidity. Our results provide fabrication guidance for the photoalignment process in both display and photonic applications. In addition, an exotic substantial ordering enhancement is observed by increasing the relative humidity without further light illumination, where the self-assembly of the photoaligned material incorporated with water molecules is the underlying reason for the enhanced high ordering (S > 0.8). Based on X-ray diffraction and depolarized optical microscopy observation, together with the photoalignment quality, a semicrystalline structure of the humidified azobenzenesulfonic material is proposed. The transition from amorphous solid at low relative humidity to semicrystal at high relative humidity provides a new perspective of understanding the hydrophilic photoalignment materials.

Electrically/optically tunable photo-aligned hybrid nematic liquid crystal Dammann grating.

In this Letter, we disclose a Dammann grating (DG) based on the hybrid photo-aligned nematic liquid crystals (LCs). The LC cell is composed of two substrates, wherein the first substrate is treated to provide the homeotropic alignment, and the other substrate is set to provide an in-plane, patterned alignment with a mutually orthogonal easy axis in the neighboring alignment domains. Thus, the fabricated polarization independent DG generates an optical array of equally distributed energy, which is characterized by a diffraction efficiency of more than 58%, a response time <1 ms, and the driving voltage 3 V/µm. Furthermore, the optically active alignment layer provides the optical tunability and reconfigurability for the proposed DG. With these advantageous parameters, these DGs can be applied in modern applications.

A large bistable negative lens by integrating a polarization switch with a passively anisotropic focusing element.

A bistable negative lens with a large aperture size (~10mm) by integrating a polarization switch of ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) with a passively anisotropic focusing element is demonstrated. The proposed lens not only exhibits electrically tunable bistability but also fast response time of sub-milliseconds. The tunable lens power is from 0 to -1.74 Diopters. The electro-optical properties and imaging performances are demonstrated. The impact of this study is to provide a solution of electrically bistable liquid crystal lenses for the applications of portable devices, wearable devices and colored ophthalmic lenses.

Enhanced orientational Kerr effect in vertically aligned deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystals.

We disclose the vertically aligned deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystal whose Kerr constant (Kkerr≈130 nm/V2 at λ=543 nm) is around one order of magnitude higher than any other value previously reported for liquid crystalline structures. Under certain conditions, the phase modulation with ellipticity less than 0.05 over the range of continuous and hysteresis-free electric adjustment of the phase shift from zero to 2π has been obtained at subkilohertz frequency.

Responsive Liquid Crystal Network Microstructures with Customized Shapes and Predetermined Morphing for Adaptive Soft Micro-Optics.

Stimuli-responsive materials have garnered substantial interest in recent years, particularly liquid crystal networks (LCNs) with sophisticatedly designed structures and morphing capabilities. Extensive efforts have been devoted to LCN structural designs spanning from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) configurations and their intricate morphing behaviors through designed alignment. However, achieving microscale structures and large-area preparation necessitates the development of novel techniques capable of facilely fabricating LCN microstructures with precise control over both overall shape and alignment, enabling a 3D-to-3D shape change. Herein, a simple and cost-effective in-cell soft lithography (ICSL) technique is proposed to create LCN microstructures with customized shapes and predesigned morphing. The ICSL technique involves two sequential steps: fabricating the desired microstructure as the template by using the photopolymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS) method and reproducing the LCN microstructures through templating. Meanwhile, surface anchoring is employed to design and achieve molecular alignment, accommodating different deformation modes. With the proposed ICSL technique, cylindrical and spherical microlens arrays (CMLAs and SMLAs) have been successfully fabricated with stimulus-driven polarization-dependent focusing effects. This technique offers distinct advantages including high customizability, large-area production, and cost-effectiveness, which pave a new avenue for extensive applications in different fields, exemplified by adaptive soft micro-optics and photonics.

Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes with Quantum Wires and Nanorods.

Perovskite materials, celebrated for their exceptional optoelectronic properties, have seen extensive application in the field of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), where research is as abundant as the proverbial "carloads of books." In this review, the research of perovskite materials is delved into from a dimensional perspective, with a focus on the exemplary performance of low-dimensional perovskite materials in LEDs. This discussion predominantly revolves around perovskite quantum wires and perovskite nanorods. Perovskite quantum wires are versatile in their growth, compatible with both solution-based and vapor-phase growth, and can be deposited over large areas-even on spherical substrates-to achieve commendable electroluminescence (EL). Perovskite nanorods, on the other hand, boast a suite of superior characteristics, such as polarization properties and tunability of the transition dipole moment, endowing them with the great potential to enhance light extraction efficiency. Furthermore, zero-dimensional (0D) perovskite materials like nanocrystals (NCs) are also the subject of widespread research and application. This review reflects on and synthesizes the unique qualities of the aforementioned materials while exploring their vital roles in the development of high-efficiency perovskite LEDs (PeLEDs).

Low voltage tunable liquid crystal lens.

In this Letter, we report a method to prepare a liquid crystal (LC) lens based on a variable pretilt angle of a photoalignment (PA) layer. With precise control of the irradiance, such PA provides good control on the pretilt angle that can be tuned in the range of 1°-89°. Therefore, the precise control of the irradiance generates a spatially varying pretilt angle with any desired pretilt angle profile. Thus, the tunable LC lenses have been fabricated and characterized. With low voltage operations, easy fabrication, and relatively high switching speed, such lenses can be applied in many modern optical and photonic devices.

A neuromorphic bionic eye with filter-free color vision using hemispherical perovskite nanowire array retina.

Spherical geometry, adaptive optics, and highly dense network of neurons bridging the eye with the visual cortex, are the primary features of human eyes which enable wide field-of-view (FoV), low aberration, excellent adaptivity, and preprocessing of perceived visual information. Therefore, fabricating spherical artificial eyes has garnered enormous scientific interest. However, fusing color vision, in-device preprocessing and optical adaptivity into spherical artificial eyes has always been a tremendous challenge. Herein, we demonstrate a bionic eye comprising tunable liquid crystal optics, and a hemispherical neuromorphic retina with filter-free color vision, enabled by wavelength dependent bidirectional synaptic photo-response in a metal-oxide nanotube/perovskite nanowire hybrid structure. Moreover, by tuning the color selectivity with bias, the device can reconstruct full color images. This work demonstrates a unique approach to address the color vision and optical adaptivity issues associated with artificial eyes that can bring them to a new level approaching their biological counterparts.

Axially symmetric polarization converter made of patterned liquid crystal quarter wave plate.

We present a method to fabricate a radially and azimuthally polarized light converter by deploying a patterned liquid crystal (LC) quarter-wave plates (QWP). The patterned QWP has been fabricated by providing the axially symmetric alignment to the LC layer by mean of photo-alignment. When the left handed circularly (LHC) or right handed circularly (RHC) polarized light passes through these patterned QWPs, the emergent light becomes radially or azimuthally polarized. Moreover, the proposed polarization converters are characterized by the fast response time, thus could find application in various fast photonic devices.

An optical system via liquid crystal photonic devices for photobiomodulation.

Photobiomodulation or low-level light therapy (LLLT) has extensive applications based on light-induced effects in biological systems. Photobiomodulation remains controversial because of a poorly understood biochemical mechanism limited by the well-known biphasic dose response or Arndt-Schulz curve. The Arndt-Schulz curve states that an optimal dose of light is a key factor for realizing a therapeutic effect. In this report, we demonstrate a tunable optical system for photobiomodulation to aid physicians in overcoming the constraints of light due to biphasic dose response. The tunable optical system is based on a white light-emitting diode and four liquid crystal (LC) photonic devices: three LC phase retarders, and one LC lens. The output light of the tunable optical system exhibits electrical tunability for the wavelength, energy density and beam size. The operating principle is introduced, and the experimental results are presented. The proposed concept can be further extended to other electrically tunable photonic devices for different clinical purposes for photobiomodulation.

High-frequency torsional Alfvén waves as an energy source for coronal heating.

The existence of the Sun's hot atmosphere and the solar wind acceleration continues to be an outstanding problem in solar-astrophysics. Although magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes and dissipation of magnetic energy contribute to heating and the mass cycle of the solar atmosphere, yet direct evidence of such processes often generates debate. Ground-based 1-m Swedish Solar Telescope (SST)/CRISP, Hα 6562.8 Å observations reveal, for the first time, the ubiquitous presence of high frequency (~12-42 mHz) torsional motions in thin spicular-type structures in the chromosphere. We detect numerous oscillating flux tubes on 10 June 2014 between 07:17 UT to 08:08 UT in a quiet-Sun field-of-view of 60" × 60" (1" = 725 km). Stringent numerical model shows that these observations resemble torsional Alfvén waves associated with high frequency drivers which contain a huge amount of energy (~105 W m-2) in the chromosphere. Even after partial reflection from the transition region, a significant amount of energy (~103 W m-2) is transferred onto the overlying corona. We find that oscillating tubes serve as substantial sources of Alfvén wave generation that provide sufficient Poynting flux not only to heat the corona but also to originate the supersonic solar wind.

Orientational Kerr effect and phase modulation of light in deformed-helix ferroelectric liquid crystals with subwavelength pitch.

We study both theoretically and experimentally the electro-optical properties of vertically aligned deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystals (VADHFLC) with subwavelength pitch that are governed by the electrically induced optical biaxiality of the smectic helical structure. The key theoretical result is that the principal refractive indices of homogenized VADHFLC cells exhibit the quadratic nonlinearity and such behavior might be interpreted as an orientational Kerr effect caused by the electric-field-induced orientational distortions of the FLC helix. In our experiments, it has been observed that, for sufficiently weak electric fields, the magnitude of biaxiality is proportional to the square of electric field in good agreement with our theoretical results for the effective dielectric tensor of VADHFLCs. Under certain conditions, the 2π phase modulation of light, which is caused by one of the induced refractive indices, is observed without changes in ellipticity of incident light.