ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Positive bronchodilator reversibility (BDR) is a diagnostic criterion for asthma. However, patients with asthma may exhibit a negative BDR response. Aim: To describe the frequency of positive and Negative BDR response in patients with severe asthma and study associations with phenotypic characteristics. METHODS: A positive BDR response was defined as an increase in FEV1 >200 mL and >12% upon testing with a short-acting ß-agonist. RESULTS: BDR data were available for 793 of the 2013 patients included in the German Asthma Net (GAN) severe asthma registry. Of these, 250 (31.5%) had a positive BDR response and 543 (68.5%) a egative BDR response. Comorbidities significantly associated with a negative response were gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (28.0% vs 40.0%, P<.01) and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (0.4% vs 3.0%; P<.05), while smoking history (active: 2.8% vs 2.2%; ex: 40.0% vs 41.7%) and comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (5.2% vs 7.2%) were similar in both groups. Patients with a positive BDR response had worse asthma control (median Asthma Control Questionnaire 5 score, 3.4 vs 3.0, P<.05), more frequently reported dyspnea at rest (26.8% vs 16.4%, P<.001) and chest tightness (36.4% vs 26.2%, P<.001), and had more severe airway obstruction at baseline (FEV1% predicted, 56 vs 64, P<.001) and higher fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels (41 vs 33 ppb, P<0.05). There were no differences in diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, single breath (% pred, 70% vs 71%). Multivariate linear regression analysis identified an association between positive BDR response and lower baseline FEV1% (P<.001) and chest tightness (P<.05) and a negative association between BDR and GERD (P<.05). CONCLUSION: In this real-life setting, most patients with severe asthma had a negative BDR response. Interestingly, this was not associated with smoking history or COPD, but with lower FeNO and presence of GERD.
Subject(s)
Asthma , Churg-Strauss Syndrome , Gastroesophageal Reflux , Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive , Humans , Bronchodilator Agents/therapeutic use , Forced Expiratory Volume/physiology , Asthma/diagnosis , Asthma/drug therapy , Asthma/epidemiology , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Delays in the start of morning operations cause a loss of expensive OR capacity as well as frustration and potential conflicts among the different professions involved. There are a lot of reasons which can lead to delayed anesthesia ready time (ART). This is the first large multicenter study to identify incidence, extent and reasons of delay in ART. METHODS: First case delays in ART were studied in all regular ORs in 36 hospitals of different sizes (smaller community hospitals, larger community hospitals and university hospitals) over a period of 2 weeks. We analyzed the results comparing the 3 hospital types regarding incidence, extent and reasons for delay. RESULTS: A total of 3628 first of day cases were included in the study. Incidences of delayed ART (delay >5â¯min) ranged from 26.5% in university hospitals to 40.8% in larger community hospitals. However, university hospitals had higher incidences than smaller community hospitals of delays greater than 15 and 30â¯min. The main reasons for delays were prolonged induction of anesthesia, patient in-hospital logistics and delayed patient arrival at the hospitals. The highest mean delay of delayed cases was found in university hospitals with 21.7â¯min⯱ 14.7â¯min (SD). CONCLUSIONS: Delays in anesthesia ready time have a high prevalence in most hospitals, however the reasons for delay are manifold, making interventions to reduce delay complex.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia , Anesthesiology , Hospitals, University , Humans , Incidence , Operating RoomsABSTRACT
The determination of exercise-induced dyspnea is an important multifaceted task for a differential diagnosis of the pulmonologist. We are reporting the case of a 70-year old female patient at the time of the first presentation with a tumor filling almost the entire left hemithorax. Histologically a solitary pleural fibroma could be diagnosed.
Subject(s)
Dyspnea , Aged , Diagnosis, Differential , Dyspnea/diagnosis , Dyspnea/etiology , Female , HumansABSTRACT
Kongenitale Pulmonalarterienstenosen sind eine seltene Ursache der pulmonalen Hypertonie (PH). Die Erkrankung wird in ihrer Häufigkeit vermutlich unterschätzt, und sie sollte in der Abklärung einer PH bedacht werden.Die Vorstellung einer 43-jährigen Patientin erfolgte zur Therapieoptimierung und Evaluation einer möglichen Lungentransplantation mit der Arbeitsdiagnose kongenitale Pulmonalarterienstenosen.Die Patientin beklagte eine seit der frühen Kindheit bestehende Belastungsdyspnoe aktuell entsprechend WHO-FC-Klasse II-III.Die Krankengeschichte zeigte die Erstdiagnose einer primären pulmonalarteriellen Hypertonie (IPAH) vor 17 Jahren. Es erfolgte eine PH-spezifische Medikation in wechselnden Kombinationen. Im Rahmen eines Zentrumswechsels erfolgte eine Reevaluation, und bei Nachweis eines typischen Mismatch mit normaler Ventilation, jedoch keilförmig gestörter Perfusion in der Lungenszintigrafie wurde eine chronisch thromboembolische pulmonale Hypertonie (CTEPH) vermutet. Die Pulmonalis-Angiografie zeigte ausschließlich subsegmental gelegene Stenosierungen sowie Gefäßabbrüche mit korrespondierenden Minderperfusionen, passend zu einer CTEPH. Im Rahmen der ersten Intervention erfolgte aufgrund der ungewöhnlichen Morphologie der pulmonalarteriellen Läsionen eine Erweiterung der Diagnostik mittels optischer Kohärenztomografie (OCT). Bei der Patientin fand sich kein endoluminales Material, jedoch eine kräftige Gefäßwand. Damit wurde die Diagnose einer pumonalen Hypertonie bei kongenitalen Pulmonalarterienstenosen mit In-situ-Thrombosierung gestellt.
Subject(s)
Hypertension, Pulmonary , Stenosis, Pulmonary Artery , Humans , Hypertension, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiologyABSTRACT
Patients with asthma should be vaccinated against COVID-19. This includes patients with severe asthma. Treatment with a biological for asthma is no contra-indication for vaccination against COVID-19.
Subject(s)
Asthma , COVID-19 , Pulmonary Medicine , Asthma/drug therapy , Austria , COVID-19 Vaccines , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , VaccinationABSTRACT
Asbestos-related mesotheliomas belong to the group of the most frequent occupational diseases in Germany, reaching about 1,000 new cases per year. The disease has a dismal prognosis because most tumors remain asymptomatic for a long time and therefore are diagnosed as incidental findings at later stages.During the last decade the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV) has made considerable efforts to prepone the diagnosis in order to detect the disease at earliest possible stages. These efforts resulted in new findings showing that, in a high-risk group, a combination of the biomarkers calretinin and mesothelin was able to advance the diagnosis up to 12 months.Ideally, the diagnosis of a mesothelioma at an early stage has to be accompanied by the best possible individualized therapy. Standard therapeutic strategies are surgery and chemotherapy, added by radiotherapy and psycho-oncology. In recent years, several new therapeutic avenues are being explored. This review comprehensively presents both old and new therapeutic options in mesothelioma, based on international Leitlinien and new studies.
Subject(s)
Asbestos , Lung Neoplasms , Mesothelioma, Malignant , Mesothelioma , Occupational Exposure , Pleural Neoplasms , Asbestos/adverse effects , Consensus , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis , Lung Neoplasms/therapy , Mesothelioma/diagnosis , Mesothelioma/therapy , Pleural Neoplasms/diagnosis , Pleural Neoplasms/therapyABSTRACT
The present addendum of the guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of asthma (2017) complements new insights into the diagnosis and management of asthma as well as for the newly approved drugs for the treatment of asthma. Current, evidence-based recommendations on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are presented for children and adolescents as well as for adults with asthma.
Subject(s)
Asthma , Pulmonary Medicine , Adolescent , Adult , Asthma/diagnosis , Asthma/drug therapy , Asthma/epidemiology , Austria , Child , Humans , Societies, MedicalABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Minimum volume thresholds for specific surgical procedures in German hospitals were established in 2004 but remain controversial. For the first time, this study investigated the relationship between hospital performance volume and surgical procedure duration in a multicenter approach. The question here was whether a concentration on frequently performed procedures leads to a reduction in surgical process times. METHODS: In a retrospective analysis, the 5 most common procedures from visceral, trauma/orthopedic and gynecological/obstetrics surgery were examined in hospitals participating in a benchmarking program. For each procedure performed between 2013 and 2015, hospitals were divided into 4 groups depending on the hospital volume provided. The average surgical duration of incision to suture time was calculated between the group with "very low" hospital volume and the other three groups ("low", "high" and "very high"). RESULTS: OR cases from 75 hospitals were analyzed. The number of included cases per procedure ranged from 31,940 to 2705. The average number of operations performed in a specific procedure was 3-4 times higher in high-volume hospitals compared to very low-volume hospitals. A linear relationship between hospital volume and surgical process time only appeared to be clearly seen in laparoscopic cholecystectomy, appendectomy and arthroscopic meniscus surgery: a higher case load led to a reduction in incision to suture time. For the other procedures, the surgical process times were inconsistent between the hospital groups. CONCLUSION: The case volume only appeared to have a direct but limited influence on incision to suture times in laparoscopic and arthroscopic procedures. Overall, the hospital performance volume appeared to be of subordinate importance in terms of OR-economics.
Subject(s)
Hospitals, High-Volume , Hospitals, Low-Volume , Surgical Procedures, Operative/statistics & numerical data , Benchmarking , Digestive System Surgical Procedures , Female , Gynecology , Health Services Research , Hospital Charges , Humans , Obstetrics , Operative Time , Orthopedic Procedures , Orthopedics , Pregnancy , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Biologicals are a therapeutic option for patients with severe asthma. Difficult asthma in patients with untreated comorbidities or persistent trigger factors is much more common than severe refractory asthma. Optimized medical treatment, adherence to medication, elimination of trigger factors and treatment of comorbidities are essential before escalating the therapy with a biological. A careful phenotyping of patient with severe asthma is necessary because all available biological are only effective in certain phenotypes of the disease. For patients with severe allergic asthma an antibody against IgE (Omalizumab) is available. For patients with severe asthma and eosinophilic inflammation the Interleukin (IL)-5 Antibodies Mepolizumab and Reslizumab have recently been approved. The most prominent effect of biological treatment is the reduction of acute exacerbations in these patients. Further antibodies against IL-5 receptor (Benralizumab) or against the IL-4 receptor alpha chain (Dupilumab) are in advanced clinical development.
Subject(s)
Anti-Asthmatic Agents/therapeutic use , Asthma/drug therapy , Biological Products/therapeutic use , Omalizumab/therapeutic use , Adult , Asthma/classification , Asthma/epidemiology , Asthma/immunology , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Germany , Humans , Immunoglobulin E/blood , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/classification , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/drug therapy , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/epidemiology , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/immunologyABSTRACT
Acute worsenings of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were for a long time regarded as transient deteriorations, although occasionally life-threatening. No connection to disease progression was recognized. Data emerging during the last decade showed that patients had a considerably worse survival outcome after severe exacerbations. This insight was consolidated in 2012 by a large population-based cohort analysis. At present, severe exacerbations are regarded as key risk factors for COPD disease progression. The present article summarises the current knowledge on exacerbations of COPD, as delineated during an expert workshop in February 2017. It comprises pathogenic mechanisms, exacerbation triggers, the characteristics of frequent exacerbators, and the predictors of worse survival outcome. The role of comorbidities is considered more closely. The presentation of the pharmacotherapy of acute exacerbation is supplemented by an overview of ventilatory support. Finally, pharmacological and nonpharmacological preventive measures are summarised.
Subject(s)
Disease Progression , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/mortality , Evidence-Based Medicine , Humans , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/blood , Risk Factors , Survival RateABSTRACT
The present guideline is a new version and an update of the guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of asthma, which replaces the previous version for german speaking countries from the year 2006. The wealth of new data on the pathophysiology and the phenotypes of asthma, and the expanded spectrum of diagnostic and therapeutic options necessitated a new version and an update. This guideline presents the current, evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of asthma, for children and adolescents as well as for adults with asthma.
Subject(s)
Asthma/diagnosis , Asthma/therapy , Asthma/classification , Asthma/etiology , Austria , Germany , Humans , Prognosis , Risk Factors , Societies, MedicalABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Regulatory T cells (Treg) represent a promising target for novel treatment strategies in patients with inflammatory/allergic diseases. A soluble derivate of the Treg surface molecule glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (sGARP) has strong anti-inflammatory and regulatory effects on human cells in vitro as well as in vivo through de novo induction of peripheral Treg. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory function of sGARP and its possible role as a new therapeutic option in allergic diseases using a humanized mouse model. METHODS: To analyze the therapeutic effects of sGARP, adult NOD/Scidγc(-/-) (NSG) mice received peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) derived from allergic patients with sensitization against birch allergen. Subsequently, allergic inflammation was induced in the presence of Treg alone or in combination with sGARP. RESULTS: In comparison with mice that received Treg alone, additional treatment with sGARP reduced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), influx of neutrophils and macrophages into the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and human CD45(+) cells in the lungs. Furthermore, the numbers of mucus-producing goblet cells and inflammatory cell infiltrates were reduced. To elucidate whether the mechanism of action of sGARP involves the TGF-ß receptor pathway, mice additionally received anti-TGF-ß receptor II (TGF-ßRII) antibodies. Blocking the signaling of TGF-ß through TGF-ßRII abrogated the anti-inflammatory effects of sGARP, confirming its essential role in inhibiting the allergic inflammation. CONCLUSION: Induction of peripheral tolerance via sGARP is a promising potential approach to treat allergic airway diseases.
Subject(s)
Inflammation/etiology , Inflammation/metabolism , Membrane Proteins/genetics , Membrane Proteins/metabolism , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/etiology , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/metabolism , Adult , Allergens/immunology , Animals , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Humans , Immune Tolerance , Immunoglobulin E/blood , Immunoglobulin E/immunology , Inflammation/pathology , Lung/immunology , Lung/metabolism , Lung/pathology , Male , Mice , Middle Aged , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism , Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II , Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/pathology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolismSubject(s)
COVID-19 , Lung Diseases/epidemiology , Pandemics , Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology , Germany , Humans , Risk Assessment , Societies, MedicalABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Due to reduced allergic potency, hypoallergenic variants have been suggested as safer and potentially more efficacious alternative to the corresponding wild-type allergens in allergen-specific immunotherapy. Here, we aimed at investigating the efficacy of recombinant Bet v 1B2, a hypoallergenic folding variant of Bet v 1, in epicutaneous immunotherapy to suppress asthmatic features using a murine model of birch pollen allergy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Before, or after sensitization with rBet v 1 plus ALUMW and intranasal challenges with birch pollen extract, BALB/c mice received epicutaneous immunization (EPI) with rBet v 1, or rBet v 1B2 on their depilated back. Prophylactic EPI with rBet v 1B2, but not with rBet v 1, suppressed serum levels of Bet v 1-specific IgE antibodies and reduced the number of eosinophils and the concentrations of Th2 cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage. In an established allergic condition, serum levels of Bet v 1-specific IgE antibodies were similar between PBS-treated control mice and EPI-treated mice. However, therapeutic EPI with rBet v 1B2, but not with rBet v 1, significantly suppressed the development of airway inflammation and lung function impairment. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to show the effect of therapeutic EPI with a recombinant form of a hypoallergenic folding variant on the suppression of asthmatic features. Our results suggest that rBet v 1B2 along with its reduced IgE-binding capacity could be a preferred therapeutic allergen than wild-type rBet v 1 in epicutaneous immunotherapy of birch pollen-induced allergic asthma, in particular due to a lower risk of allergic side effect.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Plant/chemistry , Antigens, Plant/immunology , Asthma/prevention & control , Desensitization, Immunologic/methods , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/prevention & control , Allergens/chemistry , Allergens/immunology , Animals , Asthma/immunology , Disease Models, Animal , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Humans , Immunoblotting , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Protein Isoforms/immunology , Recombinant Proteins/immunology , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Non-eosinophilic asthma is characterized by infiltration of neutrophils into the lung and variable responsiveness to glucocorticoids. The pathophysiological mechanisms have not been characterized in detail. Here, we present an experimental asthma model in mice associated with non-eosinophilic airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). For this, BALB/c mice were sensitized by biolistic DNA immunization with a plasmid encoding the model antigen ß-galactosidase (pFascin-ßGal mice). For comparison, eosinophilic airway inflammation was induced by subcutaneous injection of ßGal protein (ßGal mice). Intranasal challenge of mice in both groups induced AHR to a comparable extent as well as recruitment of inflammatory cells into the airways. In contrast to ßGal mice, which exhibited extensive eosinophilic infiltration in the lung, goblet cell hyperplasia and polarization of CD4(+) T cells into Th2 and Th17 cells, pFascin-ßGal mice showed considerable neutrophilia, but no goblet cell hyperplasia and a predominance of Th1 and Tc1 cells in the airways. Depletion studies in pFascin-ßGal mice revealed that CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells cooperated to induce maximum inflammation, but that neutrophilic infiltration was not a prerequisite for AHR induction. Treatment of pFascin-ßGal mice with dexamethasone before intranasal challenge did not affect neutrophilic infiltration, but significantly reduced AHR, infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes as well as content of IFN-γ in the bronchoalveolar fluid. Our results suggest that non-eosinophilic asthma associated predominantly with Th1/Tc1 cells is susceptible to glucocorticoid treatment. pFascin-ßGal mice might represent a mouse model to study pathophysiological mechanisms proceeding in the subgroup of asthmatics with non-eosinophilic asthma that respond to inhaled steroids.
Subject(s)
Asthma/drug therapy , Asthma/immunology , Dexamethasone/therapeutic use , T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology , Th1 Cells/immunology , Animals , Biolistics , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology , DNA/administration & dosage , DNA/immunology , Disease Models, Animal , Eosinophils/immunology , Female , Goblet Cells/pathology , Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis , Interferon-gamma/metabolism , Lung/cytology , Lung/immunology , Lymphocyte Activation/immunology , Lymphocyte Depletion , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology , Neutrophils/immunology , Th17 Cells/immunology , Th2 Cells/immunology , beta-Galactosidase/administration & dosage , beta-Galactosidase/geneticsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Combining allergen(s) with an adjuvant is a strategy to improve the efficacy and safety of allergen-specific immunotherapy. Here, we aimed at investigating the adjuvant effects of polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid (poly(A:U)), a TLR3 agonist, and R848 (resiquimod), a TLR7 agonist, in epicutaneous immunotherapy with Bet v 1, the major birch pollen allergen, to intervene in birch pollen allergy. METHODS AND RESULTS: BALB/c mice received epicutaneous immunization (EPI) with recombinant Bet v 1 (rBet v 1) alone, or plus poly(A:U), or R848 on their depilated back using patches. Among the groups, EPI with rBet v 1 and R848 induced detectable levels of IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells in lymph nodes and Bet v 1-specific IgG2a antibodies in the sera of mice. Before or after EPI, mice were sensitized with rBet v 1 plus aluminium hydroxide adjuvant and intranasally challenged with birch pollen extract. Prophylactic EPI with rBet v 1 plus R848 inhibited the production of biologically active Bet v 1-specific IgE antibodies in sensitization. Prophylactic and therapeutic EPI with rBet v 1 plus R848 suppressed lung inflammation upon challenges. Remarkably, only rBet v 1 plus R848 reduced the development of enhanced pause (PenH), a substituted parameter for airway hyper-reactivity, in challenged mice. In contrast to R848, poly(A:U) did not present adjuvant effect on the suppression of asthmatic features. CONCLUSION: Epicutaneous immunization with rBet v 1 plus R848 induced predominant Bet v 1-specific Th1 responses and efficiently suppressed asthmatic features elicited by birch pollen. R848 could be a promising adjuvant in epicutaneous immunotherapy for birch pollen-induced allergic asthma.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Plant/administration & dosage , Antigens, Plant/immunology , Asthma/immunology , Asthma/therapy , Desensitization, Immunologic , Imidazoles/administration & dosage , Administration, Cutaneous , Animals , Asthma/pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Immunization , Immunoglobulin E/immunology , Immunoglobulin G/immunology , Mice , Premedication , Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage , Recombinant Proteins/immunology , Th1 Cells/immunology , Th1 Cells/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Omalizumab is a monoclonal anti-IgE-antibody that is used to treat severe allergic asthma. The aim of this review was to evaluate the available evidence in a panel of experts and to provide recommendations on therapy duration with omalizumab. RESULTS: A direct or indirect interaction between omalizumab and IgE production seems likely. Pharmacokinetic-pharmakodynamic models suggest that omalizumab modulates IgE production. This hypothesis is currently investigated in clinical studies. In addition, available evidence suggests that omalizumab mitigates different factors of airway remodeling. However, based on the currently available data, no recommendations can be given in regard to reduction of dosage or discontinuation of omalizumab in long term treated patients. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, neither dose reductions nor treatment withdrawal can be recommended in patients with severe allergic asthma and long term treatment with omalizumab. Clinical studies addressing these issues are being conducted.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/administration & dosage , Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology , Asthma/drug therapy , Asthma/immunology , Hypersensitivity/drug therapy , Hypersensitivity/immunology , Immunoglobulin E/immunology , Anti-Allergic Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Allergic Agents/immunology , Anti-Asthmatic Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Asthmatic Agents/immunology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Omalizumab , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
This overview presents data that take advantage of a new step of insight into COPD. Large population-based retrospective studies and intensively investigated prospective cohorts are two important sources of knowledge that have been recently developed. One of the contributions introduces the German COSYCONET which is on its way shortly after the American ECLIPSE cohort. The vast amount of new data has also contributed to some corrections of the recommendations of the international GOLD committee. Clinically important are the waiver of the reversibility test for the diagnosis of COPD, the inclusion of sympotom scores to evaluate quality of life and the estimation of exacerbations. The COPD types I through IV were originally the result of expert opinion, but their impact on prognosis has recently been evaluated empirically.The top issues of the expert meeting were cardiovascular aspects of COPD. Besides the comorbidity of two significant chronic diseases, it became clear that cardiovascular events have an outstanding significance for COPD patients. Inversely, advanced COPD is an important risk factor in cardiac and vascular diseases. The mutual influence of both disease entities does not only affect the long term progression but also the outcome of acute events like myocardial infarction and COPD exacerbation. The following contributions investigate the topic with regard to epidemiology, the biology of vessels, and especially with regard to acute COPD exacerbations and pharmakotherapy. Recent evidence enables a fresh view on the cardiovascular toxicity of COPD medication and on possible protective effects of cardiovascular drugs (i.e. statins and ß-receptor antagonists) for patients with COPD.