Validation of global item for assessing impact on quality of life of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa.

BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease. The HS core outcome set calls for a patient global assessment (PtGA). OBJECTIVES: To assess the validity, reliability and responsiveness of a candidate single-item PtGA for HS-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL). METHODS: Cognitive debriefing interviews were conducted with patients with HS in Denmark and the USA. A cross-sectional observational study was done with adults with HS in the USA and Denmark. Candidate PtGA item, demographic items and multiple patient-reported scales - the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Quality of Life (HiSQOL), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and numerical rating scale (NRS) for pain - were concurrently administered to evaluate convergent and known-groups validity. Scales with a single-item assessment of change were readministered 24-72 h later, to evaluate reliability and responsiveness. RESULTS: After cognitive debriefing, the candidate PtGA for HS-specific HRQoL was finalized with five response levels. Convergent validity of the PtGA was supported by significant correlations with HiSQOL score [r = 0·79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·75-0·82] and DLQI (r = 0·78, 95% CI 0·74-0·82). The PtGA displayed known-groups validity with DLQI score bands based on significance of an anova (P < 0·001). Good test-retest reliability was supported by the intraclass correlation coefficient (0·82, 95% CI 0·78-0·85) for those who reported stable HS. Responsiveness was assessed by differences in PtGA score against a patient-reported assessment of change, which showed significant differences towards improvement. CONCLUSIONS: The single-item PtGA exhibits reliability, validity and responsiveness in assessing HS-specific HRQoL in HS, making it a good provisional tool for HS clinical research.

The Hidradenitis Suppurativa Quality of Life (HiSQOL) score: development and validation of a measure for clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory condition that can have a large negative impact on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). A reliable and validated measure of HS-specific HRQOL in clinical studies is needed. OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate the Hidradenitis Suppurativa Quality Of Life (HiSQOL©) scale, for clinical trial measurement of HS-specific HRQOL. METHODS: In stage 1, qualitative concept elicitation interviews were conducted with patients with HS in Denmark (n = 21) and the U.S.A. (n = 21). In stage 2, cognitive debriefing interviews were performed with U.S. (n = 30) and Danish patients with HS (n = 30). In stage 3 an observational study of 222 patients with HS in the U.S.A. was conducted for item reduction, measure validation and assessment of psychometric properties. In stage 4, an observational study of 215 patients with HS in Denmark was conducted to confirm the psychometric structure derived in stage 3. In both studies the Dermatology Life Quality Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and numerical rating scale for pain were also included. RESULTS: In concept elicitation, 99 items were generated, which were reduced to 41 after removing duplicates. In cognitive debriefing, two items were added and one item removed. A 42-item instrument was psychometrically assessed. Based on psychometric analyses and patient input, the instrument was reduced to 17 items that had strong psychometric properties in both the U.S. and Danish samples. CONCLUSIONS: The HiSQOL is a reliable and valid instrument to measure HS-specific HRQOL in clinical trials.

Inter-rater agreement and reliability of outcome measurement instruments and staging systems used in hidradenitis suppurativa.

BACKGROUND: Monitoring disease activity over time is a prerequisite for clinical practice and research. Valid and reliable outcome measurement instruments (OMIs) and staging systems provide researchers and clinicians with benchmark tools to assess the primary and secondary outcomes of interventional trials and to guide treatment selection properly. OBJECTIVES: To investigate inter-rater reliability and agreement in instruments currently used in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), with dermatologists experienced in HS as the rater population of interest. METHODS: In a prospective completely balanced design, 24 patients with HS underwent a physical examination by 12 raters (288 assessments) using nine instruments. The results were analysed using generalized linear mixed models. RESULTS: For the staging systems, the study found good inter-rater reliability for Hurley staging in the axillae and gluteal region, moderate inter-rater reliability for Hurley staging in the groin and for Physician's Global Assessment, and fair inter-rater reliability for refined Hurley staging and the International HS Severity Scoring System. For all the tested OMIs, the observed intervals for limits of agreement were very wide relative to the ranges of the scales. CONCLUSIONS: The very wide intervals for limits of agreement imply that substantial changes are needed in clinical research in order to rule out measurement error. The results illustrate a difficulty, even for experienced HS experts, to agree on the type and number of lesions when evaluating disease severity. The apparent caveats call for global efforts, such as the HIdradenitis SuppuraTiva cORe outcomes set International Collaboration (HISTORIC) to reach consensus on how best to measure physical signs of HS reliably in randomized trials. What's already known about this topic? Without valid and reliable instruments to measure outcomes, researchers and clinicians lack the necessary benchmarks to assess primary and secondary end points of interventional trials properly. Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Several outcome measure instruments exist for HS, but their validation is generally incomplete or of relatively low methodological quality. What does this study add? Using a prospective completely balanced design this study examined inter-rater reliability with HS-experienced dermatologists as the rater population of interest. The study did not find very good reliability for any included instrument or lesion counts. This study illustrates the difficulty in finding agreement on the type and number of HS lesions, even among experts. The results question whether physical signs are best measured by a traditional physician lesion count instrument. What are the clinical implications of this work? For staging, Hurley staging and physician global visual analogue scale proved to be acceptable instruments in terms of inter-rater reliability. For the instruments designed to measure changes in health status, our study illustrates how difficult it is, even for experts, to measure the physical signs of HS using a simple rater counting. Consequently, other assessment methods of physicals signs, such as ultrasound evaluation, require consideration.

Severe hidradenitis suppurativa responding to treatment with secukinumab: a case report.

An inappropriate immunological response to an unknown antigen has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). Studies have identified elevated levels of several proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-17A and tumour necrosis factor-α, nominating these as possible therapeutic targets.1 Secukinumab is an IL-17A monoclonal antibody, which binds to IL-17A and inhibits the cytokine interaction with the IL-17 receptors, inhibiting the inflammatory cascade. Here we report a case of a 47-year-old man, with Hurley stage III lesions on the neck, axillae, breasts, genital skin and buttocks, who had experienced only temporary benefit from different medical treatments over several years. After 12 weeks of treatment with secukinumab, the number of lesions reported by the patient within the period of the last 4 weeks was reduced from 23 to seven, his pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score was reduced from 5 to 3 and pain/utility/handicap VAS score was reduced from 7 to 4. These results may be taken to imply that IL-17 blockade could provide a possible therapeutic approach in the treatment of HS.

Core outcome sets in dermatology: report from the second meeting of the International Cochrane Skin Group Core Outcome Set Initiative.

Results of clinical trials are the most important information source for generating external clinical evidence. The use of different outcomes across trials, which investigate similar interventions for similar patient groups, significantly limits the interpretation, comparability and clinical application of trial results. Core outcome sets (COSs) aim to overcome this limitation. A COS is an agreed standardized collection of outcomes that should be measured and reported in all clinical trials for a specific clinical condition. The Core Outcome Set Initiative within the Cochrane Skin Group (CSG-COUSIN) supports the development of core outcomes in dermatology. In the second CSG-COUSIN meeting held in 2017, 11 COS development groups working on skin diseases presented their current work. The presentations and discussions identified the following overarching methodological challenges for COS development in dermatology: it is not always easy to define the disease focus of a COS; the optimal method for outcome domain identification and level of detail needed to specify such domains is challenging to many; decision rules within Delphi surveys need to be improved; appropriate ways of patient involvement are not always clear. In addition, there appear to be outcome domains that may be relevant as potential core outcome domains for the majority of skin diseases. The close collaboration between methodologists in the Core Outcome Set Initiative and the international Cochrane Skin Group has major advantages for trialists, systematic reviewers and COS developers.

A core domain set for hidradenitis suppurativa trial outcomes: an international Delphi process.

BACKGROUND: There is no consensus on core outcome domains for hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). Heterogeneous outcome measure instruments in clinical trials likely leads to outcome-reporting bias and limits the ability to synthesize evidence. OBJECTIVES: To achieve global multistakeholder consensus on a core outcome set (COS) of domains regarding what to measure in clinical trials for HS. METHODS: Six stakeholder groups participated in a Delphi process that included five anonymous e-Delphi rounds and four face-to-face consensus meetings to reach consensus on the final COS. The aim was for a 1 : 1 ratio of patients to healthcare professionals (HCPs). RESULTS: A total of 41 patients and 52 HCPs from 19 countries in four continents participated in the consensus process, which yielded a final COS that included five domains: pain, physical signs, HS-specific quality of life, global assessment and progression of course. A sixth domain, symptoms, was highly supported by patients and not by HCPs but is recommended for the core domain set. CONCLUSIONS: Routine adoption of the COS in future HS trials should ensure that core outcomes of importance to both patients and HCPs are collected.

Towards global consensus on core outcomes for hidradenitis suppurativa research: an update from the HISTORIC consensus meetings I and II.

BACKGROUND: A core outcomes set (COS) is an agreed minimum set of outcomes that should be measured and reported in all clinical trials for a specific condition. Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) has no agreed-upon COS. A central aspect in the COS development process is to identify a set of candidate outcome domains from a long list of items. Our long list had been developed from patient interviews, a systematic review of the literature and a healthcare professional survey, and initial votes had been cast in two e-Delphi surveys. In this manuscript, we describe two in-person consensus meetings of Delphi participants designed to ensure an inclusive approach to generation of domains from related items. OBJECTIVES: To consider which items from a long list of candidate items to exclude and which to cluster into outcome domains. METHODS: The study used an international and multistakeholder approach, involving patients, dermatologists, surgeons, the pharmaceutical industry and medical regulators. The study format was a combination of formal presentations, small group work based on nominal group theory and a subsequent online confirmation survey. RESULTS: Forty-one individuals from 13 countries and four continents participated. Nine items were excluded and there was consensus to propose seven domains: disease course, physical signs, HS-specific quality of life, satisfaction, symptoms, pain and global assessments. CONCLUSIONS: The HISTORIC consensus meetings I and II will be followed by further e-Delphi rounds to finalize the core domain set, building on the work of the in-person consensus meetings.

Cloning and analysis of beta-tubulin gene from a protoctist.

We have isolated and characterized by restriction endonuclease mapping, transcription pattern, and DNA sequencing a beta-tubulin gene from the coenocytic freshwater protoctist, Achlya klebsiana. The gene is intronless and has a single open reading frame that encodes a 444-amino acid residue polypeptide of Mr 49,856. The protein shows a high degree of homology to other beta-tubulins, 85% identity to human beta-tubulin and 89% identity to beta-tubulin of the sporozoan (also a protoctist) Plasmodium falciparum. Fungal beta-tubulins are among the least identical to A. klebsiana beta-tubulin. Through Southern blot hybridization analysis, we determined that there is just one form of beta-tubulin gene in A. klebsiana. Transcription of the gene was studied during sporogenesis. Following induction of sporogenesis, the level of the mRNA increased markedly at 2 h and declined in the next 2 h when mitosis, cytokinesis, and spore development occurred. At the same time, beta-tubulin content increased about 6-fold in the cells. Sporulation in A. klebsiana is not inhibited by antimitotic drugs such as benomyl, colcemid, and colchicine. Benomyl resistance in Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus nidulans has been genetically and molecularly linked to single amino acid substitutions at positions 167 and 165, respectively. The change from phenylalanine to tyrosine conferring benomyl resistance to N. crassa is seen in A. klebsiana, but the valine substitution for alanine in A. nidulans is marked by cysteine replacement in A. klebsiana. The amino acid found at position 165 is not conserved in various beta-tubulins, but phenylalanine at position 167 is extremely conserved.