ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Esophageal dilation (ED) has been described as a long-term complication following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) with an incidence of 0.5-50%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of major ED on weight loss and find methods to diagnose ED and possible treatment strategies based on a classification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients undergoing LAGB between 2004 and 2008 in three community-based hospitals. ED was classified in four stages of dilation using gastrografin swallow. We report body mass index (BMI), failure rates and reoperations among these patients, with a mean follow-up period of 6.7 years. RESULTS: Nineteen (18.4%) of 103 patients who underwent LAGB presented with esophageal dilation. Band deflation failed for all nine patients (8.7%) with major ED. The mean BMI at LAGB (BMI 1), revision (BMI 2), and 1 year after conversion (BMI 3) were 45.9±3.2, 42.8±4.9 and 30.3±5.5 kg/m2, respectively. No significant difference was found comparing BMI 1 and BMI 2 (p=0,065, EWL1: 14.2±21.7 kg/m2). In contrast, the weight loss after the revision surgery was significant (p=0.001, EWL2: 67.1±30 kg/m2). No significant difference was found concerning age, gender, ASA, preoperative (LAGB) weight, and mean interval between LAGB and revision comparing patients with major ED (IV) to patients with milder forms (ED I-III). CONCLUSION: ED is a serious long-term complication after LAGB and seems to prevent effective weight loss in stage IV. Furthermore, untreated dilation could cause long-term damage to the esophagus. Therefore, we suggest routine radiographic follow-up after LAGB even in asymptomatic patients and a treatment based on a classification with an early surgical revision for major ED.
Subject(s)
Bariatric Surgery/methods , Esophageal Diseases/physiopathology , Obesity, Morbid/surgery , Postoperative Complications/physiopathology , Adult , Body Mass Index , Dilatation, Pathologic/epidemiology , Dilatation, Pathologic/physiopathology , Dilatation, Pathologic/therapy , Esophageal Diseases/epidemiology , Esophageal Diseases/therapy , Esophagus/surgery , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Gastroplasty/methods , Humans , Incidence , Laparoscopy/methods , Male , Middle Aged , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Postoperative Complications/therapy , Reoperation , Retrospective Studies , Severity of Illness Index , Treatment Outcome , Weight LossABSTRACT
In small bowel transplantation (SBTx), graft manipulation, ischemia/reperfusion injury and acute rejection initiate a severe cellular and molecular inflammatory response in the muscularis propria leading to impaired motility of the graft. This study examined and compared the effect of tacrolimus and sirolimus on inflammation in graft muscularis. After allogeneic orthotopic SBTx, recipient rats were treated with tacrolimus or sirolimus. Tacrolimus and sirolimus attenuated neutrophilic, macrophage and T-cell infiltration in graft muscularis, which was associated with reduced apoptotic cell death. Nonspecific inflammatory mediators (IL-6, MCP-1) and T-cell activation markers (IL-2, IFN-gamma) were highly upregulated in allogeneic control graft muscularis 24 h and 7 days after SBTx, and tacrolimus and sirolimus significantly suppressed upregulation of these mediators. In vitro organ bath method demonstrated a severe decrease in graft smooth muscle contractility in allogeneic control (22% of normal control). Correlating with attenuated upregulation of iNOS, tacrolimus and sirolimus treatment significantly improved contractility (64% and 72%, respectively). Although sirolimus reduced cellular and molecular inflammatory response more efficiently after 24 h, contrary tacrolimus prevented acute rejection more efficiently. In conclusion, tacrolimus and sirolimus attenuate cellular and molecular inflammatory response in graft muscularis and subsequent dysmotility of the graft after allogeneic SBTx.