ABSTRACT
Flavones represent a class of polyphenols that are found in many plant-derived food sources. Herein, we provide evidence that the anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effect of the flavone apigenin relies on the regulation of the gut microbiota by the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 6 (Nlrp6). When challenged by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water, mice were protected against colitis upon cohousing with apigenin-treated animals. In contrast, the protective effect was lost in the absence of Nlrp6. Sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene revealed a shift in the composition of the gut microbiota in apigenin-treated mice that was not observed in the absence of Nlrp6. Equally important, we find that the antiproliferative effect of apigenin was dominantly transmitted after cohousing, while being compromised in Nlrp6-deficient mice. In contrast, the symptoms of colitis were alleviated upon apigenin administration even in the absence of either caspase-1/11 or Asc. Collectively, these data indicate that apigenin modulated an inflammasome-independent mechanism by which Nlrp6 reprograms the gut microbiota for protecting mice against colitis. Our study highlights a modulation of the Nlrp6 signaling pathway by a prominent constituent of the human diet that may point toward improved ways to treat inflammatory bowel diseases.
Subject(s)
Apigenin/administration & dosage , Colitis/prevention & control , Diet , Flavones/administration & dosage , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diet therapy , Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism , Animals , Colitis/chemically induced , Dextran Sulfate , Housing, Animal , Humans , Inflammasomes/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
Loss of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) homeostasis and apoptosis negatively affect intestinal barrier function. Uncontrolled activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in IEC contributes to an impaired barrier and is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the contribution of the UPR target gene C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), an apoptosis-associated transcription factor, to inflammation-related disease susceptibility remains unclear. Consistent with observations in patients with ulcerative colitis, we show that despite UPR activation in the epithelium, CHOP expression was reduced in mouse models of T-cell-mediated and bacteria-driven colitis. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of IEC-specific CHOP expression, we generated a conditional transgenic mouse model (Chop(IEC Tg/Tg)). Chop overexpression increased the susceptibility toward dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced intestinal inflammation and mucosal tissue injury. Furthermore, a delayed recovery from DSS-induced colitis and impaired closure of mechanically induced mucosal wounds was observed. Interestingly, these findings seemed to be independent of CHOP-mediated apoptosis. In vitro and in vivo cell cycle analyses rather indicated a role for CHOP in epithelial cell proliferation. In conclusion, these data show that IEC-specific overexpression impairs epithelial cell proliferation and mucosal tissue regeneration, suggesting an important role for CHOP beyond mediating apoptosis.