ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to analyze the clinical significance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma concentrations of B7-H3, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), and interleukin-17 (IL-17) in bacterial and aseptic meningitis in children. The participants were six children with bacterial meningitis, 16 with aseptic meningitis, and 12 control subjects. All participants were between 2 months and 12 years of age on admission. Cytokines determination was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. CSF and plasma-circulating B7-H3 were significantly higher in the bacterial meningitis group as compared with the aseptic group (p = 0.001) and the control group (p = 0.000 and p = 0.001 respectively). However, CSF and plasma-circulating B7-H3 in aseptic meningitis were not significantly higher than control group (p = 0.071 and p = 0.72 respectively).CSF and plasma-circulating TNF-alpha were significantly higher in the bacterial meningitis group as compared with the aseptic group (p = 0.004 and p < 0.0001 respectively) and control group (p = 0.004 and p < 0.0001 respectively). Similarly, we did not observe significant elevated TNF-alpha levels in CSF and plasma in aseptic group compared with control group (p = 0.03 and p = 0.12 respectively). IFN-gamma levels in CSF and plasma were undetectable in control group, and we did not find statistical significances in both of CSF and plasma between the elevated IFN-gamma level in bacterial meningitis group and aseptic meningitis group(p = 0.055 and p = 0.095 respectively) CSF and plasma levels of IL-17 were undetectable in all subjects. There were correlations between B7-H3 and TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma (r = 0.875, p = 0.000; r = -0.693, p = 0.000, respectively) in CSF in meningitis subjects. In plasma, levels of B7-H3 in bacterial meningitis on admission correlated positively with TNF-alpha (r = 0.968, p = 0.002), and white blood cell counts (r = 0.973, p = 0.001). Detectable CSF levels of B7-H3, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma on admission were not associated significantly with any of CSF characteristics. Additionally, CSF and plasma levels of B7-H3 decreased remarkably after treatment. Altogether, our data indicated that circulating B7-H3 and TNF-alpha levels in the CSF and plasma were useful markers for distinguishing bacterial from aseptic meningitis, and Circulating B7-H3 was demonstrated to be useful in evaluating the intensity of the infectious inflammatory process in the central nervous system in children.
Subject(s)
Antigens, CD/blood , Antigens, CD/cerebrospinal fluid , Biomarkers/blood , Biomarkers/cerebrospinal fluid , Meningitis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Receptors, Immunologic/blood , B7 Antigens , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Interferon-gamma/blood , Interferon-gamma/cerebrospinal fluid , Interleukin-17/blood , Interleukin-17/cerebrospinal fluid , Male , Meningitis, Bacterial/blood , Meningitis, Bacterial/cerebrospinal fluid , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/cerebrospinal fluidABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the viral pathogens of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in hospitalized children from Suzhou of China. METHODS: The nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were obtained from 1,668 hospitalized children with ARI. Common respiratory viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1, 2 and 3 and adenovirus, were detected using direct immunofluorescence. Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) gene fragments were detected by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Viral agents were identified in 597 cases (35.8%). RSV was the most frequent (17.6%). RSV infection is more common in children less than 1 year old. A highest detection rate of RSV was found during winter and spring. hMPV was detected in 10.6% of the cases, with a peak detection rate between March and May. Single viral infection was found in 561 cases (33.6%) and mixed viral infection in 36 cases (including 27 cases at age of less than 1 year). RSV and hMPV co-infection was common (n=22). CONCLUSIONS: RSV is common pathogen of ARI in children from Suzhou. RSV viral activity peaks during winter and spring. The children at age of less than 1 year are susceptible to RSV. hMPV is also an important pathogen of ARI, with a peak detection rate between March and May. Mixed viral infection is common in children less than 1 year old.
Subject(s)
Nasopharynx/virology , Respiratory Tract Infections/virology , Acute Disease , Age Factors , Child , Child, Hospitalized , Child, Preschool , China/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Metapneumovirus/isolation & purification , Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/isolation & purification , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , SeasonsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the application of serodiagnosis of human bocavirus (HBoV) lower respiratory tract infection in children. METHOD: From January to April, 2013, samples including serum, sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) were obtained from 714 children hospitalized with ALRI. Serums were tested for HBoV-specific IgG and IgM antibodies by ELISA and all kinds of samples were tested for HBoV DNA by quantitative real-time fluorescent PCR. The results of HBoV serologic tests, viral DNA in sputum and their combination were compared with those of HBoV DNA in serums and/or BALFs, which was considered as the "standard". Their consistence and differences were evaluated, and the diagnostic parameters including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, consistency rate, Kappa value and J value were calculated. Age distributions of the HBoV positive patients tested by the latter two methods were also compared. RESULT: The positive rate of HBoV serology was 13.2% (94/714) . The results of HBoV serology, its DNA in sputum and their combination were all consistent with those of HBoV DNA in serums and/or BALFs (χ(2) = 91.834, 124.662, 138.643, P < 0.001 for all comparisons) . Differences were significant by McNemar test (χ(2) = 23.547, 33.440, 12.410, P all <0.001) . All the diagnostic parameters for single HBoV serologic test or single viral DNA test in sputa were approximate. However, they were improved to 70.4%, 94.8%, 38.0%, 98.6%, 93.7%, 0.463(P < 0.001), 0.65 for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, consistency rate, Kappa value and J value, respectively, when the methods were combined. HBoV was found positive mainly in children under 3 years of age, especially in the 1 year group. The positive rates were the highest in both group -1 year, and group -3 years was the next. However, the rate was the lowest in group >3 years and in the group -6 months. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic power can be improved and age distribution can be demonstrated when serologic tests were combined with traditional sputum DNA detection in children with HBoV lower respiratory tract infection.