The number of risk factors for persistent disease determines the clinical course of early arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: Management of early arthritis is based upon early recognition of individuals at high risk of developing persistent arthritis. Therefore, this study investigates whether the number of risk factors for persistent disease or treatment determines the clinical course of early arthritis by comparing the chance at (sustained) DMARD-free remission ((S)DFR) after 2 years follow-up. METHODS: Data from the tREACH trial, a stratified single-blinded multicentre strategy trial with a treat-to-target approach were used. We selected all patients with ≥1 swollen joint who did not fulfil 1987 and/or 2010 criteria for RA. The number of risk factors present; autoantibody-positivity, polyarthritis (>4), erosive disease and elevated acute phase reactants, determined risk group stratification. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed with (S)DFR as dependent variables and baseline disease activity score (DAS), treatment, symptom duration and number of risk factors present as independent variables. RESULTS: In total, 130 early arthritis patients were included and respectively 31, 66 and 33 had 0, 1 and ≥2 risk factors present. DFR rates were respectively 74%, 48% and 45% for early arthritis patients with 0, 1 and ≥2 risk factors present. In accordance SDFR rates were 61%, 32% and 30%. In our logistic model (S)DFR was not influenced by the initial treatment strategies when stratified for risk groups. CONCLUSION: The chance at (S)DFR in early arthritis diminishes when more risk factors are present, which is irrespective of the given initial treatment. Our data point out to a stratified management approach in early arthritis based on their risk profile, but validation is needed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN registry: ISRCTN26791028 (http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN26791028).

Tapering conventional synthetic DMARDs in patients with early arthritis in sustained remission: 2-year follow-up of the tREACH trial.

OBJECTIVES: With early and intensive treatment many patients with early RA attain remission. Aims were to investigate (1) the frequency and time to sustained remission and subsequent tapering in patients initially treated with conventional synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug ((cs)DMARD) strategies and (2) the frequency and time to flare and regained remission in patients tapering csDMARDs and biological (b)DMARDs during 2 years of follow-up. METHODS: Two-year follow-up data from the treatment in the Rotterdam Early Arthritis Cohort (tREACH) cohort were used. Patients were randomised to initial treatment with triple DMARD therapy (iTDT) with glucocorticoid (GC) bridging or methotrexate monotherapy (iMM) with GC bridging. Patients were evaluated every 3 months. In case Disease Activity Score (DAS) was >2.4 treatment was switched to a TNF-blocker. In case DAS<1.6 at 2 consecutive time points, tapering was initiated according to protocol. Outcomes were rates of sustained remission (DAS<1.6 at 2 consecutive time points), flare (medication increase after tapering) and remission after flare (DAS<1.6). Data were analysed using Kaplan-Meier analyses. RESULTS: During 2 years of follow-up, sustained remission was achieved at least once by 159 (57%) of patients, of whom 118 and 23 patients initiated tapering of csDMARDs and bDMARDs, respectively. Thirty-four patients achieved drug-free remission. Flare rates were 41% and 37% and within 1 year, respectively. After flare, 65% of patients tapering csDMARDs re-achieved remission within 6 months after treatment intensification. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of initial treatment strategy, 57% of patients achieved sustained remission during 2 years of follow-up. Flare rates were 41% and 37% within 12 months in patients tapering csDMARDs and bDMARDs, respectively. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN26791028; Post-results.

The impact of a disease flare during tapering of DMARDs on the lives of rheumatoid arthritis patients.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of a disease flare on patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, who are tapering treatment. METHODS: Data were used from the TARA trial; a multicenter, randomized controlled trial in which RA patients, with a well-controlled disease (DAS≤2.4 and SJC≤1) for at least 6 months, gradually tapered their DMARDs. PROMs of patients with a flare (DAS>2.4 and/or SJC>1) were compared every three months before and after a flare with their own norm values. Linear Mixed Models were used to investigate whether a disease flare influenced functional ability (HAQ-DI), fatigue (BRAF-MDQ), quality of life (EQ-5D and SF36), anxiety and depression (HADS), morning stiffness, general health (GH) and worker productivity, and if so, the duration was determined. For unemployment and sick leave we used descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A flare negatively influenced GH, morning stiffness, HAQ-DI, EQ-5D, BRAF-MDQ, and the SF36 physical component scale and this effect lasted >3 months. Except for the HAQ-DI, effect sizes exceeded the minimum clinically important differences (MCIDs). For the physical outcomes effects lasted >6 months. Worker productivity was not significantly affected by a flare. CONCLUSION: A disease flare influenced patients' lives, the largest effect was seen in the physical outcomes, and lasted 6 months. Although on a group level effect sizes for the separate PROMs were not always significant or larger than specific MCIDs, a disease flare can still be of great importance for individual patients.

Fracture incidence and association with bone mineral density in elderly men and women: the Rotterdam Study.

The incidence of all non-vertebral fractures, as well as the relation to bone mineral density (BMD), was quantified in 7806 men and women from the Rotterdam Study, a prospective, population-based cohort study of men and women aged 55 years and older. In addition, the sensitivity of using a T-score at or below -2.5 for identifying subjects at risk for fractures was assessed. At baseline, between 1990 and 1993, femoral neck BMD was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Subsequently, gender-specific T-scores were calculated using the NHANES reference population. During a mean follow-up of 6.8 years, information on incident non-vertebral fractures was gathered. In general, hip, wrist and upper humerus fractures are the most frequent fractures in both men and women. Femoral neck BMD appears to be an equally important risk factor in both genders, and is especially related to hip fractures. For all non-vertebral fractures, the age-adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) per standard deviation decrease in femoral neck BMD was 1.5 (1.4-1.6) for women and 1.4 (1.2-1.6) for men. For hip fractures, the hazard ratios were 2.1 (1.7-2.5) for women and 2.3 (1.6-3.3) for men. Only 44% of all non-vertebral fractures occurred in women with a T-score below -2.5; in men, this percentage was even lower (21%). Thus, there is a clear need for the development of more sensitive risk assessment tools, using not only BMD, but also other clinical predictors of fractures.

Diagnostic value of blind synovial biopsy in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic value of blindly performed synovial biopsies in carefully selected patients with unclassified arthritis. METHODS: Synovial tissue was obtained blindly under local anaesthesia. The Arthroforce III take-apart 3.5 mm needle and 1.5 mm grasping forceps were used for this purpose. RESULTS: Four patients with unclassified arthritis could be diagnosed properly based upon examination of synovial tissue of the knee obtained by an easy-to-perform blind biopsy. The arthritis of the four patients was diagnosed as being part of Erdheim-Chester disease, sarcoidosis, multicentric reticulohistiocytosis and arthritis caused by foreign-body material, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of synovial tissue obtained during a blind biopsy procedure has diagnostic potential in carefully selected patients with unclassified arthritis. The common denominator in all the cases presented was a differential diagnosis consisting of a rheumatological disease with characteristic histological features.