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1.
Ann Oncol ; 29(10): 2061-2067, 2018 10 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30412224

ABSTRACT

Background: Gene expression-based profiling of colorectal cancer (CRC) can be used to identify four molecularly homogeneous consensus molecular subtype (CMS) groups with unique biologic features. However, its applicability to colorectal premalignant lesions remains unknown. Patients and methods: We assembled the largest transcriptomic premalignancy dataset by integrating different public and proprietary cohorts of adenomatous and serrated polyps from sporadic (N = 311) and hereditary (N = 78) patient populations and carried out a comprehensive analysis of carcinogenesis pathways using the CMS random forest (RF) classifier. Results: Overall, transcriptomic subtyping of sporadic and hereditary polyps revealed CMS2 and CMS1 subgroups as the predominant molecular subtypes in premalignancy. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that adenomatous polyps from sporadic or hereditary cases (including Lynch syndrome) displayed a CMS2-like phenotype with WNT and MYC activation, whereas hyperplastic and serrated polyps with CMS1-like phenotype harbored prominent immune activation. Rare adenomas with CMS4-like phenotype showed significant enrichment for stromal signatures along with transforming growth factor-Ɵ activation. There was a strong association of CMS1-like polyps with serrated pathology, right-sided anatomic location and BRAF mutations. Conclusions: Based on our observations made in premalignancy, we propose a model of pathway activation associated with CMS classification in colorectal carcinogenesis. Specifically, while adenomatous polyps are largely CMS2, most hyperplastic and serrated polyps are CMS1 and may transition into other CMS groups during evolution into carcinomas. Our findings shed light on the transcriptional landscape of premalignant colonic polyps and may help guide the development of future biomarkers or preventive treatments for CRC.


Subject(s)
Adenoma/diagnosis , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Colonic Polyps/diagnosis , Colorectal Neoplasms/classification , Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Mutation , Precancerous Conditions/diagnosis , Adenoma/genetics , Colonic Polyps/genetics , Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Gene Expression Profiling , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Staging , Phenotype , Precancerous Conditions/genetics , Predictive Value of Tests , Prognosis , Transcriptome
4.
Br J Cancer ; 104(1): 51-9, 2011 Jan 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21081932

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the relationship of obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation and angiogenesis with cancer progression and survival in a colorectal cancer cohort. METHODS: Clinical and pathological data, along with anthropometric and follow-up data, were collected from 344 consecutive colorectal cancer patients. Serum samples at diagnosis were analysed by immunoassay for adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin and C-peptide. RESULTS: Serum Ang-2 and VEGF-A levels increased with tumour T stage (P=0.007 and P=0.025, respectively) and N stage (P=0.02 and P=0.03, respectively), and correlated with CRP levels (r=0.43, P<0.001 and r=0.23, P<0.001, respectively). Angiopoietin-2 correlated with C-peptide (r=0.14, P=0.007) and VEGF-A with IGF-1 in males (r=0.25, P=0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with high serum levels of CRP and Ang-2 had significantly reduced survival (both P≤0.001). After adjusting for tumour stage and age, Ang-2 remained a significant predictor of survival. The CRP levels were inversely associated with survival in American Joint Committee on Cancer stage II patients (P=0.038), suggesting that CRP could be used to support treatment decisions in this subgroup. Serum markers and anthropometric measures of obesity correlated with each other, but not with survival. CONCLUSION: Our study supports the concept that obesity-related inflammation, rather than obesity itself, is associated with colorectal cancer progression and survival. The study confirms serum Ang-2 as a predictive marker for outcome of colorectal cancer.


Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/mortality , Angiopoietin-2/blood , Biomarkers/metabolism , C-Reactive Protein/metabolism , Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality , Insulin Resistance , Obesity/blood , Adenocarcinoma/blood , Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Body Mass Index , C-Peptide/blood , Colorectal Neoplasms/blood , Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Humans , Insulin/blood , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Survival Rate , Treatment Outcome , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/blood
5.
Biochim Biophys Acta ; 1265(1): 1-7, 1995 Feb 16.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7857978

ABSTRACT

13C-NMR spectroscopy was employed non-invasively for the real-time measurement of the rates of glutathione synthesis in intact rabbit lenses supported in organ culture containing L-[3-13C]cysteine. Supplementation of the organ culture medium with 2-mercaptoethanol resulted in a dose- dependent enhancement of lenticular glutathione synthesis rates (dose for 50% maximal effect = 125 microM). At the most effective concentration (400 microM) 2-mercaptoethanol increased the rate of glutathione synthesis 163% relative to the rate observed under control conditions. The mechanism of action for this effect was investigated in intact lenses using antagonists of specific amino acid uptake systems. These experiments demonstrated that the enhanced rates of glutathione synthesis observed in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol were due to the affinity of the mixed-disulfide formed between cysteine and 2-mercaptoethanol for L system amino acid uptake, thereby providing a mechanism for increasing intracellular cysteine levels by circumventing normal cellular cysteine uptake pathways in the lens. Because of the role of cysteine as the rate limiting substrate in lenticular glutathione biosynthesis, these results suggest a potential strategy to prevent tissue opacification associated with depleted glutathione levels.


Subject(s)
Glutathione/biosynthesis , Lens, Crystalline/metabolism , Mercaptoethanol/pharmacology , Animals , Cysteine/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Lens, Crystalline/drug effects , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Rabbits
6.
Biochim Biophys Acta ; 1313(1): 20-8, 1996 Aug 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8781545

ABSTRACT

The biochemistry of protein-glutathione mixed disulfide formation in the ocular lens was examined by 13C-NMR spectroscopic measurements of glutathione oxidative metabolism in intact rabbit lenses maintained in organ culture. Lenticular amino acid uptake and glutathione biosynthetic mechanisms were employed to facilitate the incorporation of L-[3-13C]cysteine from the incubation medium into the cysteinyl residue of glutathione. Subsequent exposure to increasing levels of oxidative stress induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide resulted in decreased levels of ([3-13C]cysteinyl)-glutathione and a loss of 13C NMR resonance intensity, a reflection of protein-glutathione mixed disulfide formation. The rate of ([3-13C]cysteinyl)-glutathione loss depended on the concentration of tert-butylhydroperoxide; 13C-labeled oxidized glutathione was observed only at the highest concentration (2 mM) of oxidant tested. Removal of the oxidative stress led to a partial recovery of ([3-13C]cysteinyl)-glutathione levels and 13C resonance intensity. Recovery was significantly enhanced by the addition of 2-mercaptoethanol. The mechanism of protein-glutathione adduct formation was further characterized by the in vitro monitoring of the reaction of oxidized glutathione with bovine lens gamma-II crystallin protein using proton NMR spectroscopy. These experiments provided insight into the role of the cellular glutathione redox-couple, [GSH]/[GSSG], in maintaining reduced protein thiol groups, and suggested that protein-glutathione adduct formation may function as a mechanism for modulating the glutathione redox buffer under conditions of oxidative stress in ocular tissue. In addition, the results demonstrate the feasibility of direct chemical reduction of protein-glutathione disulfide bonds in vivo which may reflect a mechanism for the inhibition of disulfide-linked light scattering protein aggregate formation.


Subject(s)
Glutathione/chemistry , Lens, Crystalline/metabolism , Oxidative Stress , Animals , Crystallins/chemistry , Cysteine/chemistry , Disulfides , Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Organ Culture Techniques , Oxidation-Reduction , Peroxides/chemistry , Rabbits , Stress, Physiological/metabolism , tert-Butylhydroperoxide
8.
Med Phys ; 3(4): 259-63, 1976.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-958171

ABSTRACT

A real-time display system has been designed and tested for use with a radiation field monitor. The system uses only pulse and waveform generators, a multiplexer, and an oscilloscope. The display consists of either a three-dimensional representation of the field intensity distribution or a series of simultaneous profiles.


Subject(s)
Data Display/instrumentation , Radiation Monitoring/instrumentation , Nuclear Physics/instrumentation
9.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract ; 33(2): 89-97, 1996 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8879963

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) and islet cell antibodies (ICA) in relation to beta-cell function in adults newly-diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. beta-cell function was assessed in adults aged 25-70 years newly-diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (n = 84) and control subjects (n = 34) using a 1.6 MJ mixed meal test procedure. beta-cell function was evaluated by the true insulin (defined as immunoreactive insulin minus proinsulin) response to the mixed meal test. Subjects were classified on the basis of the area under the true insulin curve (normal 16830-107700 pmol min/I) and the sum of the 30 and 60 min incremental response (normal 285-3295 pmol/I). The prevalence of anti-GAD and ICA was determined using radioimmunoprecipitation and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. Twelve (14%) of the study cohort were insulin deficient showing little or no true insulin release. Of the insulin deficient individuals, seven (58%) subjects were anti-GAD antibody positive, compared with eleven (15%) of the subjects without insulin deficiency (P < 0.001). Seven (58%) insulin deficient subjects were ICA positive, whereas only two (3%) non-insulin deficient subjects were ICA positive (P < 0.001). Eight (67%) of the insulin deficient individuals had anti-GAD or ICA, compared with twelve (17%) of those who were not insulin deficient (P < 0.001). The positive predictive values for insulin deficiency of anti-GAD and ICA were 39 and 78% respectively. The sensitivity of both antibodies for detecting insulin deficiency was 50%. The specificity for detecting insulin deficiency was 85% for anti-GAD and 97% for ICA. Positivity for both anti-GAD and ICA gave a specificity and positive predictive value for insulin deficiency of 99%, and a sensitivity of 50%. Nearly one in seven adults presenting with diabetes mellitus as a new diagnosis are insulin deficient using our criteria. Loss of beta-cell function in two thirds of individuals who are insulin deficient can be identified by anti-GAD and ICA. Early detection of these immune markers of beta-cell damage creates the potential for immune modulation to limit such damage.


Subject(s)
Autoantibodies/analysis , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology , Glutamate Decarboxylase/immunology , Islets of Langerhans/immunology , Adult , Age of Onset , Aged , Body Mass Index , Cohort Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Insulin/deficiency , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence
10.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract ; 43(3): 199-203, 1999 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10369430

ABSTRACT

Genetic predisposition to haemochromatosis may be an important aetiological factor in some cases of Type 2 diabetes. Our aim was therefore to test the hypothesis that the haemochromatosis gene mutations Cys282Tyr and His63Asp are more prevalent in Type 2 diabetic patients compared with the Canterbury, New Zealand general population. We studied 230 consecutive patients referred to the Diabetes Services with age > or = 30 years and considered to have Type 2 diabetes. DNA was extracted from whole blood and amplified by polymerase chain reaction prior to restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The frequency of the mutations was compared with that observed previously in 1064 subjects from the Canterbury general population by chi2 testing. Iron was measured by a colorimetric method, transferrin by rate nephelometry and ferritin by immunoassay. There were 2/230 (0.8%) Cys282Tyr homozygous subjects in the diabetic group compared with 5/1064 (0.5%) NS in the general population. Although there was a trend to lower incidence of Cys282Tyr heterozygosity in the diabetic group, there was no significant difference for any of the six genotype frequencies between the two groups. Haemochromatosis gene mutations Cys282Tyr and His63Asp are therefore not increased in Type 2 diabetics compared with the general population. Transferrin saturation was a sensitive marker (100%) of genetic haemochromatosis, although ferritin had low specificity (77.8%). Genetic susceptibility to haemochromatosis is not an important aetiological factor for diabetes, and targeted screening of diabetic patients for haemochromatosis is not indicated.


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics , Hemochromatosis/genetics , Iron Overload/genetics , Iron/metabolism , Mutation, Missense , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Colorimetry , DNA/chemistry , DNA Primers/chemistry , Female , Ferritins/blood , Genotype , Hemochromatosis/epidemiology , Humans , Immunoenzyme Techniques , Iron/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Nephelometry and Turbidimetry , New Zealand/epidemiology , Phlebotomy , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Transferrin/analysis
11.
Cent Afr J Med ; 36(12): 311-5, 1990 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2092889

ABSTRACT

PIP: To increase the accessibility, availability, and acceptance of family planning methods and counseling, family planning services were integrated with maternal and child health care services at Harare Central Hospital in Zimbabwe. The Family Planning Project was implemented with hopes that mothers would seek contraceptive methods and counseling concurrent with their or their children's hospital admission, thereby making facility and service inaccessibility a thing of the past. Ante-natal, post-natal, and postabortal women were targeted for project outreach at the facility, along with patients suffering chronic medical and psychiatric problems, and mothers of malnourished children. Weaknesses of family planning provision at the hospital prior to the project are presented in the component parts of pharmacy, emergency gynecology unit, outpatient department, ante-natal clinic, post-partum care, post-natal clinic, and the general hospital. 2 full-time nurse- midwives and 2 part-time gynecologists counsel and provide services for the Family Planning Project. Other programmatic changes and improvements are described. There were 3,822 new acceptors and 5,423 return visits during the 1st project year, with the nurse-midwives providing 3,114 couple-years of protection, equal to 5.1% of the total provided by all 35 national family planning council clinics. Additional results, plans for the future, and problem areas are further discussed. The project, undertaken with few resources and high motivation, yielded high family planning acceptance rates with markedly less inconvenience for acceptors.^ieng


Subject(s)
Child Health Services/organization & administration , Family Planning Services/organization & administration , Maternal Health Services/organization & administration , Child Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Child, Preschool , Family Planning Services/statistics & numerical data , Hospitals, General , Humans , Maternal Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Workforce , Zimbabwe
12.
W V Med J ; 95(6): 307-8, 1999.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10650776

ABSTRACT

A thirty-eight-year old immunosuppressed woman presented with respiratory distress and was diagnosed with Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia. Pulmonary embolism was also suspected on clinical grounds. A Ventilation-Perfusion Scan was indeterminate. Contrast-enhanced spiral computed tomography of the chest confirmed the presence of a central pulmonary embolus and helped to avoid pulmonary angiography in this critically ill patient.


Subject(s)
Pulmonary Embolism/diagnostic imaging , Radiography, Thoracic , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Adult , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Drug Therapy, Combination/therapeutic use , Female , Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use , Follow-Up Studies , Heparin/therapeutic use , Humans , Immunocompromised Host , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/complications , Pulmonary Embolism/complications , Pulmonary Embolism/therapy , Respiratory Insufficiency/etiology , Time Factors , Vena Cava Filters
16.
Exp Eye Res ; 43(3): 329-41, 1986 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3780877

ABSTRACT

13C and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques were used to monitor phosphate metabolite longitudinal (T1) relaxation times and metabolism, the sorbitol pathway, and related bioenergetic processes in cultured rabbit lenses through 9 days of incubation with constant perfusion. Lenses were incubated in a modified TC-199 medium containing either 5.5- or 35.5 mM [1-13C]-enriched glucose. The NMR studies were augmented by biochemical and cation analyses, and by the visual assessment of lens clarity. In the hyperglycemic rabbit lens, relative to normal values, longitudinal (T1) relaxation times for phosphorus metabolites increased from 33- to 50% [with the exception of inorganic phosphate (Pi)]. This provides the first documentation that a pathophysiological insult to the lens can alter phosphorus metabolite T1 values. The determination of steady state levels for the NMR visible phosphorus metabolites present in the lens was obtained after correction for T1 differential saturation effects, and normalization to reflect the content of phosphorus equivalents in each metabolite. Relative to control lenses (i.e. incubated in 5.5 mM glucose-containing medium) the NMR visible phosphate metabolite pool of rabbit lenses subjected to a hyperglycemic stress for an extended period of time (greater than 72 hr) is characterized by the following statistically significant differences: a 23% decrease in the mean level of ATP; a 51% increase in the mean level of alpha-glycerolphosphate (alpha GP); a 56% decrease in the mean level of Pi; the appearance of an unidentified resonance at 6.2 ppm after 115- to 120-hr incubation; and lenticular acidification of 0.10 to 0.17 pH units. No statistically significant differences in the mean levels of ADP, dinucleotides (predominantly NAD+-NADH), and phosphomonoesters (other than alpha GP) were evident. Parallel 13C NMR measurements provided a real-time confirmation of sorbitol production and accumulation in rabbit lenses incubated in 35.5 mM glucose-containing medium. In agreement with classical biochemical analysis (Chylack and Kinoshita, 1969) sorbitol production attained a plateau level after ca. 3 days of incubation. Cation determinations performed at the conclusion of the 9-day incubation indicated that the lenses incubated under the two conditions have similar Na+ and K+ levels. Rabbit lenses incubated in normal glucose medium remained clear for at least 8 days. By contrast, for the rabbit lenses incubated in elevated glucose medium, equatorial opacification became evident by day 5; by day 8 extensive bleb formation and opacification was evident.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


Subject(s)
Glucose/metabolism , Lens, Crystalline/metabolism , Phosphates/metabolism , Animals , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Organ Culture Techniques , Rabbits , Sorbitol/metabolism , Time Factors
17.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun ; 186(2): 931-5, 1992 Jul 31.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1497676

ABSTRACT

A 13C NMR spectroscopic method for non-invasive, time-resolved measurements of glutathione function in the intact ocular lens maintained in organ culture is described. L-[beta-13C]cysteine (1 mM) included in the incubation medium is incorporated, by way of lenticular amino acid uptake and glutathione biosynthetic mechanisms, into the cysteinyl residue of intralenticular glutathione. 13C-NMR chemical shift measurements facilitate analysis of glutathione synthesis and anti-oxidant reactions in the intact tissue. The results of this preliminary study demonstrate the viability of a rapid non-invasive method for monitoring the multiple aspects of glutathione biosynthesis, metabolism, and function in intact tissue.


Subject(s)
Antioxidants/metabolism , Cysteine/metabolism , Glutathione/metabolism , Lens, Crystalline/metabolism , Animals , Carbon Isotopes , Glutathione/analogs & derivatives , Glutathione Disulfide , Kinetics , Lens, Crystalline/drug effects , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods , Organ Culture Techniques , Oxidants/pharmacology , Peroxides/pharmacology , Rabbits , Time Factors , tert-Butylhydroperoxide
18.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun ; 138(3): 1068-73, 1986 Aug 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3753487

ABSTRACT

A proton nuclear magnetic resonance technique is demonstrated for ascertaining the real-time contribution of the hexose monophosphate shunt to glucose metabolism in the intact incubated rabbit lens. This measurement requires incubation of the tissue in medium supplemented with [1-13C]glucose, and depends on the presence of the 13C label in the methyl position of lactate which creates satellite resonances by way of 13C - 1H spin-spin scalar coupling. The assumptions required to make the measurement are presented. For lenses maintained under control conditions, a basal level corresponding to 5% hexose monophosphate shunt activity was determined. An eight-fold increase in activity was observed under conditions known to stimulate the shunt.


Subject(s)
Glucose/metabolism , Hexosephosphates/metabolism , Lens, Crystalline/metabolism , Animals , In Vitro Techniques , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , NADP/metabolism , Rabbits
19.
J Ocul Pharmacol ; 6(4): 293-9, 1990.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2097313

ABSTRACT

The therapeutic effectiveness of calcium channel antagonists (CCA) in hypertension and angina are well established. More recently, CCAs have also been demonstrated to ameliorate neurologic dysfunction that often accompanies ischemia associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage and stroke. We have hypothesized that retinal degeneration associated with ischemia may also result from the accumulation of calcium intracellularly, so-called "Ca++ overload". To test this hypothesis, a rat model of acute retinal ischemia, produced by direct occlusion of posterior ciliary and central retinal arteries, was developed. The extent of retinal dysfunction induced by ischemia was evaluated by electroretinograms (ERGs). Occlusion of the retinal arteries resulted in the disappearance of both a- and b-waves during the occlusion period (30 minutes) in vehicle-treated rats. Total retinal ischemia did not produce any significant change in magnitude of ERG a-wave amplitude during three-hours of reperfusion. However, ERG b-waves amplitudes were significantly reduced by more than 60%. In rats, pretreatment with nifedipine (0.33 to 3.3 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 minutes prior to the occlusion of the retinal vessels produced a significant dose-dependent increase in the recovery of b-wave amplitude when compared to vehicle-treated rats. These data support the idea that "Ca++ overload", resulting from the deregulation of intracellular Ca++ homeostasis, is a primary factor involved in ischemic retinal degeneration and that CCAs can protect the retina from ischemic damage.


Subject(s)
Ischemia/physiopathology , Nifedipine/pharmacology , Retinal Diseases/physiopathology , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Electroretinography/drug effects , Female , Ischemia/etiology , Rats , Retinal Artery Occlusion/complications , Retinal Diseases/etiology
20.
Exp Eye Res ; 39(4): 455-68, 1984 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6499960

ABSTRACT

Longitudinal (T1) magnetic relaxation times for the major phosphorus-containing metabolites present in the bovine and rabbit lens under organ culture conditions and in the bovine and rabbit globe have been determined. Significant differences in T1 for the major phosphorus metabolites in each case are observed, as well as for the same metabolite in the two species examined. Species-dependent lens hydration may account, in part, for these differences. Because of the requirement for rapid repetitive pulsing for the attainment of optimum signal collection efficiency by the Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance method, significant differential saturation of metabolite resonance intensities occurs in circumstances where appreciable differences in T1 relaxation times are present, which, unless corrected, leads to erroneous determinations of relative metabolite levels. The net effect of assessing relative metabolite levels in terms of the percentage of total phosphate signal, without a correction for T1 discrimination, is to underestimate metabolites with a long T1 (sugar phosphates) and overestimate those metabolites with a short T1 (ATP). Individual metabolite T1 discrimination factors are calculated from integrated areas of spectra acquired using short and long repetition times as well as from metabolite T1 values. They are then employed, for the first time, for the correction of 31P-NMR spectra of bovine and rabbit lenses. Corrected spectra provide relative metabolite levels for lenticular ATP which are in excellent agreement with values determined by chemical and enzymatic assays.


Subject(s)
Lens, Crystalline/metabolism , Phosphorus/metabolism , Animals , Cattle , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Organ Culture Techniques , Rabbits , Species Specificity , Time Factors
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