Ubiquitination-Deficient Mutations in Human Piwi Cause Male Infertility by Impairing Histone-to-Protamine Exchange during Spermiogenesis.

Genetic studies have elucidated critical roles of Piwi proteins in germline development in animals, but whether Piwi is an actual disease gene in human infertility remains unknown. We report germline mutations in human Piwi (Hiwi) in patients with azoospermia that prevent its ubiquitination and degradation. By modeling such mutations in Piwi (Miwi) knockin mice, we demonstrate that the genetic defects are directly responsible for male infertility. Mechanistically, we show that MIWI binds the histone ubiquitin ligase RNF8 in a Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)-independent manner, and MIWI stabilization sequesters RNF8 in the cytoplasm of late spermatids. The resulting aberrant sperm show histone retention, abnormal morphology, and severely compromised activity, which can be functionally rescued via blocking RNF8-MIWI interaction in spermatids with an RNF8-N peptide. Collectively, our findings identify Piwi as a factor in human infertility and reveal its role in regulating the histone-to-protamine exchange during spermiogenesis.

Ageing induces tissue-specific transcriptomic changes in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Ageing is a complex process with common and distinct features across tissues. Unveiling the underlying processes driving ageing in individual tissues is indispensable to decipher the mechanisms of organismal longevity. Caenorhabditis elegans is a well-established model organism that has spearheaded ageing research with the discovery of numerous genetic pathways controlling its lifespan. However, it remains challenging to dissect the ageing of worm tissues due to the limited description of tissue pathology and access to tissue-specific molecular changes during ageing. In this study, we isolated cells from five major tissues in young and old worms and profiled the age-induced transcriptomic changes within these tissues. We observed a striking diversity of ageing across tissues and identified different sets of longevity regulators therein. In addition, we found novel tissue-specific factors, including irx-1 and myrf-2, which control the integrity of the intestinal barrier and sarcomere structure during ageing respectively. This study demonstrates the complexity of ageing across worm tissues and highlights the power of tissue-specific transcriptomic profiling during ageing, which can serve as a resource to the field.

Human Virus-Derived Small RNAs Can Confer Antiviral Immunity in Mammals.

RNA interference (RNAi) functions as a potent antiviral immunity in plants and invertebrates; however, whether RNAi plays antiviral roles in mammals remains unclear. Here, using human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) as a model, we showed HEV71 3A protein as an authentic viral suppressor of RNAi during viral infection. When the 3A-mediated RNAi suppression was impaired, the mutant HEV71 readily triggered the production of abundant HEV71-derived small RNAs with canonical siRNA properties in cells and mice. These virus-derived siRNAs were produced from viral dsRNA replicative intermediates in a Dicer-dependent manner and loaded into AGO, and they were fully active in degrading cognate viral RNAs. Recombinant HEV71 deficient in 3A-mediated RNAi suppression was significantly restricted in human somatic cells and mice, whereas Dicer deficiency rescued HEV71 infection independently of type I interferon response. Thus, RNAi can function as an antiviral immunity, which is induced and suppressed by a human virus, in mammals.

A Galectin-9-Driven CD11chigh Decidual Macrophage Subset Suppresses Uterine Vascular Remodeling in Preeclampsia.

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia is a serious disease of pregnancy that lacks early diagnosis methods or effective treatment, except delivery. Dysregulated uterine immune cells and spiral arteries are implicated in preeclampsia, but the mechanistic link remains unclear. METHODS: Single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics were used to identify immune cell subsets associated with preeclampsia. Cell-based studies and animal models including conditional knockout mice and a new preeclampsia mouse model induced by recombinant mouse galectin-9 were applied to validate the pathogenic role of a CD11chigh subpopulation of decidual macrophages (dMφ) and to determine its underlying regulatory mechanisms in preeclampsia. A retrospective preeclampsia cohort study was performed to determine the value of circulating galectin-9 in predicting preeclampsia. RESULTS: We discovered a distinct CD11chigh dMφ subset that inhibits spiral artery remodeling in preeclampsia. The proinflammatory CD11chigh dMφ exhibits perivascular enrichment in the decidua from patients with preeclampsia. We also showed that trophoblast-derived galectin-9 activates CD11chigh dMφ by means of CD44 binding to suppress spiral artery remodeling. In 3 independent preeclampsia mouse models, placental and plasma galectin-9 levels were elevated. Galectin-9 administration in mice induces preeclampsia-like phenotypes with increased CD11chigh dMφ and defective spiral arteries, whereas galectin-9 blockade or macrophage-specific CD44 deletion prevents such phenotypes. In pregnant women, increased circulating galectin-9 levels in the first trimester and at 16 to 20 gestational weeks can predict subsequent preeclampsia onset. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight a key role of a distinct perivascular inflammatory CD11chigh dMφ subpopulation in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. CD11chigh dMφ activated by increased galectin-9 from trophoblasts suppresses uterine spiral artery remodeling, contributing to preeclampsia. Increased circulating galectin-9 may be a biomarker for preeclampsia prediction and intervention.

Extracellular vesicle long RNA markers of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma.

Lung cancer screening by low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) can improve mortality rates among high-risk individuals, especially adenocarcinoma cases with characteristically poor prognosis, although high false-positive rates have limited its clinical application. The objective of our study was to identify biomarkers for early-stage lung adenocarcinoma (ie, tumor diameter <2 cm) through extracellular vesicle long RNA (evlRNA) sequencing. High throughput evlRNA sequencing and support vector machine (SVM) identification of candidate diagnostic marker transcripts were performed using serum samples obtained before lung surgery. A total of 145 upregulated and 363 downregulated differential genes (P value <.05, fold change >1.5) were identified between lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients and benign controls. An SVM model based on a 23-gene signature could distinguish EV samples of LUAD patients from those of control subjects with 86.49% sensitivity, 95.00% specificity and 92.31% accuracy in the training set and 93.75% sensitivity, 85.71% specificity and 88.24% accuracy in the validation set. A 17-gene signature was then identified that could distinguish AIS patient samples from those of MIA/IAD patients with 93.33% sensitivity, 98.00% specificity, and 96.25% accuracy in the trainingset and 83.33% sensitivity, 96.55% specificity, and 94.29% accuracy in the validation set. EvlRNAs in serum show considerable diagnostic value for screening LUAD patients with tumor sizes <2 cm in conjunction with LDCT, potentially reducing false positive rates while improving mortality rates.

Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles and small noncoding RNA signatures in sperm with a high DNA fragmentation index.

BACKGROUND: A growing number of studies have reported that sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) is associated with male infertility. However, no studies have compared genome-wide DNA methylation profiles and sncRNA signatures between sperm with high and low sperm DNA fragmentation indices (DFIs). METHODS: Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) was performed on sperm samples from a weak group (DFI ≥ 30%, n = 6) and normal group (DFI ≤ 15%, n = 7). Small noncoding RNA (sncRNA) deep sequencing was conducted for sperm samples from the weak (DFI ≥ 30%, n = 13) and normal (DFI ≤ 15%, n = 17) groups. RESULTS: A total of 4939 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified in the weak group sperm samples relative to normal group sperm samples, with 2072 (41.95%) of them located in promoter regions. The percentages of hypermethylated DMRs were higher than those of hypomethylated DMRs in all seven examined gene annotation groups. Hypermethylated DMRs were significantly enriched in terms associated with neurons and microtubules. Compared with the normal group, the global DNA methylation level of the weak group sperm showed a downward trend, with lower correlation for methylation in the weak group sperm; therefore, the chromosomes of high-DFI sperm may be loose. On average, 40.5% of sncRNAs were annotated as rsRNAs, 19.3% as tsRNAs, 10.4% as yRNAs, and 7.1% as miRNAs. A total of 27 miRNAs, 151 tsRNAs, and 70 rsRNAs were differentially expressed between the two groups of sperm samples. Finally, 7 sncRNAs were identified as candidate sperm quality biomarkers, and the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs are involved in nervous system development. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that genome-wide DNA methylation profiles and sncRNA signatures are significantly altered in high-DFI sperm. Our study provides potential biomarkers for sperm quality.

SpyCLIP: an easy-to-use and high-throughput compatible CLIP platform for the characterization of protein-RNA interactions with high accuracy.

UV crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) coupled with high-throughput sequencing is the most state-of-the-art technology to characterize protein-RNA interactions, yet only a small portion of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have been studied by CLIP due to its complex procedures and high level of false-positive signals. Herein, we report a SpyCLIP method that employs a covalent linkage formed between the RBP-fused SpyTag and SpyCatcher, which can withstand the harshest washing conditions for removing nonspecific interactions. Moreover, SpyCLIP circumvents the radioactive labeling and PAGE-membrane purification steps, and the whole procedure can be performed on beads and is readily amenable to automation. We investigated multiple RBPs by SpyCLIP and generated high-quality RNA binding maps with significantly improved reproductivity and accuracy. Therefore, the small tag size and convenient protocol of SpyCLIP provides a robust method for both routine characterization and high-throughput studies of protein-RNA interactions.

ID1 mediates resistance to osimertinib in EGFR T790M-positive non-small cell lung cancer through epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

BACKGROUND: ID1 is associated with resistance to the first generation of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the effect of ID1 expression on osimertinib resistance in EGFR T790M-positive NSCLC is not clear. METHODS: We established a drug-resistant cell line, H1975/OR, from the osimertinib-sensitive cell line H1975. Alterations in ID1 protein expression and Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins were detected with western blot analysis. RT-PCR was used to evaluate the differences of gene mRNA levels. ID1 silencing and overexpression were used to investigate the effects of related gene on osimertinib resistance. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) was used to assess the proliferation rate in cells with altered of ID1 expression. Transwell assay was used to evaluate the invasion ability of different cells. The effects on the cell cycle and apoptosis were also compared using flow cytometry. RESULTS: In our study, we found that in osimertinib-resistant NSCLC cells, the expression level of the EMT-related protein E-cadherin was lower than that of sensitive cells, while the expression level of ID1 and vimentin were higher than those of sensitive cells. ID1 expression levels was closely related to E-cadherin and vimentin in both osimertinib-sensitive and resistant cells. Alteration of ID1 expression in H1975/OR cells could change the expression of E-cadherin. Downregulating ID1 expression in H1975/OR cells could inhibit cell proliferation, reduce cell invasion, promote cell apoptosis and arrested the cell cycle in the G1/G0 stage phase. Our study suggests that ID1 may induce EMT in EGFR T790M-positive NSCLC, which mediates drug resistance of osimertinib. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed the mechanism of ID1 mediated resistance to osimertinib in EGFR T790M-positive NSCLC through EMT, which may provide new ideas and methods for the treatment of EGFR mutated NSCLC after osimertinib resistance.

Structural insights into the sequence-specific recognition of Piwi by Drosophila Papi.

The Tudor domain-containing (Tdrd) family proteins play a critical role in transposon silencing in animal gonads by recognizing the symmetrically dimethylated arginine (sDMA) on the (G/A)R motif of the N-terminal of PIWI family proteins via the eTud domains. Papi, also known as "Tdrd2," is involved in Zucchini-mediated PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) 3'-end maturation. Intriguingly, a recent study showed that, in papi mutant flies, only Piwi-bound piRNAs increased in length, and not Ago3-bound or Aub-bound piRNAs. However, the molecular and structural basis of the Papi-Piwi complex is still not fully understood, which limits mechanistic understanding of the function of Papi in piRNA biogenesis. In the present study, we determined the crystal structures of Papi-eTud in the apo form and in complex with a peptide containing unmethylated or dimethylated R10 residues. Structural and biochemical analysis showed that the Papi interaction region on the Drosophila Piwi contains an RGRRR motif (R7-R11) distinct from the consensus (G/A)R motif recognized by canonical eTud. Mass spectrometry results indicated that Piwi is the major binding partner of Papi in vivo. The papi mutant flies suffered from both fertility and transposon-silencing defects, supporting the important role conferred to Papi in piRNA 3' processing through direct interaction with Piwi proteins.

Evolution of an X-Linked miRNA Family Predominantly Expressed in Mammalian Male Germ Cells.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. However, comprehensive expression profiles of miRNAs during mammalian spermatogenesis are lacking. Herein, we sequenced small RNAs in highly purified mouse spermatogenic cells at different stages. We found that a family of X-linked miRNAs named spermatogenesis-related miRNAs (spermiRs) is predominantly expressed in the early meiotic phases and has a conserved testis-specific high expression pattern in different mammals. We identified one spermiR homolog in opossum; this homolog might originate from THER1, a retrotransposon that is active in marsupials but extinct in current placental mammals. SpermiRs have expanded rapidly with mammalian evolution and are diverged into two clades, spermiR-L and spermiR-R, which are likely to have been generated at least in part by tandem duplication mediated by flanking retrotransposable elements. Notably, despite having undergone highly frequent lineage-specific duplication events, the sequences encoding all spermiR family members are strictly located between two protein-coding genes, Slitrk2 and Fmr1. Moreover, spermiR-Ls and spermiR-Rs have evolved different expression patterns during spermatogenesis in different mammals. Intriguingly, the seed sequences of spermiRs, which are critical for the recognition of target genes, are highly divergent within and among mammals, whereas spermiR target genes largely overlap. When miR-741, the most highly expressed spermiR, is knocked out in cultured mouse spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), another spermiR, miR-465a-5p, is dramatically upregulated and becomes the most abundant miRNA. Notably, miR-741-/- SSCs grow normally, and the genome-wide expression levels of mRNAs remain unchanged. All these observations indicate functional compensation between spermiR family members and strong coevolution between spermiRs and their targets.

Identification of substrates of the small RNA methyltransferase Hen1 in mouse spermatogonial stem cells and analysis of its methyl-transfer domain.

Small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) regulate many genes in eukaryotic cells. Hua enhancer 1 (Hen1) is a 2'-O-methyltransferase that adds a methyl group to the 2'-OH of the 3'-terminal nucleotide of sncRNAs. The types and properties of sncRNAs may vary among different species, and the domain composition, structure, and function of Hen1 proteins differ accordingly. In mammals, Hen1 specifically methylates sncRNAs called P-element-induced wimpy testis-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). However, other types of sncRNAs that are methylated by Hen1 have not yet been reported, and the structures and the substrates of mammalian Hen1 remain unknown. Here, we report that mouse Hen1 (mHen1) performs 3'-end methylation of classical piRNAs, as well as those of most noncanonical piRNAs derived from rRNAs, small nuclear RNAs and tRNAs in murine spermatogonial stem cells. Moreover, we found that a distinct class of tRNA-derived sncRNAs are mHen1 substrates. We further determined the crystal structure of the putative methyltransferase domain of human Hen1 (HsHen1) in complex with its cofactor AdoMet at 2.0 Å resolution. We observed that HsHen1 has an active site similar to that of plant Hen1. We further found that the putative catalytic domain of HsHen1 alone exhibits no activity. However, an FXPP motif at its N terminus conferred full activity to this domain, and additional binding assays suggested that the FXPP motif is important for substrate binding. Our findings shed light on its methylation substrates in mouse spermatogonial stem cells and the substrate-recognition mechanism of mammalian Hen1.

Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells accelerate growth of VK2 vaginal epithelial cells through MicroRNAs in vitro.

STUDY QUESTION: Could human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (hucMSC-Ex) accelerate vaginal epithelium cell (VK2) growth? SUMMARY ANSWER: HucMSC-Ex play a significant role in promoting proliferation of VK2 cells by accelerating the cell cycle and inhibiting apoptosis through exosomal microRNAs in vitro. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Numerous studies have reported that MSC-Ex play an important role in tissue injury repair. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: hucMSC and exosomes isolated from their conditioned medium were used to treat a vaginal epithelial cell line (VK2). Normal human fibroblasts (HFF-1) were used as negative control to hucMSC. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: VK2 cells were co-cultured with hucMSC whose paracrine effect on the viability, cell cycle and cell apoptosis of VK2 vaginal epithelial cells was further assessed by the CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. HucMSC-Ex isolated from culture medium by ultracentrifuge were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and Western blot. HucMSC-Ex at different concentrations and HFF-1 exosomes were used to treat VK2 cells. High-throughput RNA sequencing was utilized to reveal the profile of microRNAs in hucMSC, hucMSC-Ex, HFF-1 and HFF-1 exosomes and GO analysis was applied to demonstrate their functions. To evaluate the function of these specific microRNAs in hucMSC-Ex, VK2 cells were treated with RNA-interfered-hucMSC-Ex (RNAi-hucMSC-Ex) and their proliferation was measured by Label-free Real-time Cellular Analysis System. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The study showed that hucMSC stimulate VK2 cell growth possibly through a paracrine route by promoting cell cycle and inhibiting apoptosis. Compared with control and low dose groups, hucMSC-Ex of high concentration (more than 1000 ng/ml) significantly increased VK2's growth after treatment in a dose-depended manner (P < 0.05). HucMSC-Ex raised the proportion of cells in S-phase and reduced the percentage of apoptotic cells in VK2 cells in comparison with the HFF-1 exosomes and control groups (P < 0.05). microRNAs, including miR-100 (16.92%), miR-146a (9.21%), miR-21 (6.67%), miR-221 (6.39%) and miR-143 (4.63%), were found to be specifically enriched (P < 0.05) in hucMSC-Ex and their functions concentrated on cell cycle, development and differentiation. Collectively, our findings indicate that hucMSC-Ex may play a significant role in accelerating VK2's proliferation by promoting cell cycle and inhibiting apoptosis through exosomal microRNAs in vitro. LARGE-SCALE DATA: N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Our study did not confirm the function of hucMSC-Ex or specifically enriched exosomal microRNAs in vivo. miR-100 and miR-146a are well-known immunomodulatory miRNAs that participate in the regulation of inflammatory disorders and may enhance the therapeutic effect of hucMSC-Ex by promoting the surgical injury repair after vaginal reconstruction. But whether it acts through anti-inflammatory responses needs further study. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: This finding supports the potential use of hucMSC-Ex as a cell-free therapy of Meyer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome (MRKHS) after vaginoplasty. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This study was supported by the Chinese National Nature Sciences Foundation (grant number 91440107, 81471416 and 81771524) and the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB19040102). All authors state that there is no conflict of interest to disclose.

Enhanced expression of circular RNA circ-DCAF6 predicts adverse prognosis and promotes cell progression via sponging miR-1231 and miR-1256 in gastric cancer.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported as essential regulators in various malignancies, including gastric cancer (GC). Previously, circ-DCAF6 was screened as an elevated circRNA in GC patients' tissue samples compared with the normal tissues. To our knowledge, the role of circ-DCAF6 in human cancers is still needed to reveal. The present project is to evaluate the functions and mechanisms of circ-DCAF6 in GC progression. Upregulation of circ-DCAF6 was determined in GC tissue samples and cells by qRT-PCR. Enhanced level of circ-DCAF6 was linked to deeper tumor invasion, positive lymph node metastasis, and higher TNM stages in GC patients. Multivariate analysis further indicated circ-DCAF6 as an independent prognostic indicator. Functionally, CCK-8, clone forming, flow cytometry and transwell assays verified that circ-DCAF6 played as an oncogene in GC cells. Mechanistically, we found the negative correlation between circ-DCAF6 and miR-1231/-1256 in GC specimens. Moreover, luciferase reporter gene assay illustrated that miR-1231 and miR-1256 could be bound to circ-DCAF6. Rescue experiments revealed that circ-DCAF6 facilitated cell growth and invasion via suppressing the levels of miR-1231 and miR-1256. To sum up, circ-DCAF6 acts as an important role in GC tumor progression, and high circ-DCAF6 level may be a useful biomarker for GC.

Profiling of miRNAs in porcine germ cells during spermatogenesis.

Spermatogenesis includes mitosis of spermatogonia, meiosis of pachytene spermatocytes and spermiogenesis of round spermatids. MiRNAs as a ~22 nt small noncoding RNA are involved in regulating spermatogenesis at post-transcriptional level. However, the dynamic miRNAs expression in the developmental porcine male germ cells remains largely undefined. In this study, we purified porcine spermatogonia, pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids using a STA-PUT apparatus. A small RNA deep sequencing and analysis were conducted to establish a miRNAs profiling in these male germ cells. We found that 19 miRNAs were differentially expressed between spermatogonia and pachytene spermatocytes, and 74 miRNAs differentially expressed between pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids. Furthermore, 91 miRNAs were upregulated, while 108 miRNAs were downregulated in spermatozoa. We demonstrated that ssc-miR-10a-5p, ssc-miR-125b, ssc-let-7f and ssc-miR-186 were highly expressed in spermatogonia, pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids and spermatozoa respectively. The findings could provide novel insights into roles of miRNAs in regulation of porcine spermatogenesis.

Altered microRNAs expression profiling in cumulus cells from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, and oocyte developmental competence is altered in patients with PCOS. In recent years microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of gene expression, the aim of the study was to study miRNAs expression patterns of cumulus cells from PCOS patients. METHODS: The study included 20 patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): 10 diagnosed with PCOS and 10 matching controls. We used deep sequencing technology to identify the miRNAs differentially expressed in the cumulus cells of PCOS. RESULTS: There were 17 differentially expressed miRNAs in PCOS cumulus cells, including 10 miRNAs increase and 7 miRNAs decrease. These miRNAs were predicted to target a large set of genes with different functions, including Wnt- and MAPK- signaling pathways, oocyte meiosis, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation and cell cycle. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis demonstrated that there was a specific miRNAs expression pattern in PCOS cumulus cells. CONCLUSION: We found that the miRNAs expression profile was different in cumulus cells isolated from PCOS patients compared with control. This study provided new evidence for understanding the pathogenesis of PCOS.

On Hierarchical Multi-UAV Dubins Traveling Salesman Problem Paths in a Complex Obstacle Environment.

This article aims to solve a hierarchical multi-UAV Dubins traveling salesman problem (HMDTSP). Optimal hierarchical coverage and multi-UAV collaboration are achieved by the proposed approaches in a 3-D complex obstacle environment. A multi-UAV multilayer projection clustering (MMPC) algorithm is presented to reduce the cumulative distance from multilayer targets to corresponding cluster centers. A straight-line flight judgment (SFJ) was developed to reduce the calculation of obstacle avoidance. An improved adaptive window probabilistic roadmap (AWPRM) algorithm is addressed to plan obstacle-avoidance paths. The AWPRM improves the feasibility of finding the optimal sequence based on the proposed SFJ compared with a traditional probabilistic roadmap. To solve the solution to TSP with obstacles constraints, the proposed sequencing-bundling-bridging (SBB) framework combines the bundling ant colony system (BACS) and homotopic AWPRM. An obstacle-avoidance optimal curved path is constructed with a turning radius constraint based on the Dubins method and followed up by solving the TSP sequence. The results of simulation experiments indicated that the proposed strategies can provide a set of feasible solutions for HMDTSPs in a complex obstacle environment.

Secure control for remote networked stochastic systems via integral sliding mode.

This paper deals with the secure control problem for a class of networked stochastic systems with false data injection attacks via an integral sliding mode control technique. The networked control system is with a hierarchical structure, and the main controller and a remote controller are considered to realize the secure control against false data injection attacks on the network between a main controller and the plant. A mode-shared event-triggering controller is designed as the main controller, by utilizing a time delay approach. An input-output model based on a two-term approximation is applied to cope with the formulated time-varying delay. Then, the scaled small gain theory is employed to analyze the stability of the resulting system. Sufficient conditions on ensuring the desired system performance are derived and then the controller parameters are synthesized. Moreover, an elaborated sliding mode control law is proposed for the desired secure control action. Finally, two simulation examples are permitted to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical derivations.

Research Progress of Metal-Organic Frameworks as Drug Delivery Systems.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are composite crystalline materials created through the coordination of metal ions and organic ligands. MOFs have attracted extensive attention in the biomedical field based on the advantages of internal porosity, customizable porosity, and facile surface modification. This review examines the utilization of MOFs in drug delivery systems, focusing on the research progress from the aspects of coloading drug systems, intelligent responsive carriers, biological macromolecule stabilizers, self-driving micro/nanomotors, and multifunctional living carriers. In addition, the current challenges the research faces are also discussed. The review aims to provide a reference for the further application of MOFs as advanced drug delivery systems.

Divergent composition and transposon-silencing activity of small RNAs in mammalian oocytes.

BACKGROUND: Small RNAs are essential for germ cell development and fertilization. However, fundamental questions remain, such as the level of conservation in small RNA composition between species and whether small RNAs control transposable elements in mammalian oocytes. RESULTS: Here, we use high-throughput sequencing to profile small RNAs and poly(A)-bearing long RNAs in oocytes of 12 representative vertebrate species (including 11 mammals). The results show that miRNAs are generally expressed in the oocytes of each representative species (although at low levels), whereas endo-siRNAs are specific to mice. Notably, piRNAs are predominant in oocytes of all species (except mice) and vary widely in length. We find PIWIL3-associated piRNAs are widespread in mammals and generally lack 3'-2'-O-methylation. Additionally, sequence identity is low between homologous piRNAs in different species, even among those present in syntenic piRNA clusters. Despite the species-specific divergence, piRNAs retain the capacity to silence younger TE subfamilies in oocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, our findings illustrate a high level of diversity in the small RNA populations of mammalian oocytes. Furthermore, we identify sequence features related to conserved roles of small RNAs in silencing TEs, providing a large-scale reference for future in-depth study of small RNA functions in oocytes.